TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION ,ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF MANGO , BANANA , PAPAYA AND CASHEWNUT

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION ,ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF MANGO , BANANA , PAPAYA AND CASHEWNUT

1. COURSE TITLE –Master’s Seminar COURSE CODE – FSC 591 CREDIT HOURS – 1(0+1) YEAR /SEMESTER – 1 St Year/2 nd Semester PRESENTED TO PRESENTED BY Dr. Prabhakar Singh Surabhi Sharma Professor and Head M.Sc. Previous Year Department of Fruit Science Id - 20220267 DEPARTMENT OF FRUIT SCIENCE INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR(C.G) MASTER SEMINAR ON TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION ,ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF MANGO , BANANA , PAPAYA AND CASHEWNUT 1

2. CONTENT 2 Introduction Taxonomical classification ,Origin and Distribution of- Mango Banana Papaya Cashewnut Conclusion References

3. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION Science of identifying, describing, and classifying plant species based on their (fruits) biological characteristics, such as morphology, anatomy, genetics, and ecology. INTRODUCTION To identify and organize the fruit crops based on their evolutionary relationships and biological characteristics. To establish the similarities and differences in morphological characters of plants. 3 Kingdom Division Class Sub class Order Family Genus Species aim

4. Centre of Origin – That location where the plant is considered to have first appeared. The primary criteria in identifying a centre of origin is the presence of wild relatives. The geographical region where a particular plant species first originated and where it has undergone over a long period of time: Natural selection Genetic diversity Evolution The regions where a species has been introduced and subsequently adapted to new environmental conditions through: Human selection, Cultivation, Breeding. CENTRE OF ORIGIN Primary Centre Secondry Centre 4 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

5. N.I Vavilov,1935-1951 , proposed eight main centre of origin by analyzing the pattern of variation for several characters for each species in different geographical areas. 1.CHINA Litchi, Sweet Orange,Peach,Apricot 2.a. INDIA Mango,Citron , Tamarind 2.b. INDO-MALAYAN Jamun,Carambola,Walnut,Aonla,Banana 3.CENTRAL ASIA Almond, Grape 4.ASIA MINOR Apple, Pomegranate 5. MEDITTERANEAN Olive 6.ABYSSINIAN Coffee 7. SOUTH MEXICO Papaya, Sapota , Avacado,Custard Apple, 8.a. PERUVIAN Guava 8 .b. CHILE Strawberry 8.c.BRAZIL Pineapple ,Cashew nut 5

6. factors- 6 Importance- Geographic location Environmental factors Historical human migrations and trade Cultivation and breeding Market demand Environmental Impact Cultural Impact

7. Taxonomical Classification, Origin and Distribution of Mango 7

8. Kingdom : Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Sub Class : Rosidae Order : Sapindales Family : Anacardiaceae Genus : Mangifera L. Species : Mangifera indica L. 8 Chromosome no. - 2n = 40 TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MANGO

9. 9 SPECIES of Mango Mangifera pentandra Mangifera similis Mangifera laurina Mangifera andamaica Mangifera foetida Mangifera odorata

10. 10 Indo – Burma region A biogeographic region of Southeast Asia that includes a wide range of diverse habitats, including tropical rainforests, mountain forests, grasslands, and wetlands. The region encompasses parts of northeastern India, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southern China. Primary Centre of Origin – Indo Burma Secondry Centre of Origin – Sunda island (Java , Sumatra and Borneo) ORIGIN OF MANGO

11. 11 History Remarks Mukherjee (1951) Occurrence of wild form of Mangifera indica L. ,its allied species and presence of numerous cultivated and wild varieties in India, where some major reasons in favour of origin as Indo- Burma region. Singh(1988) The Mango is one of the ancient fruits cultivated in India is estimated to be more then 4000 to 6000 year old. According to -

12. 12 YEAR REMARKS 300 -400 AD The mango seeds traveled with humans from Asia to the Middle East, East Africa and South America 10th Century AD The Persians are said to have carried it to East Africa 17 th and 18 th Centuary Introduced in Tropical America by Spanish 1825 India introduced mango in Egypt. 1882 Mulgoa , cultivar was subsequently introduced in Florida from India. 1929 India introduced Mango in Israel. Yadav and Singh, 2017 DISTRIBUTION OF MANGO

13. 13 Country Production(millions of tonnes) India 24.7 Indonesia 3.6 China 2.4 Mexico 2.4 Pakistan 2.3 Brazil 2.1 World 54.8 Mango Production and Distribution in World (2020) FAOSTAT(2020)

