tambahan taiwan tentang net zero and ocean future.pptx

tambahan taiwan tentang net zero and ocean future

1. Net-Zero and Ocean Future THE GLOBAL DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS THE ROLE OF BLUE CARBON ECOSYSTEMS IN CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE OCEAN GOVERNANCE FOR A NET-ZERO FUTURE GLOBAL INITIATIVES IN REALIZING A NET-ZERO FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES IN THE FISHERIES SECTOR SUPPORTING CARBON EMISSION REDUCTION INDONESIA-TAIWAN COOPERATION IN SUPPORTING A NET-ZERO FUTURE

2. GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 ) : 1958-2024 Data source: NOAA, measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory Credit: NOAA (2024) Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere warms the planet, causing climate change.  Since the onset of industrial times in the 18th century, human activities have raised atmospheric CO 2  by 50% – meaning the amount of CO 2  is now 150% of its value in 1750 . The amount of CO 2 rises from 365 parts per million (ppm) in 2002 to 426 ppm currently. July 2024 426 ppm

3. GLOBAL GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS Year GHG emissions Mt CO2eq/ yr GHG emissions per capita t CO2eq/cap/ yr GHG emissions per unit of GDP PPP t CO2eq/ kUSD / yr Population 2023 52,962.901 6.594 0.32 8.032G 2015 48,808.767 6.613 0.369 7.381G 2005 41,296.885 6.314 0.437 6.540G 1990 32,726.228 6.14 0.543 5.330G Source: JRC (2024) Global GHG emissions rose 61.8% from 32,726.228 Mt CO2e in 1990 to 52,962.901 Mt CO2e in 2023 , while emissions per capita increased only 7.4% , from 6.14 t CO2e to 6.594 t CO2e . However, emissions per unit of GDP dropped 41.1% , from 0.543 t CO2e/ kUSD to 0.32 t CO2e/ kUSD , indicating improved efficiency. The global population also grew by 50.7% , from 5.33 billion to 8.032 billion , contributing to the overall rise in emissions despite gains in efficiency.

4. In 2023, the majority of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were composed of fossil CO 2 , accounting for 73.7% of total emissions. CH 4 (methane) contributed 18.9% , N 2 O (nitrous oxide) 4.7% , and F-gases 2.7% . Since 1990, global fossil CO 2 emissions have increased by 72.1% , while CH 4 and N 2 O emissions have increased by 28.2% and 32.4% respectively. F-gases have seen a significant rise, increasing by 294% . Source: JRC (2024)

5. GLOBAL GHG EMISSION TRENDS BY SECTOR AND KEY YEARS Source: JRC (2024)

6. GLOBAL LAND-OCEAN TEMPERATURE INDEX (1880-2023) Data source: NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). Credit: NASA/GISS (2024) ANNUAL AVERAGE ANOMALY: 2023 1.17 °C |2.11 °F Earth’s average surface temperature in 2023 was the warmest on record since recordkeeping began in 1880 (source: NASA/GISS). Overall, Earth was about 2.45 degrees Fahrenheit (or about 1.36 degrees Celsius) warmer in 2023 than in the late 19th-century (1850-1900) preindustrial average. The 10 most recent years are the warmest on record.

7. ATMOSPHERIC METHANE CONCENTRATIONS (1884-2024) Data source: Data source: Data from NOAA, measured from a global network of air sampling sites Credit: NASA/GISS (2024) FEBRUARY 2024 1929 ppb Methane (CH 4 ) is a powerful greenhouse gas, and is the second-largest contributor to climate warming after carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). An estimated 60% of today’s methane emissions are the result of human activities. The largest sources of methane are agriculture, fossil fuels, and decomposition of landfill waste. Natural processes account for 40% of methane emissions, with wetlands being the largest natural source. The concentration of methane in the atmosphere has more than doubled over the past 200 years . Scientists estimate that this increase is responsible for 20 to 30% of climate warming since the Industrial Revolution (which began in 1750).

8. GLOBAL SEA LEVEL BY SATELLITE DATA: 1993- June 2024 Data source: Satellite sea level observations. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (2024) RISE SINCE 1993 105 (± 4.0) mm Global sea levels have already risen by over 10cm between 1993 and 2024 , according to NASA, which says sea levels have been rising at unprecedented rates over the past 2,500 years. The US Space Agency and other US government agencies warned in 2022 that levels along the country’s coastlines could rise by another 2 5-30cm by 2050.

