The Antarctic Ocean
bala1957
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Jul 23, 2017
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About This Presentation
The Antarctica is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole. It is the southernmost continent in world. The 66 degree 34 minutes south latitude forms the outermost boundary of the Antarctic circle. The area covered within this circle is called as the Antarctic Continent. It includes parts of...
Slide Content
MHRD
NME-ICT
The Antarctic OceanThe Antarctic Ocean
By
Prof.A. Balasubramanian
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science
University of Mysore, India
NME-ICT
The Antarctic OceanThe Antarctic Ocean
By
Prof.A. Balasubramanian
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science
University of Mysore, India
MHRD
NME-ICT
Table of Contents
NME-ICT
Table of Contents
MHRD
NME-ICT
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to
understand the importance of the Antarctic ocean, its
geographic setting, geological conditions, its biodiversity
and the natural resources.
The reasons for protecting the Antarctic as an
international zone of scientific research will also be
known.
The unique conditions of this fourth oceanic land mass
will always be an interesting topic of study to the
students of oceanography.
Objectives
NME-ICT
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to
understand the importance of the Antarctic ocean, its
geographic setting, geological conditions, its biodiversity
and the natural resources.
The reasons for protecting the Antarctic as an
international zone of scientific research will also be
known.
The unique conditions of this fourth oceanic land mass
will always be an interesting topic of study to the
students of oceanography.
Objectives
MHRD
NME-ICT
The earth is called as a blue planet mainly due to the
presence of the bluish oceanic water masses.
There are two white colored zones around the poles,
denoting the presence of ice covered seas and continents.
One is the Arctic ocean around the north pole and the
other one is the Antarctic ocean around the south pole.
The fourth major oceanic mass of the earth is the Antarctic
ocean. It is a major oceanic land mass covered with
continental ice sheets. It is one of the coldest regions in the
world. (…Contd)
Introduction
NME-ICT
The earth is called as a blue planet mainly due to the
presence of the bluish oceanic water masses.
There are two white colored zones around the poles,
denoting the presence of ice covered seas and continents.
One is the Arctic ocean around the north pole and the
other one is the Antarctic ocean around the south pole.
The fourth major oceanic mass of the earth is the Antarctic
ocean. It is a major oceanic land mass covered with
continental ice sheets. It is one of the coldest regions in the
world. (…Contd)
Introduction
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NME-ICT
The Antarctic is slightly colder than the Arctic region. Many
geographers say that these waters do not form a separate
ocean at all.
They also advocate that the Antarctic is an extension of the
southern parts of the other oceans like the Atlantic, Indian, and
the Pacific.
The Antarctic is also referred to as the Southern Ocean.
The Southern Ocean refers to a ring of oceans that circles
Antarctica. In this lesson the geological geographic and
oceanographic details of the Antarctic Ocean are highlighted.
Introduction
NME-ICT
The Antarctic is slightly colder than the Arctic region. Many
geographers say that these waters do not form a separate
ocean at all.
They also advocate that the Antarctic is an extension of the
southern parts of the other oceans like the Atlantic, Indian, and
the Pacific.
The Antarctic is also referred to as the Southern Ocean.
The Southern Ocean refers to a ring of oceans that circles
Antarctica. In this lesson the geological geographic and
oceanographic details of the Antarctic Ocean are highlighted.
Introduction
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NME-ICT
The Geographic Setting
The Antarctica is centered asymmetrically around
the South Pole.
It is the southern most continent in world.
The 66 degree 34 minutes south latitude forms
the outermost boundary of the Antarctic circle.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The Geographic Setting
The Antarctica is centered asymmetrically around
the South Pole.
It is the southern most continent in world.
The 66 degree 34 minutes south latitude forms
the outermost boundary of the Antarctic circle.
(…Contd)
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The Antarctic covers more than 14
million sq. kilometers, making it as the
fifth-largest continent, in the world.
The coastline measures a length of about
17,968 kilometers.
The nearest continents to the Antarctic
are, the South America, New Zealand,
Australia and Africa.
Dimension
NME-ICT
The Antarctic covers more than 14
million sq. kilometers, making it as the
fifth-largest continent, in the world.
The coastline measures a length of about
17,968 kilometers.
The nearest continents to the Antarctic
are, the South America, New Zealand,
Australia and Africa.
Dimension
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It includes parts of the Southern ocean, surrounding
seas, ice shelves, continental glaciers, plateaus and
mountain ranges.
The Antarctica is the coldest, driest, and windiest
continent, possessing many unique features to learn.
