THE ABDOMINAL WALL GENERAL ANATOMY HSHSHSHS

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1. THE ABDOMINAL WALL

2. WHAT IS THE ABDOMINAL WALL?

3. WHAT IS THE ABDOMINAL WALL?

4. WHERE IS THE ABDOMINAL WALL?
◻IT IS THE REGION OF THE TRUNK THAT LIES
BETWEEN THE DIAPHRAGM SUPERIORLY AND THE
PELVIC INLET INFERIORLY.

7. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL

8. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
⚫SUPERIORLY BY THE DIAGPHRAGM

9. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
⚫SUPERIORLY BY THE DIAGPHRAGM
⚫INFERIORLY WITH THE PELVIC CAVITY THEN THE
PELVIC INLET.

10. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
⚫SUPERIORLY BY THE DIAGPHRAGM
⚫INFERIORLY WITH THE PELVIC CAVITY THEN THE
PELVIC INLET.
⚫ANTERIORLY IT IS FORMED BY :

11. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
⚫SUPERIORLY BY THE DIAGPHRAGM
⚫INFERIORLY WITH THE PELVIC CAVITY THEN THE
PELVIC INLET.
⚫ANTERIORLY IT IS FORMED BY :
⚫LOWER THORACIC CAGE ABOVE

12. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
⚫SUPERIORLY BY THE DIAGPHRAGM
⚫INFERIORLY WITH THE PELVIC CAVITY THEN THE
PELVIC INLET.
⚫ANTERIORLY IT IS FORMED BY :
⚫LOWER THORACIC CAGE ABOVE
⚫RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE

13. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
⚫SUPERIORLY BY THE DIAGPHRAGM
⚫INFERIORLY WITH THE PELVIC CAVITY THEN THE
PELVIC INLET.
⚫ANTERIORLY IT IS FORMED BY :
⚫LOWER THORACIC CAGE ABOVE
⚫RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE
⚫INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL OBLIQUE

14. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
⚫SUPERIORLY BY THE DIAGPHRAGM
⚫INFERIORLY WITH THE PELVIC CAVITY THEN THE
PELVIC INLET.
⚫ANTERIORLY IT IS FORMED BY :
⚫LOWER THORACIC CAGE ABOVE
⚫RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE
⚫INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
⚫TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINUS

15. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
⚫SUPERIORLY BY THE DIAGPHRAGM
⚫INFERIORLY WITH THE PELVIC CAVITY THEN THE
PELVIC INLET.
⚫ANTERIORLY IT IS FORMED BY :
⚫LOWER THORACIC CAGE ABOVE
⚫RECTUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLE
⚫INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL OBLIQUE
⚫TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS
⚫FASCIAE

16. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
POSTERIORLY

17. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
POSTERIORLY:
MIDLINE BY THE FIVE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

18. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
POSTERIORLY:
MIDLINE BY THE FIVE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

19. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
POSTERIORLY:
MIDLINE BY THE FIVE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

LATERALLY :
ABOVE: THE LOWER PART OF THE THORACIC WALL
INCLUDING THE LUNGS, AND PLUERA

20. STRUCTURE OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
POSTERIORLY:
MIDLINE BY THE FIVE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC

LATERALLY :
ABOVE: THE LOWER PART OF THE THORACIC WALL
INCLUDING THE LUNGS, AND PLUERA
BELOW:
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLES
TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLES

21. TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS M.

22. OBLIQUE MUSCLES

23. ABDOMINAL REGIONS

24. IMPORTANT TERMS
▣VERTICAL LINES- PASSES THRU THE
MIDPOINT BETWEEN THE ANTERIOR
SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE AND SYMPHYSIS
PUBIS.

25. IMPORTANT TERMS
▣VERTICAL LINES- PASSES THRU THE
MIDPOINT BETWEEN THE ANTERIOR
SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE AND SYMPHYSIS
PUBIS.
▣SUBCOSTAL PLANE- UPPER HORIZONTAL
LINE, JOINS THE LOWEST POINT OF THE
COSTAL MARGIN ON EACH SIDE-THAT IS
THE 10
TH
COSTAL CARTILAGE.

26. IMPORTANT TERMS
▣INTERTUBERCULAR PLANE- JOINS THE
TUBERCLES ON THE ILIAC CRESTS AT THE
LEVEL OF THE FIFTH LUMBAR VERTEBRA.

27. IMPORTANT TERMS
▣INTERTUBERCULAR PLANE- JOINS THE
TUBERCLES ON THE ILIAC CRESTS AT THE
LEVEL OF THE FIFTH LUMBAR VERTEBRA.
▣TRANSPYLORIC PLANE- PASSES THROUGH
THE 9
TH
COSTAL CARTILAGES ON THE 2
SIDES- THAT IS THE POINT WHERE THE
LATERAL MARGIN OF THE RECTUS
ABDOMINIS CROSSES THE COSTAL
MARGIN.