9. 360 (± 2) zettajoules OCEAN WARMING: 1955-2023 Data source: Observations from various ocean measurement devices, including conductivity-temperature-depth instruments (CTDs), Argo profiling floats, and eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBTs). Credit: NOAA/NCEI World Ocean Database (2024) Ninety percent of global warming is occurring in the ocean, causing the water’s internal heat to increase since modern recordkeeping began in 1955. Heat stored in the ocean causes its water to expand, which is responsible for one-third to one-half of global sea level rise. Most of the added energy is stored at the surface, at a depth of zero to 700 meters. The last 10 years were the ocean’s warmest decade since at least the 1800s. The year 2023 was the ocean’s warmest recorded year. RISE SINCE 1955:

10. GHG Emissions International Shipping Starting at 535.208 Mt CO2e in 2000 , emissions saw a general upward trend, despite some fluctuations, reaching 746.944 Mt CO2e in 2023 . This represents an overall increase of 39.6% over the 23-year period. The average annual growth rate of GHG emissions during this time frame is approximately 1.72% per year, indicating steady growth in emissions from international shipping activities. Source: JRC (2024)

11. STATUS OF OCEAN HEALTH AND MEAN OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPA) Ocean Health index: Clean waters (0–100) Fish stocks overexploited or collapsed (%) Ocean Health index: Fisheries (0–100) Fish caught by trawling (%) Ocean Health index: Biodiversity (0–100) Mean MPA (%) Eastern Asia 54.0 29.1 49.5 39.8 89.6 32.5 Southeast Asia 54.1 28.5 54.9 34.7 84.6 25.0 Western Asia 54.3 28.3 46.2 20.4 89.4 18.3 Southern Asia 50.3 17.4 51.0 15.1 88.3 41.2 Northern Asia 91.6 55.4 57.6 60.0 93.4 30.0 Asia (whole) 54.6 26.9 50.3 27.3 87.9 27.0 Source of Data: Sachs et al. (2018) . IPCC (2022) In Asia, management of marine sites by earmarking protected areas (SDG 14) has been found to be low with only 27% of areas being protected. The Ocean Health index for clean waters was also low (54.6), and the threat to the ecosystem due to the combined effects of pollution and climate change was high.

12. In 2023, the majority of Indonesia's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were composed of CO 2 , accounting for 56.2% of total emissions. CH 4 (methane) contributed 35.8% , N 2 O (nitrous oxide) made up 6.6% , and F-gases represented 1.4% . Since 1990, Indonesia's GHG emissions have seen a significant rise across multiple sectors, with the most notable growth observed in the Power Industry , Fuel Exploitation , and Agriculture sectors. The emissions growth has been steadily increasing, particularly since the early 2000s, with emissions reaching their peak in 2023, crossing 1,500 Mt CO 2 e . Source: JRC (2024)

13. INDONESIA’S GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS Year GHG emissions Mt CO2eq/ yr GHG emissions per capita t CO2eq/cap/ yr GHG emissions per unit of GDP PPP t CO2eq/ kUSD / yr Population 2023 1,200.200 4.287 0.307 279.934M 2015 907.315 3.515 0.318 258.162M 2005 649.499 2.865 0.394 226.713M 1990 397.099 2.189 0.444 181.437M Source: JRC (2024) In 2023, Indonesia's total GHG emissions reached 1,200.200 Mt CO2e , a significant increase of 202.2% from 397.099 Mt CO2e in 1990. GHG emissions per capita also rose from 2.189 t CO2e/cap in 1990 to 4.287 t CO2e/cap in 2023, representing a 95.8% increase . Meanwhile, GHG emissions per unit of GDP dropped from 0.444 t CO2e/ kUSD in 1990 to 0.307 t CO2e/ kUSD in 2023, showing a 30.9% improvement in carbon intensity. Indonesia's population grew by 54.2% , from 181.437 million in 1990 to 279.934 million in 2023, contributing to the overall rise in emissions.

