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1. THEORY
AND PRACTIC OF
GOVERNANCE

3. The Origin and Evolution of the
Concept of GOVERNANCE
•Governance was traditionally associated with
government, with the exercise of power by political
leaders.
•The Concepts of Governance are broader than
government and yet have no common definition
•The term governance describe changes in the nature
and role of the state following the public-sector reforms
•these reforms are said to have led to a shift from a
hierarchic bureaucracy toward a greater use of
markets, quasimarkets, and networks, especially in the
delivery of public services.

4. Governance is not synonymous with government.
•Both refer to purposive behavior, to goal oriented
activities, to systems of rule; but
Governmentsuggests activities that are backed by
formal authority, by police powersto insure the
implementation of duly constituted policies,
whereas
Governancerefers to activities backed by shared
goals that may or may not derive from legal and
formallyprescribed responsibilitiesand that do not
necessarily rely on police powersto overcome
defiance and attain compliance.

5. Governance, is a more encompassing
phenomenon than government.
–It embraces governmental institutions, but
–It subsumes informal, non-governmental
mechanismswhereby those persons and
organizations within its purview move ahead,
satisfy their needs, and fulfill their wants.

6. Defining Governance
•Governanceis the exercise of political, economic
and administrative authority in the management of
a Country’s affairs at all levels.
•Comprises the complex mechanisms, processes,
and institutions through which citizens and groups
articulate their interests, mediate their differences,
and exercise their legal rights and obligations.

7. Governanceincludes the state, but transcends it
by taking in the private sector and civil society.
State creates a conducive political and legal
environment.
Private sector generates jobs and income.
Civil society
facilitates political and social interaction
mobilizing groups to participate in economic,
social and political activities.
Governanceis the sum of the many ways
–Individuals and Institutions
–Public and Private, manage their common affairs.

8. •Governancerefers to the process whereby elements
in society wield power and authority, and influence
and enact policies and decisions concerning public
life, and economic and social development.
•Governance is a broader notion than government.
Governance involves interaction between formal
institutions and those of civil society.
Corporate Governance refers to
patterns of rule within “businesses” that is,
to the systems, institutions, &norms by which
corporations are directedand controlled.

9. The Governance………
Art of public leadership.
is the written and unwritten policies,
procedures, and decision making units that
control resource allocation within and among
institutions
overall responsibility of exercising authority
for both political & administrative functions.
Working Group of the International Institute of
Administrative Sciences

10. Governmentis a
Political unitfor a function of policy making
and policy administration.
Governanceis an
overall responsibility of exercising authority
for both political &administrative functions.
•The progress of a country depends on the quality of
its governance. i,e(if it is good/ bad Governance)
•In studying Governance we are interested in both
the formal arrangements that exist to structure
decision-making and the more informal practices,
conventions and customs.

11. 3 Dimensions of Governance
1. legitimacy of government(degree of
"democratization")
2. accountability of political and official elements
of government (media freedom, transparency of
decision-making, accountability mechanisms),
competence of governments to formulate policies
and deliver services,
3. Respect for human rights and rule of law
(individual and group rights and security,
framework for economic and social activity,
participation)

12. •Governance is about the practice of collective
decision-making.
•A regular complaint across all literatures is that
governance is often vaguely defined, and the scope
of its application is not specified.
•Governance frameworks can focus on collective
decision-making in societal systems or internal
processes within organizations.
•Governance can be concerned about collective
decision-making on global issues, and concerned
about the rules governing a local executive or
administrative body.

13. Four Elements of Definition of
Governance
1. we shouldClarify what we mean by rules. The rules
embedded within a governance system can stretch from the
formal to the informal.
2. Decision-making procedures generally find expression in
some institutional form and can be relatively stable over
time, although not necessarily unchanging.
3. we should dwell on what we mean by decision-making.
Decision-making can be strategicbut it also can be
contained in the every day implementation practice of a
system or organization
4. in governance „no formal control system can dictate‟the
relationships and outcomes. Or put another way: governance
is a world where ‗no one is in charge”. Monocratic
government “governing by one person” is the opposite of
governance,which is about collective governing.

14. •Governance is a Political Activity; it is about
coordination and decision-making in the context
of a plurality of views and interests.
•Conflict and dissent (opposition) provide
essential ingredients to a governance process.
•Governance is an intensely (forceful) human
activityis that its existence to some extent is
explained by the limits of our human capacities.

