Taxonomy Powerpoint Hierarchical (1).ppt

Taxonomy Powerpoint Hierarchical (1).ppt

1. SCIENCE 8
FOURTH QUARTER

2. Now let’s make our own classification
system…for cars

3. Two Wheels Four Wheels

4. Of the Four Wheels—let’s classify
them further. . .
Truck Car

5. Let’s classify the cars further. . .
4-doors 2-doors

6. Let’s take the sports cars down to the
next level
Convertible Hard top

7. And finally—let’s further classify the 4-
door cars
Silver Red

8. Here’s what our classifications look
like in the end
Transportation
Two wheel Four wheel
Truck
Car
2-door 4-door
ConvertibleHard-topSilver Red
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family

9. What is taxonomy?
•Naming and classification of organisms
•Traditionally based on system
developed by Carolus Linnaeus

10. Two Components to Linnaean
System
•Idea of binomial nomenclature – naming
organisms
•Idea of hierarchy – classifying
organisms into groups

11. Binomial Nomenclature
•Idea is that each species is assigned a
unique name
•Name has two parts: a genus name
and a specific epithet
•Together, the two words make up the
scientific name of the species

12. Binomial Nomenclature
•Allows clear communication between
different researchers
•Prevents confusion that can occur from
use of common names

13. Example
•Scientific Name:
Yucca filamentosa
•Common Names:
Bear grass, Adam’s
needle, Weak-leaf
yucca
•Picture Credit: Larry Allain @ USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database

14. Scientific Names: General Guidelines
•Scientific names are based on Latin.
•Scientific names are always italicized
(when printed) or underlined (when
hand-written)
•Modern scientific names follow
international guidelines

15. Scientific Names: General Guidelines
•Different species with the same genus
name are considered to be more closely
related to each other than to other
species.
•Genus name is always capitalized;
specific epithet is always lower-case.

16. Example
•Panthera leo – lion
•Panthera onca – jaguar
•Panthera pardus – leopard
•Uncia uncia – snow leopard
•Lions, jaguars and leopards are more
closely related to each other than to
snow leopards.

17. Scientific Names: General Guidelines
•Some scientific names,
especially older ones,
include the name of the
person who discovered or
described the species.
•Example: The Tibetan
antelope Pantholops
hodgsonii was named for the
19
th
century British naturalist
who discovered it, Brian
Houghton Hodgson.
•Picture Credit: Rhett A. Butler, mongabay.com

18. General Naming Guidelines
•Other scientific names
refer to a region, such
as Didelphis virginiana
(Virginia opossum)
•Picture Credit: Alden M. Johnson @
California Academy of Sciences

19. General Naming Guidelines
•Scientific names often
include some feature or
trait of the species. The
specific epithet for the
hairy bush clover,
Lespedeza hirta, refers
to its “hairy” stem.
•Picture Credit: Tom Barnes, University
of Kentucky

20. Scientific Names
Poison Arrow Frog
Dendrobates
azureus
“Blue Tree-Walker”
•Picture Credit: Jessie Cohen,
Courtesy of Smithsonian National
Zoo @ nationalzoo.si.edu

21. Scientific Names
Giant Anteater
Myrmecophaga
tridactyla
“Eater of ants,
with three
fingers”
Picture Credit: Courtesy of
Smithsonian National Zoo @
nationalzoo.si.edu

22. Taxonomic Hierarchy
•Linnaeus classified organisms into
groups, based on shared characteristics.
•There were different levels of groups.
•Each level nests within the group above.
•In his system, the Kingdom was the most
inclusive. Successive groups contain
fewer and fewer organisms.

23. Linnaean Hierarchy
•Kingdom (most
general)
•Phylum
•Class
•Order
•Family
•Genus
•Species (unique)

24. Two Kingdom System
•Linnaeus classified organisms into two
kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia
•Plants, fungi, photosynthetic protists
were all included into Plantae
•Animals, heterotrophic protists (such as
Amoeba) were included into Animalia
•This system was revised several times.

25. Five Kingdom System
•Proposed by Whittaker in 1968
•Kingdom Monera – prokaryotes
•Kingdom Protista – protists (eukaryotes
that were not plants or animals or fungi)
•Kingdom Plantae – plants
•Kingdom Fungi – fungi
•Kingdom Animalia – animals

26. Five
Kingdom
Classification
Scheme

27. Research by Carl Woese
•Research done by Carl Woese in the
1980s with rRNA comparisons showed
that all prokaryotes are not closely
related.
•Prokaryotes are divided into two
groups: true bacteria and archaeans
(formerly called archaebacteria)

28. rRNA Comparisons
•Based on rRNA, plants, animals and
fungi share more similarities with each
other than with bacteria or archaeans
•All eukaryotes share more similarities
with each other than with prokaryotes
•Archaeans share more similarities with
eukaryotes than with bacteria

29. Domains
•Based on rRNA studies, Woese
proposed a Three Domain System
•Domain Bacteria – “true” bacteria
(prokaryotes)
•Domain Archaea – archaeans
(prokaryotes)
•Domain Eukarya – eukaryotes

30. Modern Taxonomic Hierarchy
•Domains are the highest level (most
inclusive), above Kingdoms.
•Kingdom Monera is no longer used.
•Kingdom Protista is no longer used.
•Kingdoms Plantae, Fungi and Animalia
are still in use.

31. Modern Taxonomy
•Modern taxonomy is in a state of flux.
•As genomes are sequenced for different
organisms, evolutionary relationships
often become more clear. Taxonomy
should reflect those relationships.
•Expect major changes in taxonomy over
the next several years.

32. Three Domains

33. Three
Domains

34. Modern Taxonomic Hierarchy

35. Modern
Taxonomic
Hierarchy

36. Example: Giant Anteater
Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Xenarthra
Family:
Myrmecophagidae
Genus: Myrmecophaga
Species:
Myrmecophaga
tridactyla

37. Categories and Taxa
•In this hierarch of classification, the different
levels are categories.
•A named group at a level is called a taxon
(plural = taxa).
•The giant anteater is in Class Mammalia.
Class is the category; Mammalia is the taxon.
•The giant anteater is in Family
Myrmecophagidae. Family is the category;
Myrmecophagidae is the taxon.

38. The End
Unless otherwise specified, all images in this presentation came from:
Campbell, et al. 2008. Biology, 8
th
ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.