The Geographic Setting
NME-ICT
It includes parts of the Southern ocean, surrounding
seas, ice shelves, continental glaciers, plateaus and
mountain ranges.
The Antarctica is the coldest, driest, and windiest
continent, possessing many unique features to learn.
The Geographic Setting
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Dimension
The shortest distance lies between Cape Horn of
South America and the Palmer Peninsula of the
Antarctic.
The Antarctic Peninsula is a mountainous, S-shaped
finger of land that points towards South America.
In fact, this peninsula forms a continuation of the
Andes Mountain chain of South America.
NME-ICT
Dimension
The shortest distance lies between Cape Horn of
South America and the Palmer Peninsula of the
Antarctic.
The Antarctic Peninsula is a mountainous, S-shaped
finger of land that points towards South America.
In fact, this peninsula forms a continuation of the
Andes Mountain chain of South America.
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Ice covered land
About 98% of the Antarctica is covered by ice, which
averages at least 1.6 km in thickness.
The name Antarctica is a Greek word.
It bears a feminine meaning as "opposite to the
north".
It is almost like anti- arctic or opposite to arctic.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Ice covered land
About 98% of the Antarctica is covered by ice, which
averages at least 1.6 km in thickness.
The name Antarctica is a Greek word.
It bears a feminine meaning as "opposite to the
north".
It is almost like anti- arctic or opposite to arctic.
(…Contd)
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Ice covered land
About 98% of Antarctica is covered by only ice sheet,
averaging at least 1.6 km in thickness.
The continent has about 90% of the world's total ice.
It contains about 70% of the world's fresh water
resource.
If all of this ice were melted, the global sea levels
would rise to about 60 meters.
NME-ICT
Ice covered land
About 98% of Antarctica is covered by only ice sheet,
averaging at least 1.6 km in thickness.
The continent has about 90% of the world's total ice.
It contains about 70% of the world's fresh water
resource.
If all of this ice were melted, the global sea levels
would rise to about 60 meters.
MHRD
NME-ICT
The Antarctic land mass has a stretch of mountains
called as Trans- Antarctic Mountains.
This divides the Antarctica into two regions.
The portion west of this range is called as West
Antarctica and east of it is called as East Antarctica.
Both the regions have a lot of mountains, peaks, valleys,
land provinces, massifs, ice-shelves, plateaus, coasts, bays
and seas.
Two major regions
NME-ICT
The Antarctic land mass has a stretch of mountains
called as Trans- Antarctic Mountains.
This divides the Antarctica into two regions.
The portion west of this range is called as West
Antarctica and east of it is called as East Antarctica.
Both the regions have a lot of mountains, peaks, valleys,
land provinces, massifs, ice-shelves, plateaus, coasts, bays
and seas.
Two major regions
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The East Antarctica lies on the Indian Ocean side of
the Trans-antarctic Mountains.
It comprises the Coats Land, the Dronning Maud
land, the Enderby Land, the Mac Robertson Land,
Princess Elizabeth land, Queen Mary Land, the
Wilkes Land, the Terre Addie land, the George land,
the Oates land and, the Victoria Land.
The East Antarctica
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The East Antarctica lies on the Indian Ocean side of
the Trans-antarctic Mountains.
It comprises the Coats Land, the Dronning Maud
land, the Enderby Land, the Mac Robertson Land,
Princess Elizabeth land, Queen Mary Land, the
Wilkes Land, the Terre Addie land, the George land,
the Oates land and, the Victoria Land.
The East Antarctica
(…Contd)
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The East Antarctica faces the Atlantic and Indian
oceans.
It covers more than half the continent.
Mountains, valleys, and glaciers mark the coast of
East Antarctica.
The central part of the East Antarctica is a plateau
raising upto 3,000 metres above sea level.
The East Antarctica
NME-ICT
The East Antarctica faces the Atlantic and Indian
oceans.
It covers more than half the continent.
Mountains, valleys, and glaciers mark the coast of
East Antarctica.
The central part of the East Antarctica is a plateau
raising upto 3,000 metres above sea level.
The East Antarctica
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The Western Antarctica
The Western Antarctica lies nearer to the South
American continent.
It comprises of the Ross Ice Shelf, the Marie Byrd
land, the Ellsworth Land, the Palmer Land, the Ronne
Ice Shelf, the Filchner Ice Shelf and the Graham Land.
The West Antarctica borders the Pacific Ocean.
NME-ICT
The Western Antarctica
The Western Antarctica lies nearer to the South
American continent.