28. 1.Upper abdominal region

29. 1.Upper abdominal region
RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
EPIGASTRIC REGION
LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION.

30. 1.Upper abdominal region
2.Middle abdominal region

31. 1.Upper abdominal region
2.Middle abdominal region
RIGHT LUMBAR REGION
UMBILICAL REGION
LEFT UMBILICAL REGION

32. 1.Upper abdominal region
2.Middle abdominal region
3.Lower abdominal region

33. 1.Upper abdominal region
2.Middle abdominal region
3.Lower abdominal region
RIGHT ILIAC REGION
HYPOGASTRIC REGION
LEFT ILIAC REGION

34. 1.Upper abdominal region
2.Middle abdominal region
3.Lower abdominal region

36. SURFACE LANDMARKS OF THE
ABDOMINAL WALL

37. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS

38. XIPHOID PROCESS
it is the thin cartilaginous lower part of
the sternum. It is easily palpated in the
depression where the costal margins meet
in the upper part of the anterior
abdominal wall. Xiphisternal junction is
identified by feeling the lower edge of the
body of the sternum, and it lies opposite
the body of the ninth thoracic vertebrae

39. XIPHOID PROCESS

40. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS
2.COSTAL MARGIN

41. COSTAL MARGIN
⦿Is the curved lower margin of the thoracic
wall and is formed in front by the cartilages
of the seventh to ninth ribs and behind by
the cartilages of the eleventh and twelfth
ribs. It reaches its lowest level at the tenth
costal cartilage, which lies opposite the body
of the third lumbar vertebra.

42. COSTAL MARGIN

43. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS
2.COSTAL MARGIN
3.ILIAC CREST

44. ILIAC CREST
⦿It can be felt along its entire length and ends
in front at the anterior superior iliac spine
and behind at the posterior superior iliac
spine. Its highest point lies opposite the body
of the fourth lumbar vertebra.

45. ILIAC CREST
⦿It can be felt along its entire length and ends
in front at the anterior superior iliac spine
and behind at the posterior superior iliac
spine. Its highest point lies opposite the body
of the fourth lumbar vertebra.
⦿About 2 in. (5cm) posterior to the anterior
superior iliac spine, the outer margin
projects to form the tubercle of the crest.
the tubercle lies at the level of the body of
the fifth lumbar vertebra.

46. ILIAC CREST

47. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS
2.COSTAL MARGIN
3.ILIAC CREST
4.INGUINAL LIGAMENT

48. INGUINAL LIGAMENT
⦿It lies beneath a skin crease in the groin. Its
it is the rolled-under inferior margin of the
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.
It is attached laterally to the anterior
superior iliac spine and curves downward and
medially, to be attached to the pubic
tubercle

49. INGUINAL LIGAMENT

50. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS
2.COSTAL MARGIN
3.ILIAC CREST
4.INGUINAL LIGAMENT
5.SYMPHYSIS PUBIS

51. SYMPHYSIS PUBIS
⦿It is the cartilaginous joint that lies in the
midline between the bodies of the pubic
bones. It is felt as a solid structure beneath
the skin in the midline at the lower
extremity of the anterior abdominal wall.
Pubic crest is the name given to the ridge on
the superior surface of the pubic bones
medial to the pubic tubercle

52. SYMPHYSIS PUBIS

53. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS
2.COSTAL MARGIN
3.ILIAC CREST
4.INGUINAL LIGAMENT
5.SYMPHSIS PUBIS
6.SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING

54. SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING
⦿Is a triangular aperture in the aponeurosis of
the external oblique muscle and is situated
above and medial to the pubic tubercle

55. SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING
⦿Is a triangular aperture in the aponeurosis of
the external oblique muscle and is situated
above and medial to the pubic tubercle
⦿In the female, it is smaller and difficult to
palpate; it transmits the round ligament of
the uterus.

56. SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING

57. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS
2.COSTAL MARGIN
3.ILIAC CREST
4.INGUINAL LIGAMENT
5.SYMPHSIS PUBIS
6.SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING
7.SCROTUM

58. SCROTUM
⦿Is pouch of skin and fascia containing the
testes, the epididymides, and the lower
ends of the spermatic cords.

59. SCROTUM
⦿Is pouch of skin and fascia containing the
testes, the epididymides, and the lower
ends of the spermatic cords.
⦿Bilateral origin is indicated by the presence
of a dark line in the midline called the
scrotal raphe.

60. SCROTUM

61. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS
2.COSTAL MARGIN
3.ILIAC CREST
4.INGUINAL LIGAMENT
5.SYMPHSIS PUBIS
6.SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING
7.SCROTUM
8.LINEA ALBA

62. LINEA ALBA
⦿A vertically running fibrous band that extends
from the symphysis pubis to the xiphoid
process and lies in the midline.