15. Evolution and Development
•Use of the term "governance" in place of
"government" goes back
•Governanceseeks to understand the way we
construct collective decision-making.
•In both political and economic spheres, the
established ways of making collective decisions
have come under challenge. The basic unit of
political organization, the nation-state has been
challenged by the complexity of social problems, the
strength of organized interests, and the growing
internationalization of interdependencies

16. Governancewas associated with Networking
whereas
Governmentwas associated as a term with
traditional bureaucratic hierarchiesin public
administration
•“Governance Theory"is a broad umbrella,
covering almost any non-hierarchical mode of
policyformation exercised by formal governmental
bodies interacting with each other and with
organizations in civil society

17. Governance without Government:
Challenge to the discipline of politics
•The starting point for the emergence of the
governance turn in political science and public
administrationis the idea that there has been a
hollowing out of the state.

18. Public Administration to Governance:
A paradigm shift
•Public Administration concerned itself with the
challenges of managing political or administrative
dichotomyin Individual Organizationsand the
making of policy, budget and practice within those
organizations
•Governanceperspective argues that it is the
complex set of relationships Between the
Organizations and actorsthat also needs to be a
focus of attention.

19. Coordination Mechanisms of Governance and
Public Administration
1. Regulation can be a soft form of governance
where the regulated agency or organization is not
commanded to do something but acts with
autonomy,
2. Provided by the market and associated incentives
3. Provided by interest articulation most of which
takes place through policy networks that provide
the crucial framework for including in some
interests and excluding others.

20. 1.4 Governance and
Interaction
•Governance as a societal quality made up of
public as well as private 'governors”
•The essence of the argument is that governance of
and in modern societies is a mix of all kinds of
governing efforts by all manner of social-political
actors, public as well as private; occurring
between them at different levels, in different
governance modes and orders.

21. •Governing issues generally are not just public or
private, they are frequently shared, and governing
activity at all levels(from local to supra-national)
is becoming diffused over various societal actors
whose relationships with each other are constantly
changing.
Governingsimply considered as the totality of
interactions
Governanceseen as the totality of theoretical
conceptions on governing

22. •The interaction concept has a central place in the
governance perspective.
•Governance issues arise in interactions between
–the political and social, and are also handled in
governing interactions.
•These terms refer to the multi-lateral relations
between social and political actors and entities
(individuals, organizations, institutions).
•In the governance perspective it is assumed that
governing interactions also have to be reflected in its
conceptualization.

23. •The governance approach also assumes that many of
these interrelations are based on the recognition of
inter-dependencies.
No single actor,public or private, has the
knowledge and information required to solve
complex, dynamic and diversified societal
challenges; no governing actor has an overview
sufficient to make the necessary instruments
effective; no single actor has sufficient action
potential to dominate unilaterally.

24. The Structural Level of
Interactions
Relations b/n actor and structure in interactions
Varieties of societal interactions
InterferencesMeans the interactions forming the
'primary' societal processes:
Interplays: Means the interactions with a typical
'horizontal' character. In principle there is no formal
authority, domination or subordination within them.
Interplays aim to reach goals by engaging actors in
collective, rather than independent action, and on a
generally equal basis. And interplays can be found
withinand between organizations

25. Interactionmeans a mutual relationship where
entities influence each other. Thus,
•Interventionas a type of interaction implies that
both the intervening actor and the object of
intervention influence each other.
Interventionsare the most formalized kind of
societal interactions.
•those Intervention formalized in bylaws, instructions
and formal procedures.
•They are interactions aimed at directed exertion of
formalized influence, often with provisos attached.
•State domain we find highly formalized
interventionist interactions

26. Types of Interactions and modes
of governance
•The distinction between the three types of
interactions is also important in relation to modes
of governance:
TYPES MODE
1. Interferencesto Self-governance,
2. Interplaysto Co-governance, have typical
'Horizontal' character
3. Interventionsto Hierarchical Governance.

27. Corporate governing actors, representing different
societal domains, are able to organize networks in
which they combine resources from those domains
for common purposes, these networks will show
strong self-governing tendencies.
A.Self-governanceas a societal capacity,
having governing qualities of its own,and deserving a
place of its own in a governance mix?
•What concepts such as deregulation, self-
regulation, re-regulation or conditioned self-
regulation mean, what their relations are, and what
relative benefits each offers is far from clear.
•Self-regulation is seen as an accompaniment of
deregulation.

28. 'Co·' Governance a mode of governance deserves
special attention because co-governance in its
varying appearances may be an answer, a reaction to
or an expression of a major societal development,
the tendency toward growing societal
interdependence and inter-penetration.
These are assumed to be related to the (growing)
diversity, dynamics and complexity of modern
societies and the governance issues these tendencies
bring about.
•Co-governancemeans utilizing organized forms
of interactions for governing purposes.

29. Collaboration and co-operation
•Two words for the same thing, but it is important to
differentiate the two.
•Collaboration is the less formal of the two
•Co-operation the more formal of the two.
1. Collaborationis a highly diverse. volatile and
complex form of co-governing arrangement. It
represents. in a direct way. societal diversity.
dynamics and complexity in governance. and by doing
so illustrates many co-governance issues.
2. Co-operation
Governing actors will co-operate under conditions involving
mutual interest and interdependences,
limited numbers, and common concern about the future, and
will provide the necessary institutions,
in the shape of self-enforcing agreements based upon
principles of reciprocity

30. CommunicativeGovernancesuits governing
situations where those involved in governing interplays
are willing to reach inter-subjective understanding
for co-governing purposes.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)dealt with
effectively by public and private parties
jointly, rather than separately.
PPP are often referred to as
–Voluntary Interaction between public and private
–Concrete forms of public-private collaboration or co-
operation.
–Mutual interdependencies of Government and
Private by means of co-operation
–part of a strategy of corporate communication or
social responsibility.

31. •PPPbrings mutual respect and adaptation, in the
complex co-operation
–PPP have Common
Objectives, the distinction of inputs,
Risks and returns,
Division of responsibilities and authorities,
should be fairly expressed.
PPPssuit governing situations where public-
private parties co-operate in governing interplays
to reach a win-win outcome,by exploiting
mutually available resources.

32. •Co-Managementsuits governing situations where
–in governing interplays the inclusion of
knowledge of users (images) leads to more
legitimate measures (instruments) and raising the
compliance to these measures (action).
–government agencies and users share
responsibility for the well-being of the resource,
such as preventing depletion or illness.
–Co-management tries to steer a middle course
between government regulation & community-
initiated regulation, as it requires users to
organize themselves formally.
•Co-ManagementOrganization is participatory
rather than hierarchical

33. •Networks are as a
–rule of a functional interdependent nature
–Interactions of a horizontal nature, although
minor hierarchical elements also can develop in
networks
•Regimesare seen as 'a set of implicit or explicit
principles, norms, rules and decision-making
procedures around which actors' expectations
converge in a given area of international relations.
•Regimesas a form of co-governance suit governing
situations where parties adhere to a set of agreed
upon action rules.

34. Hierarchical Governance
•Rationalized, bureaucratic or hierarchical state
•Equating hierarchy with bureaucracy
•‘Vertical‘ interaction and formalized ones
•Of steering and control as major expressions of
hierarchical governance, steering is the more
'political' of the two; control is more 'administrative'
in nature. Steering has more dynamic features,
while control is geared further towards governing
complexity and diversity.

35. Three Major ways of State
Intervening in the Economy
1. Income Redistribution includes transfers of resources
from one group to another as well as the provision of 'merit
goods' that citizens are compelled to consume.
2. Stabilization
attempts to achieve and sustain satisfactory
levels of economic growth and employment.
3. Market regulation
aims at correcting certain types of market failure
•All modem states use these methods of intervention,
although to what extent differs from country to
country, and from period to period.

36. 1.5 Governance and Stakeholders
•Stakeholder in governance is situational and
subjective it depends on types of governance, etc.
But State, Private Sector and Civil Society are
almost common in all.
1. State:-Create conducive political and legal
environment.
2. Private sector: jobs and income.
3. Civil society: facilitates political and social
interaction.

37. 1.7 Challenges to Governance
Conflict between partners
Improbability of success
Allocation of personal accountability
System accountability
Uncontrollable political and economic context

38. Good-Governance:
A Development Perspective

39. Elements, Principles and Attributes
of the Good Governance
1. Accountability
2. Consensus oriented
3. Equity and inclusiveness
4. Effectiveness and efficiency
5. Participation
6. Rule of law
7. Responsiveness
8. Transparency

40. Participation:-
by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good
governance. And it taken either direct or through
legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives.
–Participation needs to be informed and organized. This
means freedom of association and expression and an
organized civil society on the other hand.
Rule of law:-Good governance requires fair legal
frameworks that are enforced impartially.
•It also requires full protection of human rights,
particularly those of minorities.
•Impartial enforcement of laws requires an
independent judiciary and
an impartial and incorruptible police force.