It comprises of the Ross Ice Shelf, the Marie Byrd
land, the Ellsworth Land, the Palmer Land, the Ronne
Ice Shelf, the Filchner Ice Shelf and the Graham Land.
The West Antarctica borders the Pacific Ocean.
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Prominent Mountains of the Antarctic
The Prominent Mountains of the Antarctic are the
Ellsworth Mountains, the Siple Mountains, the Mount
Sidley, the Mount Nansen, the Mount Elster, the
Mount Markham, the Mount Kishpatrik and the
Mount Barr Smith.
The South Polar Plateau is located around the south
pole.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Prominent Mountains of the Antarctic
The Prominent Mountains of the Antarctic are the
Ellsworth Mountains, the Siple Mountains, the Mount
Sidley, the Mount Nansen, the Mount Elster, the
Mount Markham, the Mount Kishpatrik and the
Mount Barr Smith.
The South Polar Plateau is located around the south
pole.
(…Contd)
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The West Antarctica includes several other mountain
ranges and volcanoes.
The Vinson Massif, the highest point in Antarctica at
5,140 metres, stands in the Ellsworth Mountains near
the peninsula.
Mount Erebus, Antarctica's most active volcano, lies
on the island. It rises upto 3,794 metres.
Prominent Mountains of the Antarctic
NME-ICT
The West Antarctica includes several other mountain
ranges and volcanoes.
The Vinson Massif, the highest point in Antarctica at
5,140 metres, stands in the Ellsworth Mountains near
the peninsula.
Mount Erebus, Antarctica's most active volcano, lies
on the island. It rises upto 3,794 metres.
Prominent Mountains of the Antarctic
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Most of the rivers and small streams of the Antarctic
are generated due to melting of the ice-fields.
The glacial melt of the mountainous peaks are
responsible for the surface flows in the streams and
creeks.
The notable streams are Adams stream, Alph River,
Onyx river, Priscu stream, and Surko Stream.
Rivers of the Antarctic
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Most of the rivers and small streams of the Antarctic
are generated due to melting of the ice-fields.
The glacial melt of the mountainous peaks are
responsible for the surface flows in the streams and
creeks.
The notable streams are Adams stream, Alph River,
Onyx river, Priscu stream, and Surko Stream.
Rivers of the Antarctic
(…Contd)
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Priscu stream is the longest one extending upto 3.8 km.
The notable creeks are Aiken creek, Lawson Creek
and Rezovski Creek.
The length of the creeks range from 0.5 km to more
than 1.5 km.
Rivers of the Antarctic
NME-ICT
Priscu stream is the longest one extending upto 3.8 km.
The notable creeks are Aiken creek, Lawson Creek
and Rezovski Creek.
The length of the creeks range from 0.5 km to more
than 1.5 km.
Rivers of the Antarctic
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Seas and Bays
The Seas of the Antarctic are the Weddell Sea, the Indian
Ocean, the Ross Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea. There are
some notable bays existing around the Antarctic.
They are
NME-ICT
Seas and Bays
The Seas of the Antarctic are the Weddell Sea, the Indian
Ocean, the Ross Sea and the Bellingshausen Sea. There are
some notable bays existing around the Antarctic.
They are
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Land of Ice
As per the geological records, it was found that the
Antarctica was an ice-free continent, many millions
of years ago.
Scientists have found fossils of trees and of dinosaurs
and small mammals that once lived in this landmass.
Glaciers began to form around the South Pole about
38 million years ago.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Land of Ice
As per the geological records, it was found that the
Antarctica was an ice-free continent, many millions
of years ago.
Scientists have found fossils of trees and of dinosaurs
and small mammals that once lived in this landmass.
Glaciers began to form around the South Pole about
38 million years ago.
(…Contd)
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They grew rapidly about 13 million years ago and
formed a very thick layer of ice and snow known as
the Antarctic icecap.
The icecap has buried almost all of Antarctica for
the last 5 million years.
The icecap is up to 4,800 metres thick.
At its highest points, over mountain ranges, the
icecap rises as high as 4,100 metres above sea level.
Land of Ice
NME-ICT
They grew rapidly about 13 million years ago and
formed a very thick layer of ice and snow known as
the Antarctic icecap.
The icecap has buried almost all of Antarctica for
the last 5 million years.
The icecap is up to 4,800 metres thick.
At its highest points, over mountain ranges, the
icecap rises as high as 4,100 metres above sea level.
Land of Ice
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Today, the Antarctic icecap forms the largest body
of fresh water in the world.
Its volume of 30 million cubic kilometres represents
the world’s 70 per cent of fresh water resources.