14. Distribution of Mango in India National Horticulture Board.2021-22 14 State Production(000 tonnes ) Uttar Pradesh 4807.83 Andhra Pradesh 4676.06 Karnataka 1745.57 Bihar 1649.97 Telangana 1157.73 Gujarat 997.83 West Bengal 889.69 Orissa 847.81 Tamil Nadu 639.64 Madhya Pradesh 526.23 Kerala 482.99 Chhattisgarh 463.21 Maharashtra 439.07 Jharkhand 408.24 Uttarakhand 150.67 Punjab 137.28 Haryana 114.41 Rajasthan 90.05 Assam 63.63 Tripura 52.37 Himachal Pradesh 40.61 Jammu and Kashmir 20.41 Mizoram 4.27 Nagaland 3.56 Manipur 0.69

15. Distribution of Mango in Major Districts of Chhattisgarh(2020-21) District Area(‘000 ha) Production(‘000 MT) Raigarh 8.427 40.768 Sarguja 6.635 63.039 Korba 5.852 24.531 Jashpur 5.067 49.099 Balrampur 4.120 27.563 Bilaspur 4.010 10.025 Raipur 1.028 5.142 15 Total Area - 76.126 thousand ha and Production – 459.141 thousand MT Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry(2020-21).Govt. of Chhattisgarh.

16. Taxonomical Classification Origin and Distribution of Banana 16

17. Kingdom – Plantae Division – Magnoliophyta Class – Liliopsida SubClass – Zingiberidae Order – Zingiberales Family – Musaceae Genus – Musa L. Species – Musa acuminata L. 17 Chromosome no – 2n =3x =33 TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION

18. 18 The Genus Musa is subdivided into 5 groups- Genus Chromosome no.(2n) Species Height(m) Inflorescence Distribution Eumusa 22,33,44 13-15 3 Pendent Sri Lanka Rhodochlamys 22 05-07 3 Erect India Callimusa 20 06-10 ---- Erect Indonesia Australimusa 20 05-07 ---- Erect North Australia Incertae Sedis ---- 07-08 10 ---- West Africa N.M Nayar et.al, 2010

19. 19 Genus Name of Species Uses Eumusa M. acuminata M.bulbisiana M. paradisiaca Fruit , vegetable and Fibre Rhodochlamys M.texitiles Fibre and Ornamental Australimusa M.maclayi M.jackeyi M.troglodytarum Fruits and Fibre Callimusa M.coccinea Ornamentals M. Acuminata M. textilis M.Jackeyi M.coccinea

20. Simmonds and Shepherd (1955) suggested that genome nomenclature was more appropriate for naming taxa and proposed that the generic name be followed by a letter combination indicating the ploidy and the genome sets. 20 N.M Nayar et.al, 2010 Genome Variety AAA Dwarf Cavendish , Harichal , Lalkela , Gross Micheal , Grand Naine ,Giant Governer , Robusta. ABB Kanchkela , Bontha AAB Marataman , Nendran AB Ney Poovan , Kunnan AA Matti , Anaikomban , Pisang Lillin ABBB Klue Teparod AAAB AAAA FHIA-1 Bodley Altafort

21. According to Simmonds - The edible banana is believed to be originated from South East Asia. The primary centre of origin of table banana( Musa acuminata ) is the Malaysia region whereas the cooking banana ( Musa balbisiana ) originated in southern India. The hybrids and polyploids of acuminata and bulbisiana are thought to have originated in various countries around pacific ocean,starting from Philippines in the east to southern island of Malaysia and India. 21 ORIGIN OF BANANA

22. Bananas are tropical evergreen perennials and the species are distributed mostly within the region of 23.5 N to 23.5 S of tropical to subtropical humid climate. The Western hemisphere comprising of Mexico, Guatemala , Brazil , Costa Rica, Panama , Cuba , Columbia , Venezuela , West Indies and Central American Islands produce 55% of exportable banana. Whereas Africa alone contributes 30% and America and Asia 35% of world production. 22 Distribution of Banana

23. -FAOSTAT, 2021 23

24. Production of Banana in India National Horticulture Board 2021-22 24 State Production(000 tonnes ) Andhra Pradesh 5838.88 Maharashtra 4628.04 Gujarat 3907.21 Tamil Nadu 3895.64 Karnataka 3713.79 Uttar Pradesh 3391.07 Bihar 1968.21 West Bengal 1147.79 Assam 1108.00 Chhattisgarh 585.42 Kerala 555.60 Orissa 502.84 Madhya Pradesh 457.83 Mizoram 140.50 Telangana 115.58 Tripura 111.11 Meghalaya 95.14 Manipur 85.50 Nagaland 87.82 Jharkhand 32.40 Arunachal Pradesh 14.03 Punjab 9.05

25. Distribution of Banana in Chhattisgarh District Area(‘000 hec ) Production (‘000 MT) Balrampur 2.562 34.459 Durg 1.894 53.960 Raigarh 1.725 86.200 Korba 1.180 32.891 Raipur 1.262 30.737 Source - Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry(2020-21).Govt. of Chhattisgarh. 25 Total Area - 24.893 thousand ha and Production – 594.233 thousand MT

26. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF PAPAYA 26

27. Kingdom – Plantae Division – Tracheophyta Class – Magnoliopsida Sub Class - Dilleniidae Order – Brassicales Family – Caricaceae Genus – Carica L. Species – Carica papaya L. 27 Chromosome no. -18 Badilo (1993) divided the genus Carica into two – Carica and Vasconella . Only Carica sp . produces edible Fruits. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION

28. 28 Scientific Name Remarks V.candamarcensis Mountain Papaya V. Pentagona Frost Resistance V.cauliflora Ring spot virus resistance V.quercifolia Hardiest species V.monoica Monoecious species

29. 29 It was originated in Southern Mexico(Mesoamerica) The higher genetic diversity was found in locations of southern Mexico, suggesting this region as a genetic reservoir for the species.  The Mesoamerica was the most important culture present in that region before the conquest of Mexico by Spain in the sixteenth century, and probably one of the first to cultivate and trade the fruits of  C. papaya  . ORIGIN OF PAPAYA

30. 30 HISTORY REMARKS de Candolle, 1883, 1884, from Singh, 1990; Storey, 1976 Carica papaya is native in the north-tropical Western Hemisphere. Some have suggested a centre of origin in Tropical America or the south of Mexico Manshardt and Zee (1994) Found wild papayas in the Caribbean coastal lowlands of southern Mexico and northern Honduras. Sauer, 1966; Singh, 1990 Cultivated papaya was reported in Jamaica by at least 1756 Singh, 1990; Ferrão , 1992 In 1500 ,Papaya was transported to the Philippines and India, and it was readily disseminated into tropical Asia, Africa, and Pacific islands Distribution of Papaya

31. 31 Country Production(M mt ) India 6.01 Dominician Republic 1.27 Brazil 1.24 Mexico 1.12 Indonesia 1.02 Papaya Production In World FAO(2020)

32. National Horticulture Board2021-22 Production of Papaya in India 32 State Production(000 tonnes ) Andhra Pradesh 1503.18 Gujarat 1107.88 Maharashtra 496.12 Karnataka 491.96 Madhya Pradesh 499.08 Chhattisgarh 379.56 West Bengal 299.79 Jharkhand 178.88 Assam 152.72 Telangana 122.51 Uttar Pradesh 111.86 Kerala 106.61 Orissa 100.56 Bihar 95.84 Tripura 32.15 Mizoram 22.72 Tamil Nadu 13.64 Nagaland 11.49

33. Distribution of Papaya in Chhattisgarh District Area (‘000 hec ) Production (‘000MT) Balrampur 1.370 26.059 Bilaspur 1.111 28.886 Raipur 0.987 41.089 Bemetra 0.690 28.047 Janjgir - Champa 0.772 17.748 Korea 0.780 19.022 Mungeli 0.530 14.899 Source - Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry(2020-21).Govt. of Chhattisgarh. 33 Total Area - 13.987 thousand ha and Production – 377.382 thousand MT

34. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF CASHEWNUT 34

35. Kingdom – Plantae Division – Magnoliophyta Class – Magnoliopsida Order – Sapindales Family – Anacardiaceae Genus – Anacardium Species – Anacardium Occidentale L 35 Chromosome no. – 2n = 42 TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION

36. Cashewnut is believed to be a native of Brazil and dispersed from here to many tropical areas. It is reported that Cashewnut was introduced in the Malabar Coast of India in the 16 th centaury by Portuguese with the purpose of afforestation and soil conservation later on it was used as edible fruits. During same period the Spanish took the crop further to Philippines. The different names of cashew in Indian languages are derived from Caju which in turn originated from Acaju , the name given to cashew by the Tapi Indians of Brazil. 36 ORIGIN OF CASHEWNUT

37. The Malabar coast probably served as locus of dispersal to other centres in India and South East Asia . From India , it was carried eastward to Amboina in Indonesia. The dispersal of the species to South East Asia appears to have been carried out by birds , bats , monkeys and human agents.  Nowadays, the cashew tree is grown around the world especially in Brazil, Vietnam, India, Nigeria, Indonesia, Philippines and the Ivory Coast. 37 DISTRIBUTION OF CASHEWNUT

38. 38  FAOSTAT (2019) Leading Cashewnut producing countries (2019)

39. National Horticulture Board 2021-22 Production of Cashewnut in India 39 State Production(000 tonnes ) Maharashtra 199.70 Andhra Pradesh 127.20 Orissa 121.30 Karnataka 77.90 Tamil Nadu 77.30 Kerala 76.80 Chhattisgarh 21.40 West Bengal 11.50 Meghalaya 10.00 Gujarat 6.70 Jharkhand 6.40 Tripura 3.40 Assam 1.10