41. Transparency:-means that
decisions taken and their enforcement are done
in a manner that follows rules and regulations.
enough, freely, easily, accessible and
available of understandable form of
Informationdirectly to those who will be
affected by such decisions and their
enforcement.(Getahun Gelagay, 2016)
ResponsivenessGood governance requires that
institutions and processes try to serve all
stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.

42. .
Consensus oriented:-Good governance requires
mediation of the different interests in society to
reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the
best interest of the whole community and how this can
be achieved.
Equity and inclusiveness:-
ensuring that all its members feel that they
have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from
the mainstream of society. This requires all
groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have
opportunities to improve or maintain their
wellbeing.

43. Effectiveness and efficiency:-Good governance
produce results that
meet the needs of society while making the best
use of resourcesat their disposal.
•Efficiency means
sustainable use of natural resources and the
protection of the environment.

44. Accountability:-means holding officials
accountable for their actions.
•It is a key requirement of good governance. Not
only governmental institutions but also the private
sector and civil society organizations must be
accountable to the public and to their
institutional stakeholders.
•Who is accountable to whom varies depending on
whetherdecisions or actions taken are internal or
external to an organization or institution.
•Accountability cannot be enforced without
transparency and the rule of law.

45. A.Accountability:-means holding officials
accountable for their actions.
B. A legal framework for development –which
means a structure of rules and laws that provide
clarity, predictability and stability for the private
sector, which are impartially and fairly applied
to all, and which provide the basis for conflict
resolution through an independent judicial system.
C.Information:-is about economic conditions,
budgets, markets and government intentions is
reliable and accessible to all, crucial for private
sector operations.
D.Transparency:-is open government, to enhance
accountability, limit corruption and stimulate
consultative processes between government and
private interests over policy documents

46. of

47. 1. Network Management Theory
2. Delegation Theories
3. Social Interpretive Theories
4. Bounded Rationality School
5. Cultural Institutional Theory
6. Systems Theory
7. Regulation Theory

48. Network Management Theory
Manage networks effectively, are the key tasks of
Governance
•Governance perspective is governing the operation of
networks of a complex mix of actors &organizations
•Governance is about managing Networks
•Management of networks that has emerged has been
useful and insightful with descriptive and practitioner
arms
Types of Management Strategy:
1. Game Management and
2. Network Structuring

49. 1. Game Management:-refers management of
relations within an existing network
–It involve government in the search for compromises to
create the conditions for joint decision-making.
2. Network Structuring:-refers to attempts to
change the structure or participants in a network.
–Intervention is more “hands-on” and involves
changing relations between actors, shifting the
pattern of resource distribution and seeking to
encourage a major change in policy direction.

50. Network Management
1. first-order governingthat deals with day-to-day
management of networks
–Playing the game according to established rules
2. Second-orderGoverning institutional conditions.
–Setting the rules as different institutional
arrangements will favor different interests.
3. third-orderMeta-governance. abstract way that
meta-governing ‗is like an imaginary governor,
teleported to a point “outside” and holding the whole
governance experience against a normative template

51. Four main ways of networks managed.
They are:
1. Hands-off framing of self-governance
2. Hands-off storytelling
3. Hands-on support and facilitation
4. Hands-on participation.
•The 1
st
two covers incentive-based measures that
encourage organizations to cooperate in a particular
way.Crucially the state in both cases is acting in a
hands-off way.
•The 2
nd
two direct forms of interventionwork on
network management.
•They involve state actors in game management by
supporting and facilitating exchange between network
membersor more actively joining the exchange in order
to promote particular interests or a particular outcome.

52. •Three core sets of skills to bring multiple
stakeholders together for a common end in a
situation of interdependence.
1. Activation skills, getting the relevant players
involved in helping to resolve problems.
2. Capacity to orchestrate to help the various
elements of any network more effectively to work
with each other.
3. Modulation skill set.

53. Delegation Theory
•Argue that key to effective governance is getting
the structure of delegation right.
•Shared power and responsibility between a range
of agencies and as understanding how delegation
works could provide a key element in understanding
the operation of governance.
•They use administrative rules to set broader rules
of the game

54. Social Interpretive Theory
•People interpret the world differently and that
social and political communication is far from
straightforward and is rather the greatest
challenge of governance.
•For the social interpretative school,
–All social life is negotiable and governance, if it
is to be effective and legitimate, will have to self-
consciously take that form.
–A more interactive, negotiable, dialogical and
facilitative authority is …needed to help people
in governing themselves”

55. Bounded Rational School
•Providing effective ways of coming to a judgment
“better thancomprehensive rationality” and
others are seen as having in-built pathologies or
weaknesses
•Exploring Psychological insights into decision
making and the role of social institutionsin
correcting and channeling the decision-making of
humans.