The weight of the icecap causes the ice to spread
outward and slide toward the coasts.
Ice sheets
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Today, the Antarctic icecap forms the largest body
of fresh water in the world.
Its volume of 30 million cubic kilometres represents
the world’s 70 per cent of fresh water resources.
The weight of the icecap causes the ice to spread
outward and slide toward the coasts.
Ice sheets
(…Contd)
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Ice near the coasts moves as much as 200 metres a
year.
In some areas, the icecap breaks and forms crevasses
(cracks) that are more than 30 metres deep.
The thickness of Antarctic ice is almost 1.6 km. the
average rate of thickening of ice is 0.9cm per year.
These are distributed as Ice Sheets, Ice-Shelves, Ice
rises and glaciers.
Ice sheets
NME-ICT
Ice near the coasts moves as much as 200 metres a
year.
In some areas, the icecap breaks and forms crevasses
(cracks) that are more than 30 metres deep.
The thickness of Antarctic ice is almost 1.6 km. the
average rate of thickening of ice is 0.9cm per year.
These are distributed as Ice Sheets, Ice-Shelves, Ice
rises and glaciers.
Ice sheets
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Islands
There are numerous islands around the Antarctic.
The notable ones are ,
(…Contd)
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Islands
There are numerous islands around the Antarctic.
The notable ones are ,
(…Contd)
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Islands
King George Island,
Elephant Island,
South Orkney Island,
Coronation Island,
Joinville Island,
James Ross Island,
Hearst island,
Alexander Island and Berkner Island.
NME-ICT
Islands
King George Island,
Elephant Island,
South Orkney Island,
Coronation Island,
Joinville Island,
James Ross Island,
Hearst island,
Alexander Island and Berkner Island.
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Two large gulfs cut into Antarctica at opposite ends of
the Trans-antarctic Mountains--the Ross Sea and the
Weddell Sea. Smaller bays indent the coastline.
Coasts of Antarctica
The notable Coasts of Antarctica are
Princess Martha Coast,
Princess Astrid Coast,
Princess Regnhild Coast,
Prince Olav Coast,
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Two large gulfs cut into Antarctica at opposite ends of
the Trans-antarctic Mountains--the Ross Sea and the
Weddell Sea. Smaller bays indent the coastline.
Coasts of Antarctica
The notable Coasts of Antarctica are
Princess Martha Coast,
Princess Astrid Coast,
Princess Regnhild Coast,
Prince Olav Coast,
(…Contd)
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Coasts of Antarctica
•Most of the coastlines are ice shelves.
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Coasts of Antarctica
•Most of the coastlines are ice shelves.
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The Ross Ice Shelf is one of the largest one in the
world.
It measures about 700 metres thick at the inner
edge and about 200 metres thick at the outermost
edge.
In summer, the outer edges of the ice shelves break
away and form flat icebergs.
Ice shelf
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The Ross Ice Shelf is one of the largest one in the
world.
It measures about 700 metres thick at the inner
edge and about 200 metres thick at the outermost
edge.
In summer, the outer edges of the ice shelves break
away and form flat icebergs.
Ice shelf
(…Contd)
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Scientists have measured and studied the Antarctic
icebergs.
They found that the area covered by icebergs were
found to be as huge as 13,000 square kilometres.
Each winter, the surface of the Antarctic Ocean
freezes into a sheet of ice.
In summer, this sheet breaks into pieces called ice
floes.
Ice shelf
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Scientists have measured and studied the Antarctic
icebergs.
They found that the area covered by icebergs were
found to be as huge as 13,000 square kilometres.
Each winter, the surface of the Antarctic Ocean
freezes into a sheet of ice.
In summer, this sheet breaks into pieces called ice
floes.
Ice shelf
(…Contd)
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Winds and waves push the floes against one another,
forming thick masses known as pack ice.
Some pack ice piles up in ridges against the shore.
In winter, pack ice may extend as far as 1,600
kilometres from the coast inside the ocean.
Ice shelf
NME-ICT
Winds and waves push the floes against one another,
forming thick masses known as pack ice.
Some pack ice piles up in ridges against the shore.
In winter, pack ice may extend as far as 1,600
kilometres from the coast inside the ocean.
Ice shelf
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Historical Expeditions
Initially, Long before Antarctica was discovered, the
ancient Greek philosophers believed that a
continent exists around the southern end of the
earth.
In 1772, the English navigator, James Cook began his
search for this southern continent.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Historical Expeditions
Initially, Long before Antarctica was discovered, the
ancient Greek philosophers believed that a
continent exists around the southern end of the
earth.
