TAXONOMICAL AIDS for Plants and Animals .pdf

it provides info about taxonomical aids for animals and plants .

1. TAXONOMICAL AIDS

2. Introduction to
Taxonomical Aids
Taxonomical aids are tools and techniques used
to identify, classify, and organize living organisms.
They provide a systematic approach to
understanding the diversity of life on our planet.
by ȺẞħᎥຮheҟSɪɴɢн

3. Importance of Taxonomical Classification
Biodiversity Conservation
Taxonomy helps us understand and
preserve the complex web of life on
Earth.
Scientific Research
Taxonomical classification is crucial for
various scientific disciplines, from
biology to ecology.
Resource Management
Taxonomy informs the sustainable use
and management of natural resources.
Ecological Relationships
Taxonomic knowledge reveals the
intricate connections between different
species and their environments.

4. Principles of Taxonomical Identification
Observation
Careful observation of an
organism's physical
characteristics is the foundation
of taxonomical identification.
Comparative Analysis
Comparing an organism's traits
to known taxonomic descriptions
helps determine its
classification.
Hierarchical Structure
Taxonomic systems group
organisms into increasingly
specific categories, from domain
to species.

5. Common Taxonomical Techniques
1Morphological Analysis
Examining the physical features, such as size,
shape, and structure, of an organism.
2Molecular Genetics
Using DNA sequencing to determine an
organism's genetic relationships and
evolutionary history.
3Phylogenetic Inference
Reconstructing the evolutionary relationships
between organisms based on their shared
characteristics.
4Cladistic Analysis
Grouping organisms based on their shared
derived characteristics, or synapomorphies.

6. Taxonomical Tools and Resources
Taxonomic Manuals
Comprehensive
reference books that
provide detailed
descriptions and
identification keys.
Online Databases
Digital repositories of
taxonomic information,
such as species names
and classifications.
Laboratory
Equipment
Specialized tools, from
microscopes to DNA
sequencing machines,
used for taxonomic
analysis.
Specimen
Collections
Preserved samples of
organisms, such as
herbaria and museum
collections, for
reference.

7. ChallengesinTaxonomical
Identification
Cryptic Species
Organisms that are morphologically similar but genetically distinct, making them
difficult to distinguish.
Incomplete Data
Gaps in our knowledge of the world's biodiversity, especially for lesser-known or
inaccessible regions.
Taxonomic Revisions
The ongoing process of updating and refining taxonomic classifications as new
evidence emerges.

8. Applications of Taxonomical Aids
1 Conservation Biology
Taxonomy informs efforts to protect threatened and endangered species.
2 Environmental Monitoring
Taxonomic data is used to assess ecosystem health and track changes over
time.
3 Biomedical Research
Taxonomic knowledge contributes to the discovery of new medical treatments
and resources.

9. Future Trends in Taxonomical Advancements
Technological Innovations Advancements in DNA sequencing, imaging, and
data processing will revolutionize taxonomic
identification.
Collaborative Efforts Global initiatives to map and catalog the world's
biodiversity will expand our taxonomic knowledge.
Integrative Approaches Combining multiple taxonomic techniques, from
morphology to genomics, will lead to more
accurate classification.
Citizen Science Engaging the public in taxonomic research and
data collection will accelerate the pace of
discovery.

16. MUSEUM

17. • Biological museums are generally setup in educational institutes such
as schools and colleges.
• Museums have collections of preserved plant and animal specimens
for study and reference.
• Specimens are preserved in the containers or jars in preservative
solutions.
• Plant and animal specimens may also be preserved as dry
specimens.
• Insects are preserved in insect boxes after collecting, killing and
pinning.
• Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and
preserved.
• Museums often have collections of skeletons of animals too.

18. What is a
B
otanical
Garden?
A botanical garden is a curated collection of livin
g plants, designed for
scientific research, conservation, education, and public enjoyment. These
gardens showcase the diversity of the plant kingdom, from rare and
endangered species to common ornamental plants.
by REHMAN KHAN

19. History and Evolution of
Botanical Gar
dens
1 A
ncient Beginnings
Botanical gardens have their roots in ancient civilizations, where they were used
for medicinal and agricultural purposes.
2 R
enaissance Era
During the Renaissance, botanical gardens emerged as centers of scientific study,
housing an ever-growing collection of plant species.
3 M
odern Era
Today, botanical gardens have evolved into multifaceted institutions, focusing on conservation, research, and public education.

20. Botanical Gardens and
Envir
onmental Education
Hands-on Learning
Botanical gardens offer
i
mmersive educational
experiences, allowing visitors to
engage with nature and learn
about plant life.
Conservation
A
wareness
These gardens play a vital role
i
n promoting environmental
stewardship, educating the
public about threatened plant
species and the importance of
conservation.
Community
O
utreach
Botanical gardens often host
w
orkshops, lectures, and
community events, fostering a
deeper understanding and
appreciation for the natural
world.

21. Botanical Gardens and
Scientific R
esearch
1P
lant Diversity
Botanical gardens serve as living
laboratories, allowing researchers to
study the incredible diversity of plant
life and its adaptations.
2C
onservation Efforts
These gardens play a crucial role in
conservation, housing rare and
endangered plant species and studying
their propagation and cultivation.
3C
limate Change Research
Botanical gardens are at the forefront of studying the impacts of climate change on plant
populations and exploring solutions for sustainable horticulture.

22. The Importance of Botanical
Gar
dens for the Earth
Conservation
B
otanical gardens play a
vital role in preserving
plant diversity and
protecting endangered
species.
Education
T
hese gardens serve as
educational hubs,
inspiring and informing
the public about the
importance of plants
and the natural world.
Research
B
otanical gardens are
centers of scientific
inquiry, advancing our
understanding of plant
biology and ecology.
Sustainability
T
hese gardens promote
sustainable practices
and demonstrate how
to integrate nature into
urban environments.

25. T
A
X
O
N
O M
IC

K
E
Y
PRESENTED BY : NOMAN HUSSAIN

26. IT IS TWO TYPES
1
2
INDENTED KEY
BRAKETED KEY

27. KEY

28. A scheme for identification of organisms is called key
TAXONOMIC KEYS
Used for identification of plants and animals based on Similaroties and dissimilaries
Uses pair of contrasting character which is known as COUPLET
Each character of couplet which is known as LEAD
Out of a pair of character, only one is selected while other is rejected
Separate taxonomic key are assigned for different taxon
Examples : Genus, Family, Class etc

29. Plants
Animals
Microorganisms
Identification Key
:
:
:
Botanical key
Zoological key
Bacterial key
Viral key

30. Pair of contrasting
character are given
number in brackets
Idented key
or
Yoked key
Bracketed key
or
parallel Key
Has sequences of
choice between two
or more statement
Most popular key

31. 6 Animals
CAT
BAT
FISH
FROG
BIRD
SNAKE

32. Gills absent
Gills present
External
Ear
Present
External
Ear
Absent
wings present
wings absent
BAT
CAT
wings present
wings absent
BIRD
FISH
Limbs
present
Limbs
absent
FROG
:
:
:
:
SNAKE
:
: