TDC-15-S-02 Road and Traffic Rules (Version 2).pptx

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1. Road and Traffic Rules Subject Code: TDC-15-S-02 Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) For Student-driver’s Permit Applicants Subject No. 2

2. ROAD AND TRAFFIC RULES Topic Outline: 1. Traffic Signs, Signals and Pavement Markings 2. Rules on Turning, Overtaking and Right of Way 3. Rules on Parking and other Provisions 4. Expressway Rules and Regulations

3. TRAFFIC SIGNS, SIGNALS AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS ROAD AND TRAFFIC RULES

4. TRAFFIC SIGNS, SIGNALS AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS Regulatory Signs - Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, if disregarded, will constitute an offense.

5. REGULATORY SIGNS PROHIBITIVE MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS DIRECTIONAL SIGNS YIELD SIGN STOP SIGN PARKING AND GIVE WAY SIGNS

6. REGULATORY SIGNS Identify: No stopping No parking No entry Identify: No stopping No parking No entry

7. REGULATORY SIGNS Identify: No overtaking No double parking None of the above Identify: No stopping No parking End of speed limit

8. REGULATORY SIGNS NO ENTRY FOR ALL VEHICLES NO ENTRY FOR SPECIFIC VEHICLES OTHER PROHIBITIVE SIGNS NO TURN SIGNS

9. REGULATORY SIGNS MAXIMUM SPEED RESTRICTION MINIMUM SPEED RESTRICTION END OF SPEED RESTRICTION pedestrians are not allowed to cross the road. pedestrians must use an overpass or pedestrian crossing.

10. REGULATORY SIGNS MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPEEDS UNDER RA 4136 Passengers Cars and Motorcycle Motor trucks and buses Highways with no blind corners and no residential or commercial structures 80 km. per hour 50 km. per hour 2. Boulevards designated as “through street” with no blind corners 40 km. per hour 30 km. per hour 3. City or municipal streets 30 km. per hour 30 km. per hour 4. Crowded streets and intersections 20 km. per hour 20 km. per hour Section 35 (b) 1

11. REGULATORY SIGNS A physician or his driver; The driver of a hospital ambulance; Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person; The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed Forces; The driver of a vehicle in pursuit of a criminal; A law-enforcement officer in pursuit of violator of traffic laws; and The fire truck driver. Speeding does not apply to the following: Section 35 (c) 2

12. REGULATORY SIGNS Identify: Do not enter Both lanes going to one direction None of the above

13. REGULATORY SIGNS DIRECTION SIGNS - These signs indicate the only direction(s) in which the motorist is obliged to follow. STOP SIGN- driver must stop at designated SSTOP LINE. NO PARKING within 6 meters. GIVE WAY SIGN- yield to the vehicles on right side of intersection. PRIORITY SIGNS 3

14. REGULATORY SIGNS Identify: No Stopping No Parking on both side No Entry None of the above

15. REGULATORY SIGNS Identify: No Stopping No Parking None of the above No Entry

16. REGULATORY SIGNS ALLOWABLE PARKING AND LOADING ZONE AT A GIVEN TIME AND PLACE NO LOADING /UNLOADING WITHIN RED-PAINTED CURB NO PARKING SIGNS NO PARKING FIRE HYDRANT- no parking within 4 meters of the fire hydrant

17. REGULATORY SIGNS BUS-PUJ STOP ZONE- parking is not allowed. BUS STOP ZONE- parking is not allowed. PUJ STOP ZONE- parking is not allowed. NO PARKING: TOW-AWAY ZONE- parked vehicle will be towed. NO STOPPING OR PARKING ANYTIME WITHIN THE YELLOW BOX

18. REGULATORY SIGNS NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES WITH GROSS AXLE LOAD OF MORE THAN 2 TONNES NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES WITH GROSS VEHICLE MASS OF MORE THAN 5 TONNES NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES WITH MORE THAN 10 METERS IN LENGTH NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES WITH MORE THAN 2 METERS OF WIDTH NO ENTRY FOR VEHICLES WITH MORE THAN 3.5 METERS IN HEIGHT

19. REGULATORY SIGNS NO BLOWING OF HORNS USE SEAT BELT sign is used pursuant to RA 8750, the Seat Belt Law. BE AWARE OF BIKERS OR CYCLIST BE AWARE OF PWD CROSSING BE AWARE OF PEDESTRIAN OR CHILDREN CROSSING 4

20. TRAFFIC RULES Warning Signs - Signs used to warn motorists of potentially hazardous conditions on or adjacent to the road. It advise motorists of road conditions that require caution and may call for a reduction in speed, in the interest of safety and that of other road users.

21. WARNING SIGNS TYPES OF ROAD CURVE AHEAD T-JUNCTION AHEAD Y-JUNCTION AHEAD APPROACHING INTERSECTION OR JUNCTION ROUNDABOUT AHEAD (ROTUNDA) APPROACH TO INTERSECTION SIDE ROAD MERGING TRAFFIC APPROACH TO INTERSECTION SIDE ROAD JUNCTION AHEAD 5

22. WARNING SIGNS ADVANCE WARNING OR TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE SIGNS TRAFFIC LIGHTS AHEAD- driver must not park or stop within six (6) meters of this sign as it reduces visibility for other drivers. STOP SIGN AHEAD GIVE WAY SIGN AHEAD ROAD WIDTH SIGNS ROAD NARROWS AHEAD NARROW BRIDGE AHEAD END OF 2-WAY ROAD AHEAD 2-WAY ROAD AHEAD SALUBUNGAN 6

23. WARNING SIGNS ROAD OBSTACLE SIGNS OPENING BRIDGE AHEAD UNEVEN ROAD AHEAD HUMP AHEAD DOWNHILL SIGN UPHILL SIGN SPILL WAY SIGN FLOOD-PRONE AREA LANDSLIDE-PRONE AREA LOW-FLYING AIRPLANE ZONE ANIMAL CROSSING AHEAD SLIPPERY WHEN WET 7

24. WARNING SIGNS PEDESTRIANS CROSSING AHEAD BE AWARE AND STOP FOR CHILDREN CROSSING AHEAD BE AWARE AND STOP FOR PWD CROSSING AHEAD ADVICE TO PEDESTRIANS TO CROSS AT DESIGNATED AREAS BE AWARE AND SLOW DOWN ON BIKE LANE AHEAD OTHER WARNING SIGNS MOSTLY WITH SUPPLEMENTARY SIGNS

25. PEDESTRIAN or CHILDREN CROSSING AHEAD PEDESTRIAN CROSSING 8

26. WARNING SIGNS RAILROAD CROSSING VEHICLES MUST STOP OR GIVE THE RIGHT OF WAY AND POSITIONED IN AN AREA THAT ARE EASILY SEEN RAILROAD CROSSING ADVANCE WARNING RAILROAD CROSSING SIGNS ROAD WORK OR ROAD CONSTRUCTION AHEAD ADDITIONAL SIGN ON ROAD WORKS AHEAD ROAD WORK AHEAD 9

27. SUPPLEMENTAL WARNING SIGNS WHEN WET- combined with the Slippery Road warning sign. DISTANCE TO THE NEXT HAZARD AREA MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF A VEHICLE MUST BE 5.2 METERS OR LESS MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF A VEHICLE MUST BE 4.8 METERS OR LESS

28. GUIDE OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS Informs and advice road users about the directions, distances, routes, the location of services for road users, and point of interest.

29. GUIDE OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGNS - These signs indicate the only direction(s) in which the motorist is obliged to follow. INTERSECTION DIRECTION SIGNS - Visible in less than 1 kilometer before an intersection.

30. GUIDE OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS REASSURANCE DIRECTION SIGNS - Approximate distance of a particular exit. FINGER BOARD & DIRECTION SIGNS - Provides direction to towns, tourist spots, geographic interests at less important intersections TOURIST INFORMATION, DISTANCE AND DIRECTION SIGNS 10

31. GUIDE OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS STREET NAME SIGNS - Informs the road users the names of roads and streets they are passing or entering. TOWN NAMES & GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES SIGNS - Signs that conveys the general information of interest, such as geographical locations.

32. GUIDE OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS SERVICE SIGNS

33. GUIDE OR INFORMATIVE SIGNS ROUTE MARKERS - The identification and general direction of arterial roads and national highways that have significance by showing the number and direction of the route. Philippine Highway Network Asian Highway Route Marker In the  Philippines  distance is measured from the Zero  Kilometer Post  in each Province which should be somewhere near the Provincial Building. In Luzon distance is measured between each Provincial Zero KM  Post  and the Zero KM  Post  in Luneta Park, Manila.

34. OTHER EXPRESSWAY SIGNS Direction to Expressway Proper Lane Direction Signs Prohibition Signs SPECIAL SIGNS THAT CAN BE SEEN 200 METERS FROM THE TOLL EXIT

35. OTHER EXPRESSWAY SIGNS DISTANCE TO THE MERGING LANES IS 500 METERS CHECK BRAKES used in conjunction with REDUCE SPEED NOW sign on expressway. 11

36. OTHER EXPRESSWAY SIGNS Toll Charges 12

37. EXPRESSWAY RULES 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 4 All Vehicles Passing for Vehicles from Lane 2 Cars, Buses, Freight Vehicles with under 1.5 ton cargo Freight Vehicles with over 1.5 ton cargo, special vehicles, construction equipment Cars, small and medium passenger buses, freight vehicles with under 1.5 ton cargo Large passenger buses and freight with over 1.5 ton cargo Special Vehicles and construction equipment 13

38. DEPUTIZED TRANSPORTATION REGULATION OFFICERS The Land Transportation Office (LTO) through its deputation power authorizes expressway traffic regulation officers to enforce RA No. 4136 and other pertinent laws, rules, and regulation (e.g. NLEX, SCTEX, SFEX, TPLEX, SLEX, Skyway, Star Tollway, CAVITEX, MCEX, CALAEX, C5 Extension Expressway)

39. OTHER TRAFFIC INSTRUCTION SIGNS These signs instruct the motorists to follow a direction or to obey a course of action. It is in conjunction with regulatory or warning signs to form a standard treatment, and to support the operation of traffic rules.

40. OTHER TRAFFIC INSTRUCTION SIGNS

41. HAZARD MARKERS These are used to emphasize to the approaching driver a marked change in the direction of travel and the presence of an obstruction. ONE-WAY HAZARD MARKERS indicate to the approaching driver the direction to be followed if the marker appears in the driving path. CHEVRON SIGNS guide the drivers through a change in horizontal alignment of the road. TWO-WAY HAZARD MARKERS used where it is necessary to define an exposed obstruction on a traffic island nose at which traffic may pass to either side. OBSTRUCTION MARKERS road closure ahead SIGN USED ON A WIDE COLUMN OF AN OVERPASS STRUCTURE, MEDIAN ISLAND WIDTH MARKERS- narrowing vehicle width clearance designed and placed near the foot of the bridge approach

42. ROADWORKS SIGNS Section 41 (d) Section 41 (e)

43. PAVEMENT MARKINGS EDGE LINE IS TO SEPARATE THE ROAD FROM THE CURB OR SIDE WALKS BROKEN WHITE LINE SEPARATES THE LANE AND MAY BE USED TO OVERTAKE FOR AS LONG AS IT IS SAFE TO DO SO CENTER LINE IS AT THE CENTER OF THE ROAD SEPARATING DIRECTIONS OF TRAFFIC FLOW SOLID WHITE LINE – LANE DIVIDER NEAR PEDESTRIAN OR INTERSECTION STOP LINES WHERE VEHICLES ARE REQUIRED TO STOP SIDEWALK

44. PAVEMENT MARKINGS DOUBLE SOLID YELLOW/ WHITE LINES overtaking and crossing is prohibited SINGLE SOLID YELLOW/WHITE LINE - overtaking from both directions is prohibited. crossing movement is allowed BROKEN AND SOLID YELLOW LINES- passing is permitted on the side of the broken line but not on side of solid line.

45. PAVEMENT MARKINGS CONTINUITY LINE generally means that the lane you are in is about to end. Continuity lines on your right mean your lane will continue unaffected. Continuity line on your left means you are approaching an obstruction or about to enter a different direction. What is the correct speed when entering the expressway? Follow the speed of the vehicles within the expressway.

46. PAVEMENT MARKINGS TRANSITION LINES are used to guide traffic safely past obstructions on roadways such as islands, median strips, bridge piers or indicate changes in the width of the traveled portion of the roadway and an increase or reduction in traffic lanes. GIVE WAY or HOLDING LINES are markings consisting of a two adjacent broken white lines across the carriageway at which drivers must give way to all traffic in accordance with the standard sign. ROUNDABOUT HOLDING LINES vehicle within the rotunda have the right-of-way over vehicles which are just about to enter.

47. PAVEMENT MARKINGS ROUNDABOUT HOLDING LINES vehicle within the rotunda have the right-of-way over vehicles which are just about to enter. TWO LANE APPROACH FOUR LANE APPROACH

48. PAVEMENT MARKINGS SIGNALIZED NONSIGNALIZED PEDESTRIAN LANE TURN LINE is used to guide vehicles through a turning movement at intersections. PARKING BAY is used to park but take note of PWD parking spaces LOADING AND UNLOADING BAY LANE LINE is an unbroken white line used to indicate the proper location of loading and unloading zone of public utility vehicles preferably with parking restriction.

49. PAVEMENT MARKINGS BUS AND PUJ LANE is an unbroken yellow line used to separate other vehicles from buses and PUJ’s and supplemented by raised pavement markers on concrete pavements. APPROACH MARKINGS TO ISLANDS AND OBSTRUCTIONS CHEVRON RUMBLE STRIPS 14

50. PAVEMENT MARKINGS What are the meanings of these colored curbs? Yellow Red NO PARKING NO LOADING / UNLOADING

51. PAVEMENT MARKINGS NO LOADING/UNLOADING ZONE NO PARKING ZONE RAILROAD CROSSING AHEAD

52. PAVEMENT MARKINGS MOTORCYCLE LANES are designed to prevent frequent changing of lanes. Riders are not allowed to use other lanes unless pulling out from the main road FOR BICYCLES ONLY this is painted on the pavement by a solid line along either side of street. PAVEMENT ARROWS are used for lane control and in white color SPEED LIMIT AT 60KPH speed restriction can also be seen on pavement markings that must be strictly followed. 15 Cat’s Eye - the cat’s eye or road stud is a retroreflective safety device used in road markings to separate traffic.

53. TRAFFIC LIGHTS a RED SIGNAL means you must bring your vehicle to a Stop at a clearly marked line. FLASHING RED SIGNAL means bring your vehicle to a Stop and proceed only when it is safe. a YELLOW SIGNAL indicates that the Red Signal is about to appear. FLASHING YELLOW SIGNAL - when a flashing yellow signal is incorporated with an overhead beacon or a beacon located directly above a warning sign, it advise you to proceed with caution. a GREEN SIGNAL means you proceed, provided you yield to pedestrian and traffic lawfully using the intersection. FLASHING GREEN SIGNAL – proceed with caution 16

54. PROPER HAND SIGNALS – Sec 44 Right Turn Left Turn Stop Used to control pedestrian traffic at intersections where there is conflict between vehicle and pedestrian movement. While these pedestrians are crossing the roadway, they have the right-of-way over all vehicles. DRIVER’S BASIC HAND DESTINATION SIGNALS 17