In 1772, the English navigator, James Cook began his
search for this southern continent.
(…Contd)
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Historical Expeditions
It was Captain James Cook, who for the first time,
crossed the Antarctic Circle on the 17
th
January 1773.
He also sailed around the Antarctic in December 1773
and again in January 1774 using his two ships, HMS
Resolution and Adventure.
James Cook's voyage also revealed many things about
the oceanic waters and their marine life including the
seals and whales.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Historical Expeditions
It was Captain James Cook, who for the first time,
crossed the Antarctic Circle on the 17
th
January 1773.
He also sailed around the Antarctic in December 1773
and again in January 1774 using his two ships, HMS
Resolution and Adventure.
James Cook's voyage also revealed many things about
the oceanic waters and their marine life including the
seals and whales.
(…Contd)
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Due to this information, many hunters started
moving towards the Antarctica continent.
They all explored the area in detail.
In1819, a British sealer named William Smith
discovered one of the islands called as the South
Shetland Islands.
Historical Expeditions
NME-ICT
Due to this information, many hunters started
moving towards the Antarctica continent.
They all explored the area in detail.
In1819, a British sealer named William Smith
discovered one of the islands called as the South
Shetland Islands.
Historical Expeditions
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Antarctica was first sighted in the year 1820, by the
crews of the ships captained by three individuals.
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, an Estonian-born
captain in the Russian Imperial Navy, was the first
person.
The second sailer was Edward Bransfield, a captain
from the Royal Navy of Ireland.
First sight of Antarctica
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Antarctica was first sighted in the year 1820, by the
crews of the ships captained by three individuals.
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, an Estonian-born
captain in the Russian Imperial Navy, was the first
person.
The second sailer was Edward Bransfield, a captain
from the Royal Navy of Ireland.
First sight of Antarctica
(…Contd)
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First sight of Antarctica
The other scholar was Nathaniel Palmer, an American
sealer out of Stonington, from Connecticut.
The first documented the landing on the mainland of
Antarctica was made by the American sealer John
Davis in the West parts of it on the 7
th
February 1821.
(…Contd)
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First sight of Antarctica
The other scholar was Nathaniel Palmer, an American
sealer out of Stonington, from Connecticut.
The first documented the landing on the mainland of
Antarctica was made by the American sealer John
Davis in the West parts of it on the 7
th
February 1821.
(…Contd)
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The other people who did their explorations are :
James Weddell -in 1823
John Biscoe - in 1831
Lt. Jules Dumont d'Urville- in 1837
James Clark Ross - from 1839 to 1843
Mercator Cooper- in 1853 and
Robert Falcon Scott- in 1902.
First sight of Antarctica
NME-ICT
The other people who did their explorations are :
James Weddell -in 1823
John Biscoe - in 1831
Lt. Jules Dumont d'Urville- in 1837
James Clark Ross - from 1839 to 1843
Mercator Cooper- in 1853 and
Robert Falcon Scott- in 1902.
First sight of Antarctica
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First Inland Exploration
The first inland exploration of Antarctica took place
between 1901 and 1904.
The UK explorer, a captain in the Royal Navy, led a
team of explorers and scientists to the Ross Sea.
In November, Scott and two other men headed south
across the Ross Ice Shelf.
But due to illness, harsh weather, and lack of food, they
could not complete it in one direction.
(…Contd)
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First Inland Exploration
The first inland exploration of Antarctica took place
between 1901 and 1904.
The UK explorer, a captain in the Royal Navy, led a
team of explorers and scientists to the Ross Sea.
In November, Scott and two other men headed south
across the Ross Ice Shelf.
But due to illness, harsh weather, and lack of food, they
could not complete it in one direction.
(…Contd)
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First Inland Exploration
Another group moved up a glacier through the Trans-
antarctic Mountains and reached the edge of the icy inland
plateau.
During another expedition called as the Nimrod Expedition,
which was popularly known as South Pole Party, in 1907,
became the first to climb the Mount Erebus and to reach
the South Magnetic Pole.
Ernest Shackleton, a member of Scott's team, returned to
Antarctica in 1907. Part of his expedition headed for the
south magnetic pole and reached it in January 1909.
NME-ICT
First Inland Exploration
Another group moved up a glacier through the Trans-
antarctic Mountains and reached the edge of the icy inland
plateau.
During another expedition called as the Nimrod Expedition,
which was popularly known as South Pole Party, in 1907,
became the first to climb the Mount Erebus and to reach
the South Magnetic Pole.
Ernest Shackleton, a member of Scott's team, returned to
Antarctica in 1907. Part of his expedition headed for the
south magnetic pole and reached it in January 1909.
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The First Discoveries
In addition, Shackleton himself and three other
members of his expedition made several firsts in
Antarctica.
They were the first people to traverse the Ross Ice
Shelf.
They were first people to traverse the Transantarctic
Mountain Range (via the Beardmore Glacier).
(…Contd)
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The First Discoveries
In addition, Shackleton himself and three other
members of his expedition made several firsts in
Antarctica.
They were the first people to traverse the Ross Ice
Shelf.
They were first people to traverse the Transantarctic
Mountain Range (via the Beardmore Glacier).
(…Contd)
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The First Discoveries
They were the first people to set their foot on the South
Polar Plateau.
An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Ronald
Amundsen, from the ship Farm, became the first to reach
the geographic South Pole on 14
th
December 1911.
Later, Scott reached on the 17
th
January, 1912, followed by
Byrd by airplane in Nov. 1929.
This place was called as Amundsen Scott Station.
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The First Discoveries
They were the first people to set their foot on the South
Polar Plateau.
An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Ronald
Amundsen, from the ship Farm, became the first to reach
the geographic South Pole on 14
th
December 1911.
Later, Scott reached on the 17
th
January, 1912, followed by
Byrd by airplane in Nov. 1929.
This place was called as Amundsen Scott Station.
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Exploration by Air
Exploration by air provided a new way to study the
entire Antarctica.
In 1928, the Australian explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins
surveyed the Antarctic Peninsula and nearby islands.
It was the first aeroplane voyage over the Antarctic
land.
Richard Evelyn Byrd led several voyages to the
Antarctic by plane in the 1930s and 1940s.
(…Contd)
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Exploration by Air
Exploration by air provided a new way to study the
entire Antarctica.
In 1928, the Australian explorer Sir Hubert Wilkins
surveyed the Antarctic Peninsula and nearby islands.
It was the first aeroplane voyage over the Antarctic
land.
Richard Evelyn Byrd led several voyages to the
Antarctic by plane in the 1930s and 1940s.
(…Contd)
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He is credited with implementing mechanized land
transport on the continent and conducting extensive
geological and biological research.
The race to trace the South Pole became one of the
most famous events not only in the history of
Antarctica but also in the history of human
explorations.
Exploration by Air
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He is credited with implementing mechanized land
transport on the continent and conducting extensive
geological and biological research.
The race to trace the South Pole became one of the
most famous events not only in the history of
Antarctica but also in the history of human
explorations.
Exploration by Air
MHRD
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The Antarctic land mass belongs to a separate
plate called as Antarctic Plate.
It is a tectonic plate containing the continent of
Antarctica.
It is extending outward under the surrounding
oceans.
The Antarctic Plate
(…Contd)
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The Antarctic land mass belongs to a separate
plate called as Antarctic Plate.
It is a tectonic plate containing the continent of
Antarctica.
It is extending outward under the surrounding
oceans.
The Antarctic Plate
(…Contd)
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The adjoining plates are
the Nazca Plate,
the South American Plate,
the African Plate,
the Indo-Australian Plate,
the Pacific Plate and,
across a transform boundary, the Scotia Plate.
The Antarctic plate is roughly 60.9 million square
kilometers. It is the fifth biggest plate in the world.
The Antarctic Plate
NME-ICT
The adjoining plates are
the Nazca Plate,
the South American Plate,
the African Plate,
the Indo-Australian Plate,
the Pacific Plate and,
across a transform boundary, the Scotia Plate.
The Antarctic plate is roughly 60.9 million square
kilometers. It is the fifth biggest plate in the world.
The Antarctic Plate
MHRD
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The geological history of Antarctica covers the
geological development of the continent through the
Proterozoic Eon, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic
eras.
More than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part
of the supercontinent Gondwana.
Over geological time, the Gondwana land broke apart
and Antarctica was formed around 35 million years
ago.
Geological setting
(…Contd)
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The geological history of Antarctica covers the
geological development of the continent through the
Proterozoic Eon, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic
eras.
More than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part
of the supercontinent Gondwana.
Over geological time, the Gondwana land broke apart
and Antarctica was formed around 35 million years
ago.
Geological setting
(…Contd)
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The West Antarctica contains large amounts of
sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited.
East Antarctica has shown sea-floor invertebrates and
trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. Geologically,
the West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes of
South America.
The most common rocks in the West Antarctica are
andesite and rhyolite volcanic, formed during the
Jurassic Period.
Geological setting
(…Contd)
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The West Antarctica contains large amounts of
sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited.
East Antarctica has shown sea-floor invertebrates and
trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. Geologically,
the West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes of
South America.
The most common rocks in the West Antarctica are
andesite and rhyolite volcanic, formed during the
Jurassic Period.
Geological setting
(…Contd)
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There is also an evidence of recent volcanic activity.
The East Antarctica is geologically very old, dating from
the Precambrian, with some rocks formed more than 3
billion years ago.
Beacon super group is one of the major geological
formations in this continent.
The sedimentological and palaeontological data point
out that the sediments were deposited under a shallow
marine depositional environment.
Geological setting
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There is also an evidence of recent volcanic activity.
The East Antarctica is geologically very old, dating from
the Precambrian, with some rocks formed more than 3
billion years ago.
Beacon super group is one of the major geological
formations in this continent.
The sedimentological and palaeontological data point
out that the sediments were deposited under a shallow
marine depositional environment.
Geological setting
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The Southern Ocean is facing the effects of some of the
strongest winds and largest waves on the planet.
It is also a home to the largest current in the world
ocean.
It is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The Circumpolar Current carries between 135 and 145
million cubic meters of water per second from west to
east.
Circumpolar Current
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The Southern Ocean is facing the effects of some of the
strongest winds and largest waves on the planet.
It is also a home to the largest current in the world
ocean.
It is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
The Circumpolar Current carries between 135 and 145
million cubic meters of water per second from west to
east.
Circumpolar Current
(…Contd)
MHRD
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It runs along a 20,000 km long path around the
Antarctica.
While the speed of the current is only about 0.5 m/sec,
at the surface, the great depth (4 km) and breadth
(100–200 km) of the current results in a massive
transport of water.
The flow of the Circumpolar Current is equivalent to
about 150 times the flow of all the world's rivers
combined.
Circumpolar Current
NME-ICT
It runs along a 20,000 km long path around the
Antarctica.
While the speed of the current is only about 0.5 m/sec,
at the surface, the great depth (4 km) and breadth
(100–200 km) of the current results in a massive
transport of water.
The flow of the Circumpolar Current is equivalent to
about 150 times the flow of all the world's rivers
combined.
Circumpolar Current
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The Antarctica's climate varies from extremely cold, dry
conditions on the inland plateau to milder, moister
conditions along the coasts.
Many people call this plateau as a “polar desert”.
It has only about 5 centimeters of snowfall each year.
The average annual precipitation (rain and snow) on the
coastal areas is about 60 centimeters.
Climatic conditions
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The Antarctica's climate varies from extremely cold, dry
conditions on the inland plateau to milder, moister
conditions along the coasts.
Many people call this plateau as a “polar desert”.
It has only about 5 centimeters of snowfall each year.
The average annual precipitation (rain and snow) on the
coastal areas is about 60 centimeters.
Climatic conditions
(…Contd)
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The Antarctic winter lasts from May until August.
The Antarctic summer lasts from December until
February.
The July temperatures range from -40 °C to -70 °C
inland, and from -15 °C to -30 °C on the peninsula's
coast.
The January temperatures range from -15 °C to -35 °C
inland and reach 0 °C on the coast.
Climatic conditions
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The Antarctic winter lasts from May until August.
The Antarctic summer lasts from December until
February.
The July temperatures range from -40 °C to -70 °C
inland, and from -15 °C to -30 °C on the peninsula's
coast.
The January temperatures range from -15 °C to -35 °C
inland and reach 0 °C on the coast.
Climatic conditions
(…Contd)
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In general, Antarctica is the coldest continent.
The northern islands may have summer temperatures
of up to 10 °C.
The icy winds make the Antarctic air feel even colder.
The winds that sweep downward from the plateau can
average about 70 kilometres per hour.
The wind gusts often reach the coast at 190 kilometres
per hour.
Climatic conditions
NME-ICT
In general, Antarctica is the coldest continent.
The northern islands may have summer temperatures
of up to 10 °C.
The icy winds make the Antarctic air feel even colder.
The winds that sweep downward from the plateau can
average about 70 kilometres per hour.
The wind gusts often reach the coast at 190 kilometres
per hour.
Climatic conditions
MHRD
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Factors Influencing Climate
The main factors influencing the climate of Antarctica
are the waters of the Southern Ocean, the seasonal
variations of sea ice, the ice sheet that covers the
continent itself, and its high altitude and high
(southern) latitude.
There are considerable climatological differences
between the sea, the coastlines, and the interior.