14. INDONESIA GHG EMISSION TRENDS BY SECTOR AND KEY YEARS Source: JRC (2024)

15. In 2023, the majority of Taiwan's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were composed of fossil CO 2 , accounting for 90.9% of total emissions. CH 4 (methane) contributed 4.9% , N 2 O (nitrous oxide) made up 1.3% , and F-gases represented 3.0% . Since 1990, Taiwan's GHG emissions have risen significantly, especially from the Power Industry and Industrial Combustion and Processes sectors, peaking in the mid-2000s and showing some fluctuation in the years following. Despite a slight decline in recent years, emissions remain substantially higher compared to 1990 levels. Source: JRC (2024)

16. TAIWAN’S GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS Year GHG emissions Mt CO2eq/ yr GHG emissions per capita t CO2eq/cap/ yr GHG emissions per unit of GDP PPP t CO2eq/ kUSD / yr Population 2023 308.000 12.85 0.193 23.968M 2015 323.574 13.777 0.259 23.486M 2005 342.597 15.157 0.391 22.603M 1990 146.684 7.222 0.391 20.312M Source: JRC (2024) In 2023, Taiwan's GHG emissions reached 308.000 Mt CO 2 e , marking an increase of 110% compared to 146.684 Mt CO 2 e in 1990. However, this represents a decrease from the peak of 342.597 Mt CO 2 e in 2005, down by 10.1% . GHG emissions per capita have also declined, from 15.157 t CO 2 e/cap in 2005 to 12.85 t CO 2 e/cap in 2023, a 15.2% decrease , though still an increase from 7.222 t CO 2 e/cap in 1990 ( 77.9% increase ). Meanwhile, GHG emissions per unit of GDP have improved significantly, dropping from 0.391 t CO 2 e/ kUSD in 1990 to 0.193 t CO 2 e/ kUSD in 2023, a 50.6% improvement in carbon efficiency. Taiwan's population has grown by 18% , from 20.312 million in 1990 to 23.968 million in 2023.

17. TAIWAN’S GHG EMISSION TRENDS BY SECTOR AND KEY YEARS Source: JRC (2024)

18. Souce : ESCAP (2024)

19. Souce : ESCAP (2024)

20. Countries with Highest Gains and Losses of Mangrove Forest Cover Area in the Asia-Pacific Region (ha, 2010–2020) Souce : The net change is estimated from the mapped mangrove area in 2010 and 2020 (Bunting and others, 2022; Leal and Spalding, 2022; UNEP, 2023) in ESCAP (2024) The disappearance of mangrove forests is causing a significant loss in their carbon sequestration potential. Globally, mangrove forests store 6.23 gigatons (Gt) of carbon , equivalent to potential emissions of 22.86 gigatons of CO2 . Between 1996 and 2020, the Asia-Pacific region experienced net losses of 98 Mt of carbon stored in mangroves, accounting for 70% of the global net loss . The loss of just 1% of global mangrove coverage could lead to emissions of 230 MtCO2 , equivalent to the annual emissions of 49 million cars , highlighting the critical need to protect and conserve these ecosystems.

21. Relative Importance of Regional Drivers of Mangrove Losses in the Asia-Pacific Region Souce : Author’s compilation from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The world’s mangroves 2000–2020 (Rome, 2023) in ESCAP (2024) In South-East Asia, the primary non-climatic drivers of mangrove loss are the  expansion of agriculture  and the  increase in brackish water aquaculture . The  expansion of oil palm plantations  and conversion of mangroves to ponds are major threats, particularly in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Over the past two decades, aquaculture accounted for  35%  of mangrove loss in the Asia-Pacific, followed by natural retraction ( 17% ), rice cultivation ( 13% ), and oil palm ( 13% ).

22. Souce : ESCAP (2024) Blue Carbon Ecosystems in Asia and the Pacific CORAL REEFS

23. Souce : ESCAP (2024)

24. Categories of Coral Reefs at Risk by 2030 in the Asia-Pacific Region Souce : Authors compilation from L. Burke, and others, “Reefs at Risk Revisited”, Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute (WRI), 2011. Available at https://www.wri.org/research/reefs-risk-revisited in ESCAP (2024) It is estimated that up to 90% of corals in South and South-East Asia will suffer severe degradation by 2050, even under conservative climate change scenarios. South-East Asia, home to the most diverse coral reefs on Earth, faces significant threats, with half of these reefs at high risk primarily due to coastal development and fishing-related activities. Indonesia has the largest area of threatened coral reefs, with fishing threats being the main stressor, while over 65% of coral reefs in the Indian Ocean are under stress from local threats.