63. LINEA ALBA
⦿A vertically running fibrous band that extends
from the symphysis pubis to the xiphoid
process and lies in the midline.
⦿ It is formed by the fusion of the aponeuroses
of the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
and is represented on the surface by a slight
median groove.

64. LINEA ALBA

65. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS
2.COSTAL MARGIN
3.ILIAC CREST
4.INGUINAL LIGAMENT
5.SYMPHSIS PUBIS
6.SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING
7.SCROTUM
8.LINEA ALBA
9.UMBILICUS

66. UMBILICUS
⦿Lies in the linea alba and is inconstant in
position.

67. UMBILICUS
⦿Lies in the linea alba and is inconstant in
position.
⦿It is puckered scar and is the site of
attachment of the umbilical cord in the
fetus.

68. UMBILICUS
⦿Lies in the linea alba and is inconstant in
position.
⦿It is puckered scar and is the site of
attachment of the umbilical cord in the
fetus.
⦿Or simply it is just called your “belly button”

69. UMBILICUS

70. SURFACE LANDMARKS
1.XIPHOID PROCESS
2.COSTAL MARGIN
3.ILIAC CREST
4.INGUINAL LIGAMENT
5.SYMPHSIS PUBIS
6.SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING
7.SCROTUM
8.LINEA ALBA
9.UMBILICUS
10.LINEA SEMILUNARIS

71. LINEA SEMILUNARIS
⦿Is the lateral edge of the rectus abdominis
muscle and crosses the costal margin at the
tip of the ninth costal cartilage

72. LINEA SEMILUNARIS

73. ABDOMINAL VISCERA

74. ABDOMINAL VISCERA
⦿IT MUST BE EMPHASIZED THAT THE POSITIONS
OF MOST OF THE ABDOMINAL VISCERA SHOW
INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS AS WELL AS
VARIATIONS IN THE SAME PERSON AT
DIFFERENT TIMES.

75. ABDOMINAL VISCERA
⦿IT MUST BE EMPHASIZED THAT THE POSITIONS
OF MOST OF THE ABDOMINAL VISCERA SHOW
INDIVIDUAL VARIATIONS AS WELL AS
VARIATIONS IN THE SAME PERSON AT
DIFFERENT TIMES.
⦿POSTURE AND RESPIRATION HAVE PROFOUND
INFLUENCE ON THE POSITION OF VISCERA.

76. ⦿LIVER- LIES UNDER COVER OF THE LOWER
RIBS, AND MOST OF ITS BULK LIES ON THE
RIGHT SIDE.

77. ⦿LIVER- LIES UNDER COVER OF THE LOWER
RIBS, AND MOST OF ITS BULK LIES ON THE
RIGHT SIDE.
◼IN AN OBESE ADULT THE LIVER IS NOT PALPABLE
◼MEANWHILE, IN A THIN ADULT, LIVER MAYBE FELT
A FINGERBREADTH BELOW THE COSTAL MARGIN.

78. ⦿GALLBLADDER- Lies opposite the tip of the
right ninth costal cartilage where the lateral
edge of the right rectus abdominis muscle
crosses the costal margin.

79. ⦿GALLBLADDER- ITS FUNDUS LIES OPPOSITE
THE TI OF THE RIGHT NINTH COSTAL
CARTILAGE.
⦿SPLEEN-SITUATED IN THE LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC (OR LEFT UPPER
QUADRANT) AND LIES UNDER COVER OF THE
9
TH
, 10
TH
,11
TH
RIBS.

80. ⦿GALLBLADDER- ITS FUNDUS LIES OPPOSITE
THE TI OF THE RIGHT NINTH COSTAL
CARTILAGE.
⦿SPLEEN-SITUATED IN THE LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC (OR LEFT UPPER
QUADRANT) AND LIES UNDER COVER OF THE
9
TH
, 10
TH
,11
TH
RIBS.
⦿PANCREAS- LIES ACROSS THE TRANSPYLORIC
PLANE

81. ⦿KIDNEYS- LOWER POLE OF RIGHT KIDNEY CAN
BE PALPATED IN THE RIGHT LUMBAR REGION.
◼ON THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL THE HILIUM
OF EACH KIDNEY LIES ON THE TRANSPYLORIC
PLANE, ABOUT 3 FINGERBREADTHS FROM THE
MIDLINE.

82. ⦿KIDNEYS- LOWER POLE OF RIGHT KIDNEY CAN
BE PALPATED IN THE RIGHT LUMBAR REGION.
◼ON THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL THE HILIUM
OF EACH KIDNEY LIES ON THE TRANSPYLORIC
PLANE, ABOUT 3 FINGERBREADTHS FROM THE
MIDLINE.
◼ON THE BACK, KIDNEYS EXTEND FROM THE 12
TH

THRORACIC SPINE TO THE 3
RD
LUMBAR SPINE, AND
THE HILI ARE OPPOSITE THE FIRST LUMBAR
VERTEBRA.