40. Distribution of Cashewnut in Chhattisgarh District Area(‘000 hec ) Production (‘000MT) Raigarh 9.895 4.671 Bastar 9.292 7.433 Kondagaon 5.078 4.825 Kanker 1.840 1.932 Jashpur 1.480 1.036 Narayanpur 1.374 0.300 Dantewada 0.788 0.637 Source - 40 Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry(2020-21).Govt. of Chhattisgarh. Total Area - 30.177 thousand ha and Production – 22.719 thousand MT

41. 41 CASE STUDY

42. 42 This important fruit also finds mention in the notes of the early foreign travelers to India, e.g., Xuanzang ( Hsüantsang ) (632-645 AD), 2.Ibn-Haukul (902-968 AD), 3.Ibn-Batuta (1325-1339 AD) 4.Ludovici de Varthema (1503-1508 AD). Apparently, Hsüan-tsang was the first person to bring the mango to the notice of people outside India. History---Research The origin of the most of the improved cultivated varieties of India today can be traced to those early days. They have since been preserved under cultivation (for over 400 years) by the process of vegetative propagation. The royal families used mango as the best gift to arouse the diplomatic sentiments: eg . --Gifts of mango offered by Daulat Khan Kodhi , Governor of Lahore to Babar in Persia, ---Aurangzeb to Shajh Abbas of Persia, --Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru to Nikita Khruscheve of USSR (Russia), --Sri Lal Bahadur Shastri to Alaxi Kosygen of Russia, --Mrs. Indira Gandhi to Leonid Brezhnev of Russia and

43. 43 Mughal emperor Babar recognized the mango as the choicest fruit of India . His descendants cultivated mango by evolving grafting techniques and growing technologies and making huge collection of varieties. Akbar, the Mughal emperor (1556 – 1605 AD) got planted near Darbhanga the Lakh Bagh , an orchard of 1,00,000 mango trees. The Ain -e- Akbari , an encyclopedia written during the empire of Akbar gives information about the quality and varietal characteristics of the fruit from which it appears that a fairly good knowledge about mango culture and the characters of different Many Southeast Asian kings and nobles had their own mango orchards; with private cultivars being sources of great pride and social standing, hence, began the custom of sending gifts of the choicest mango. History--- Research Buddhist monks are believed to have taken the mango on voyages to Malaya and eastern Asia during the 4th and 5th Centuries BC . The mango is considered to be a sacred fruit in the region because it is said that the Lord Buddha himself meditated under a mango tree

44. 44 Origin --Research The mango originated, in the foothills of the Himalayas of the southern Asia (eastern India, Burma, and the Andaman Islands) bordering the Bay of Bengal, dating back to 4000 BC, where it still grows wild in the hills of Assam and adjacent areas Historical records and palaeo - botanical evidences provide ample proof about its origin in the Indo-Burma-Malay region as supported by Vivilov (1926). On the basis of presence of maximum number of allied species growing in Malaysia, some workers are lead to believe that Malaysian region is the original home of mango According to de Candolle (1883) it is impossible to doubt that the mango is a native of the south of Asia or of the Malay Archipelago. The primary centre of origin of the genus Mangifera is considered in the region of Myanmar (Burma)- SiamIndochina or Malay Archipelago and the secondary centre in the Sunda island (Java, Sumatra, Borneo)-the Philippines and Celebes- Banda-Timor group ( Mukherjee , 1985)

45. Taxonomical classification provides a systematic approach to understand the origin and distribution of different plant species. It provides basic understanding about the components of biodiversity which is necessary for effective decision-making about conservation and sustainable use. 45 It helps in selecting suitable cultivars, managing pests and diseases, and improving yield and quality. Overall, taxonomical classification is a vital tool in the study and utilization of plant species, including these four delicious and nutritious fruits. The centers of origin and diversification are important sources for genes for plant breeding as they contain the wild species and landraces used indigenously.  CONCLUSION

46. References - 46 Anon.2020.Department of Horticulture and Farm Forestry.Govt . of Chhattisgarh. Anon.2021. National Horticulture Board . Gurgaon . Bal J. S.1997. Fruit growing.Kalyani Publishers.Ludhiana - New Delhi.pp.77-78 & 117-118. Chattopadhyay,T K.2001.Textbook of Pomology:Tropical Fruits,Vol 2 , Kalyani Publishers.New Delhi.pp.2-3. Singh SP,Yadav Deependra.2017.Mango-History origin and distribution.J . Pharmaco . Phytochem.6(6).1257-1262 Sharma Girish , Sharma O.C. and Thakur B.S.2009. Systematics of Fruit Crops. New India Publishing Agency Pitam Pura . New Delhi.pp.83-84.

47. 47 Thank you