25. Souce : ESCAP (2024) Blue Carbon Ecosystems in Asia and the Pacific SEAGRASSES

26. Souce : ESCAP (2024)

27. Distribution of Seagrass and Combined Human Impact (CHI) in the Asia-Pacific Region Souce : ESCAP (2024) Seagrass ecosystems in the Asia-Pacific region are highly vulnerable, with 18% classified as “high” risk , 9% as “very high” , and 2% as “critical” . Annually, approximately 0.72 Pg of carbon are emitted from these ecosystems, equivalent to 1.5% of global carbon emissions from deforestation . in Shark Bay, Australia, one of the world’s largest seagrass ecosystems suffered damage during a marine heatwave in 2010/2011. This event led to the release of an estimated 2–9 million tons of carbon , and contributed to the decline of species associated with seagrass ecosystems (UNEP, 2020).

28. Distribution of Seagrass and Combined Human Impact (CHI) in the Asia-Pacific Region Souce : F. T. Short, and others, “Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species”, Biological Conservation, vol. 144, No. 7 (July 2011). Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.010 in ESCAP (2024) Seagrass ecosystems are under significant threat, with coastal development being the primary cause of their degradation, affecting nearly 100% of seagrass species globally. Other major threats include sedimentation , degraded water quality , and activities like fishing and aquaculture , all of which reduce water clarity and harm seagrass health. The interaction of human activities and climate-induced changes exacerbates these impacts, with runoff from agriculture and deforestation increasing nutrient loads and sedimentation, particularly in regions like Southeast Asia .

29. Global Plastic Waste Import and Trade Value: A Closer Look at Major Importing Countries, 2013-2022 Source: Li et al (2024) The white bars above the water represent the quantity of plastic waste imports , with countries like China, the Netherlands, and Hong Kong leading the global trade. The grey circles represent the trade value paid by importers for plastic waste, with higher values observed for countries like Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Taiwan. The grey lines beneath the water indicate the average unit price of waste imports, showing a clear distinction in pricing between countries such as China (low unit price) and European countries (higher unit price).

30. PATHWAYS FOR STRENGTHENING BLUE CARBON ECOSYSTEM GOVERNANCE Strengthening Legal and Policy Framework increase coverage of BCE areas that are safeguarded by protection instruments Strengthening Institutional Arrangement Integrate and synergize at ad-hoc institutions at the national and local level Develop and establish action plans for BCE governance caried out by relevant ministries and agencies Strengthening institutions at the local level Strengthening Community Participation and Tenurial Security Accelerate the establishment of the customary forest Increase participation of IPLC and equal women representation Requirement of FPIC Improve transparency and access to information Short-term 2023-2025 Developing Capacity of Monitoring and Enforcement Increase the quality and quantity of monitoring officers Increase training for law enforcement officers Optimizing the role of community monitoring Develop guidelines for imposition of sanctions for BCE cases Financing Increase research related to BCE data: area and coverage, emissions, carbon sequestration and storage capacity, and other ecosystem services Develop pilot projects of best practices 2025-2027 Mid-term Strengthened Blue Carbon Ecosystem Governance Strengthening Legal and Policy Framework Establish requirements for converting VC protection instruments for other purposes Increase the number of village regulations of BCE Strengthening Community Participation and Tenurial Security Develop collaborative management Increase the quality and quantity of community assistance Strengthening costal tenure Develop of policies and systems that support alternative livelihoods for blue-carbon-dependent people Financing and Equitable Benefit Sharing Develop a database of sources of funding Develop guidelines for benefits sharing by MOEF Adopting principles of High Quality Bun Carbon Principle and Guidelines into ministerial regulation Developing Capacity of Monitoring and Enforcement Developing and optimizing the use of technology to support monitoring and enforcement efforts

31. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) MANAGEMENT MODEL Source: Cottom et al. (2024) Methodological process flow for creation of a global plastic pollution emissions inventory, as part of the ‘ Spatio -temporal quantification of plastic pollution origins and transport’ model (SPOT).

32. Schematic showing the plastic life cycle (black), different plastic waste handling methods (landfilling, incineration, and recycling), approaches to recycling ( green ), and solutions to achieve sustainability ( blue ). Source: Singh & Walker (2024)