56. •Bounded rationality tradition starts with the same
assumption as rational choice –that the people are
goal-oriented, but accepts, like social
institutionalists, that goals may reflect selfish but
also other motivations, where it is distinctive in its
understanding of the process of selection that
individuals go through.

57. Cultural Institutional Theory
•Social relations and justifying cosmologies or world
views are central to the context for individual decision-
making. Social relations and world views combine
together in ways of life or cultures.
•People use cultural biases to help them to determine for
people what they want, who to blame, when to take
risks, when to be apathetic, all central concerns of the
governance dynamic.
•These cultural biases –the
shared meanings, the common convictions,
moral markers, the subtle rewards, penalties, and
expectations common to a way of life

58. •A system is a Complex arrangementof elements
related to a Whole.
•The body, for example, is a whole that is comprised of
a complex of interacting cells, organs, limbs, and so
on. The study of society as a social system has a long
history in the social sciences.
•Systems theory is relevant to governance because it is
involved in analyzing how societyadapts to its
environment through adjustments in its structure.
•The problem of governance from this perspective
becomes the problem of reaching an adequate
understanding of the Complex processes of social
evolution

59. Regulation Theory
•Their common core concernis the contradictory &
conflictualdynamics of contemporary capitalism
considered in terms of its extra-economic as well as
economic dimensions.
•It focus on the logic of capitalism rather than the
broader issues studied by governance theorists.
This provides the basis for regulationistwork on
different stages and varieties of capitalism.

60. •All regulation have four main goals:
1. describe the historically specific institutions and
practices of capitalism,
2. explain the various crisis tendencies of modern
capitalism and likely sources of crisis resolution,
3. analyze different periods of capitalism and compare
their respective accumulation regimes and modes
of regulation, and
4. examine the social embedding and social
regularization of economic institutions and conduct
through their articulation with extra-economic
factors and forces

62. Models of Governance
1.Democratic Governance
2.Economic Governance
3.Culture Governance
4.Multilevel Governance

63. 1. Democratic Governance
DECENTRALIZATION
•Meanings of Decentralization:
–Is the transfer of power and resources from
national governments to subnational governments
or to the subnational administrative units of
national governments.
–regarded as a top-down process driven by a
unitary or federal state in which the central
government grants functions, authorities, and
resources to subnational levels.

64. •Decentralization or decentralizing governance is
not an end in itself, bit it can be a means for
creating more open, responsive, and effective local
government and for enhancing representational
systems of community-level decision making.
•Decentralization is a complex phenomenon
involving many geographic entities, societal actors
and social sectors.
Geographic entities include the
international, national, subnational, an local.
Societal actors include
government, the private sector and civil society.
Social sectors include all development themes -
political, social, cultural and environmental.

65. •Decentralization is a mixture of administrative,
fiscal and political functions and relationships.
•Design of decentralization must be include
systems all three
1. Administrative,
2. Fiscal and
3. Political functions and relationships.
Forms and Dimensions of Decentralization
Types/Dimensions of Decentralization.
1. Political
2. Administrative
3. Economic

66. Political Decentralization
•Political Decentralization Is the Processes of
transferring power of political decision making from
a higher level of government to a lower one
transfer of political decision-making powers and
functionsfrom the mesolevelto a region, for
example—to the municipal level.
–transfer of political authority to subnational
governments.This transfer takes place through
constitutional amendments and electoral reforms that
create new(or strengthen existing) spaces for the
representation of subnational polities.

67. .
•Electionsfor important subnational offices are the
hallmark of political decentralization and the shift
from appointed to elected subnational officials is the
most common form taken by decentralization in this
dimension.
•Note: Subnational governments are primarily
accountable(in theory, if not always in fact) to
a territorially defined subset of the country’s
citizens, and their prerogatives tend to be
established in the constitution and in legal
frameworks.

68. Administrative Decentralization
Administrative Decentralization means the
transfer of a number of tasks and functions
fromcentral departments to lower levels of
the administration.
increasing the tasks of lower branches of the
same department, which remains a central
department.
transferring tasks to different territorial
administrations

69. .
transfer of responsibility for the planning and
management of one or more public functions
from the national government and its centralized
agencies to subnational governments and/or
subnational administrative units.
Administrative decentralization refers to the
institutional architecture“structure, systems, and
procedures” that supports the implementation and
management of those responsibilities under the
formal control of subnational actors.

70. Economic Decentralization
•Economic:-means the attempt to move industrial
and other economic activities to the regions.
•This happens for two reasons.
1. it reduces the industrial congestion and therefore
high costs in centressuch as London or Paris.
2. it is a part of regional policy aiming to bring
jobs to the workers.

71. Forms/modes of Decentralization:
Deconcentration, Delegation and
Devolution
•WB distinguishes between deconcentration,
delegation, and devolution as three distinct modes of
administrative decentralization of the redistribution
of authority, responsibility, and financial resources
for providing public services.
•The three types are differentiated according to the
degree of transfer.

72. is the weakest form with delegation coming next.
•National government reassigning responsibilities to
the field offices of national ministries without
placing these offices under the control of
subnational governments.
•Shift operational responsibilitiesfrom central
government officials to those working in regions,
provinces or districts under supervision of central
government.

73. .
•It is appealing form of decentralization for those
services that should not be devolved or should
not be fully devolved (as per the principles
outlined above).

74. Delegation
transfer of responsibilities to SEMI-
AUTONOMOUS bodies, such as executive
agencies, public enterprises, regional
development corporations, and so forth.
constitutes a greater degree of change in the
distribution of power relative to deconcentration
because it shifts responsibility for specifically defined
functions to subnational governments or subnational
administrative units.

75. Devolution: is the
most expansive form of decentralization in that
it requires subnational governments to hold
defined SPHERESOF AUTONOMOUS action
•Separately elected decision makers in subnational
governments may be largely independent of the
national government
•Devolution is the transfer of power from higher to
lower units of any System.

76. .
•Unlike the others, Devolution cannot occur in the
absence of political decentralization, and for that
reason devolution and political decentralization
are tightly linked as concepts.
•In its broad form, but is often regarded as being
more complete and permanent than
decentralization.
•Devolution is regarded as the strongest mode of
decentralization.&that powers are devolved to
political entities with a separate corporate status,
such as local or regional governments

77. •Control
While Local autonomy defines the bottom-up
view on Central-local relations, the concern with
control can be associated with a top-down
perspective on the relationship.

78. Collaborative Governance
•Collaborative Governanceis a way of conducting
policies whereby a government involves its
citizens, social organizations, enterprises &other
stakeholders in the early stagesof the
policymaking process.
•Interactive decision making is a policy practice in
which the involved actors try to reach a cooperative
solutionwith broad consensus about the treatment
of the issue at stake

79. Potential Benefits
Collaborative Governance
Acceleration of the policy process
flexible policies
Enrichment of solutions
Enhancing democratic legitimacy

80. Criticism of Collaborative
Governance
1. Its processes take high transaction costs and take
time and energy because processes get complex
(many different actors) and difficult to manage.
2. biases in the representation of interests. Well-
informed and organized interest groups are better
equipped to participate in these processes than
“weak actors”
3. traditional administrative procedures and practices
are not suitable to facilitate its practice
4. the democratic anchorage of collaborative
governance practices is often missing

81. Deliberative Democracy
•Deliberative democracy claims that political
decisions should be the product of fair and
reasonable discussion and debate among citizens.
•In deliberation, citizens should exchange
arguments and consider different claims that are
designed to secure the public good.
•Deliberation is a necessary precondition for the
legitimacy of democratic political decisions.

82. .
•Deliberative democracy is not based on a
competition between conflicting interests, but on an
exchange of information and justifications
supporting varying perspectives on the public good.
•Features of Deliberation
1. Issues within a democracy should be public and
should be publicly debated.
2. processes within democratic institutions must be
public and subject to public scrutiny.
3. being provided with information, citizens need to
ensure the use of a public form of reason to ground
political decisions.

83. 2. Economic Governance
•Economic governance in market-based economies
•Neoclassical liberal theory suggests that
interventions should be minimized, limited to
ensuring that markets function efficiently and
providing public goods that markets fail to provide.

84. 3. Culture Governance
• CG refers to a specific, top-down steering
mechanism designed to improve elite
control over the outputs of highly complex
systems, like the modern democratic welfare
state.

85. 4. Multilevel Governance
•Multilevel governance describes the dispersion of
authoritative decision making across multiple
territorial levels.