55. RULES ON THE ROAD RULES

56. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING When turning to the left in going from one highway to another, every vehicle shall be conducted to the right of the center of the intersection of the highway. …every person operating a motor vehicle or an animal-drawn vehicle on a highway shall pass to the right when meeting persons or vehicles coming toward him, and to the left when overtaking persons or vehicles going the same direction Section 37

57. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING Overtaking a Vehicle. – The driver of any motor vehicle overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction shall pass at a safe distance to the left thereof. Section 39

58. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING Cutting an overtaken vehicle- No driver shall drive to the right side of the highway after overtaking before his motor vehicle is safely clear of such overtaken vehicle. Section 39

59. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING Driver to Give Way to Overtaking Vehicle (LANE STRADDLING) – The driver of a vehicle about to be overtaken and passed by another vehicle approaching from the rear shall give way to the overtaking vehicle on suitable and audible signal being given by the driver of the overtaking vehicle. Section 40

60. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING Driver to Give Way to Overtaking Vehicle. – ….. shall not increase the speed of his vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle 90 80 kph 70 Section 40

61. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING Restrictions on Overtaking and Passing. – (a) The driver of a vehicle shall not drive to the left side of the center line of a highway in overtaking or passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction, unless such left side is clearly visible, and is free of oncoming traffic for a sufficient distance ahead to permit such overtaking or passing to ensure safety. Section 41 (a)

62. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING Restrictions on Overtaking and Passing. – (b) The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass another vehicle proceeding in the same direction, when approaching the crest of a grade, not upon a curve in the highway, where the driver’s view along the highway is obstructed within a distance of five hundred feet ahead , except on a highway having two or more lanes for movement of traffic in one direction where the driver of a vehicle may overtake or pass another vehicle: Provided, That on a highway within a business or residential district, having two or more lanes for movement of traffic in one direction, the driver of a vehicle may overtake or pass another vehicle on the right. 500 feet = 150 meters Section 41 (b)

63. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING Overtaking upon a curve- No driver shall overtake or pass another vehicle proceeding in the same direction upon a curve in a highway where the driver's view along the highway is obstructed within a distance of 500 feet ahead. 500 feet = 150 meters Section 41 (b)

64. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING No driver shall overtake at any railway grade crossing overtaking or pass another vehicle proceeding in the same direction at any railway grade crossing. Section 41 (c)

65. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING Overtaking at an intersection- No driver shall overtake or pass another vehicle in the same direction at any intersection of highways except on a highway having two or more lanes for movement of traffic in one direction where the driver of a vehicle may overtake another vehicle on the right. Section 41 (c) NOT ALLOWED ALLOWED

66. RULES ON TURNING AND OVERTAKING The driver of any motor vehicle overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction shall pass at a safe distance to the left thereof, and shall not again drive to the right side of the highway until safely clear of such overtaken vehicle except that on a highway, within a business or residential district, having two or more lanes for the movement of traffic in one direction, the driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle on the right. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit a driver overtaking and passing, upon the right, another vehicle which is making or about to make a left turn. Section 41 (c)

67. RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES Section 42 (a) Section 42 (b) 18

68. RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES Section 42 (c) …shall yield the right of way to a pedestrian crossing such highway within a crosswalk, except at intersections where the movement of traffic is being regulated by a peace officer or by traffic signal.

69. RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES Right of Way. – The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall bring to a full stop such vehicle before traversing any “through highway” or railroad crossing: Provided, That when it is apparent that no hazard exists, the vehicle may be slowed down to five miles per hour instead of bringing it to a full stop. (8kph) Section 42 (d) and 43 (c)

70. YELLOW BOX PROHIBITIONS Do not block the intersection even when making a turn Do not make a U-turn Yield the right-of-way to those inside the yellow box Never communicate or exchange pleasantries with fellow motorists or road users Do not park within 6 meters upon intersections Do not load/ unload passengers or goods

71. RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES MOTORISTS DRIVING FROM GARAGE OR PRIVATE ROAD SHALL GIVE WAY TO TRAFFIC ON PUBLIC ROADS Section 43 (a)

72. RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES Section 43 (b) The driver of a vehicle upon a highway shall yield the right of way to police or fire department vehicles and ambulances when such vehicles are operated on official business and the drivers thereof sound audible signal of their approach. RIGHT OF WAY AND SPEED DE-RESTRICTION OF EMERGENCY VEHICLES

73. GENERAL RULES ON TURNING Section 45

74. PARKING Parking IS PROHIBITIED In an intersection On a crosswalk Within 6 meters of the intersection 4 meters from the driveway entrance Within 4 meters from a fire hydrant In front of a private driveway On the roadway side of any unmoving or parked MV at the curb or edge of the highway At any place where signs of prohibitions have been installed Section 46

75. HITCHING and DRIVING AGAINST TRAFFIC Hitching or permitting a person or a bicycle, motorcycle, tricycle or skate roller to hitch to a motor vehicle Driving against traffic- failure to pass to the right when meeting persons or vehicles coming towards him Section 51

76. USE OF RED FLAGS Whenever the load of any vehicle extends more than one meter beyond the bed or body thereof , there shall be displayed at every projecting end of such load a red flag not less than thirty centimeters both in length and width, except that during the hours fixed under subsection (c), there shall be displayed, in lieu of the required red flags, red lights visible at least fifty meters away. RED FLAG LIGHTS MUST BE SWITCHED ON not later than one-half hour after sunset and until at least one-half hour before sunrise and whenever weather conditions so require, shall both be lighted . X Section 34( i )

77. MUFFLER Mufflers. - Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine shall be equipped with a muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be cut out or disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit or make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor , smoke or noise. Section 34 (j)

78. IN CASE OF A ROAD CRASH Duty of driver in case of accident.  - In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver present, shall show his driver's license, give his true name and address and also the true name and address of the owner of the motor vehicle. No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicular accident shall leave the scene of the accident without aiding the victim, except under any of the following circumstances: 1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any person or persons by reason of the accident; 2. If he reports the accident to the nearest officer of the law; or 3. If he has to summon a physician or nurse to aid the victim. Section 55

79. TIRES Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle with metallic tires shall be operated upon any public highway, and solid tires whenever used shall be of sufficient thickness to prevent the metal rims thereof from coming in direct contact with the road. Cranes Backhoe Bulldozer Rollers Section 34 (a)

80. OTHER DRIVING RULES of RA 4136 Section 52 - No person shall drive or park a motor vehicle upon or along any sidewalk, path or alley not intended for vehicular traffic or parking. Section 54 - No person shall drive his motor vehicle in such a manner as to obstruct or impede the passage of any vehicle, nor, while discharging or taking on passengers or loading or unloading freight, obstruct the free passage of other vehicles on the highway.

81. OTHER DRIVING RULES of RA 4136 Are red lights allowed at the front of a motor vehicle? No - RA 4136 Sec 34c What is the allowable height of top clearance lights? 10 cms – Sec 34c What shall be the color of taillights visible within 100 meters? Red – Sec 34d What shall be the color of plate light? White – Sec 34d What shall be the color of brake lights? Bright Red – Sec 34e

82. OTHER DRIVING RULES of RA 4136 19 Section 31. Imitation and false representations Section 32.   Exceeding registered capacity, issuance of conductor's license, validity and fee. Carrying of passengers and freight on top of vehicles. Riding on running boards. Section 33. Passenger or freight capacity marked on a vehicle Section 34. b. Brakes b-1. Horns f. Motorcycles g. Lights when parked or disabled h. Windshield wiper

83. OTHER DRIVING RULES of RA 4136 Section 35. Restriction as to Speed Section 36. Speed limits uniform throughout the Philippines Section 38. Classification of highways Section 47. Parked Vehicle – Unattended, engine off, notched hand brake Section 48. Reckless Driving Section 49. Right of way for police and other emergency vehicles Section 50. Tampering with Vehicles Section 53. Driving under the influence of – discussed in RA 10586