The key points to bear in mind are that Antarctica is
extremely cold, dry, and windy, with little precipitation.
NME-ICT
Factors Influencing Climate
The main factors influencing the climate of Antarctica
are the waters of the Southern Ocean, the seasonal
variations of sea ice, the ice sheet that covers the
continent itself, and its high altitude and high
(southern) latitude.
There are considerable climatological differences
between the sea, the coastlines, and the interior.
The key points to bear in mind are that Antarctica is
extremely cold, dry, and windy, with little precipitation.
MHRD
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Antarctica is also the windiest of the continents.
Apart from global wind currents, Antarctica actually
creates its own wind systems.
Cold dense air essentially slides from the high
interior ice fields towards the lower areas along the
coasts.
At the edges of the ice plateau the winds accelerate,
thereby lifting and blowing clouds of snow high into
the air.
The Windiest Continent
(…Contd)
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Antarctica is also the windiest of the continents.
Apart from global wind currents, Antarctica actually
creates its own wind systems.
Cold dense air essentially slides from the high
interior ice fields towards the lower areas along the
coasts.
At the edges of the ice plateau the winds accelerate,
thereby lifting and blowing clouds of snow high into
the air.
The Windiest Continent
(…Contd)
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The Windiest Continent
The strongest winds are habitually found on the long
coastal slopes of the Greater Antarctica.
Some coastal areas endure almost constant strong winds.
Some other areas may be quite calm much of the time.
The Antarctic experiences frequent hurricanes.
These sudden and unexpected winds are called katabatic,
or down slope winds.
NME-ICT
The Windiest Continent
The strongest winds are habitually found on the long
coastal slopes of the Greater Antarctica.
Some coastal areas endure almost constant strong winds.
Some other areas may be quite calm much of the time.
The Antarctic experiences frequent hurricanes.
These sudden and unexpected winds are called katabatic,
or down slope winds.
MHRD
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The Driest Continent
It is very interesting to note that the Antarctica is also
the driest continent. By definition, most of the
continent here is a desert.
There is very little precipitation each year in the
interior parts.
The vast amounts of ice and snow which make up the
polar ice caps have got accumulated over many
millions of years.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The Driest Continent
It is very interesting to note that the Antarctica is also
the driest continent. By definition, most of the
continent here is a desert.
There is very little precipitation each year in the
interior parts.
The vast amounts of ice and snow which make up the
polar ice caps have got accumulated over many
millions of years.
(…Contd)
MHRD
NME-ICT
The mean annual accumulation for the entire
continent amounts to less than five centimeters of
water equivalent, which is just slightly more than the
rainfall of the Sahara Desert.
But some coastal areas, particularly the west side of
the Antarctic Peninsula, receive much more
precipitation.
The Driest Continent
NME-ICT
The mean annual accumulation for the entire
continent amounts to less than five centimeters of
water equivalent, which is just slightly more than the
rainfall of the Sahara Desert.
But some coastal areas, particularly the west side of
the Antarctic Peninsula, receive much more
precipitation.
The Driest Continent
MHRD
NME-ICT
It is important to know the significance of the Antarctic
Circle and its relation to the hours of daylight. As one
travels farther south in the austral summer months, the days
get progressively longer.
The Antarctic Circle is located at about 66 degrees 33
minutes South.
This circle marks the northernmost point at which the sun
is visible for 24 hours a day at the summer solstice.
It happens on December 21, when it is at its highest point
above the horizon.
The Antarctic Circle
NME-ICT
It is important to know the significance of the Antarctic
Circle and its relation to the hours of daylight. As one
travels farther south in the austral summer months, the days
get progressively longer.
The Antarctic Circle is located at about 66 degrees 33
minutes South.
This circle marks the northernmost point at which the sun
is visible for 24 hours a day at the summer solstice.
It happens on December 21, when it is at its highest point
above the horizon.
The Antarctic Circle
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Four Different Poles
There are four different poles identified in the
Antarctic, They are the geographic south pole, the
magnetic south pole, the geomagnetic south pole and
the pole of relative inaccessibility.
The South Pole is in fact the Geographical South
Pole, which is the southern most end of the earth's
rotational axis.
But there are three other "poles" which are of
interest to scientists.
NME-ICT
Four Different Poles
There are four different poles identified in the
Antarctic, They are the geographic south pole, the
magnetic south pole, the geomagnetic south pole and
the pole of relative inaccessibility.
The South Pole is in fact the Geographical South
Pole, which is the southern most end of the earth's
rotational axis.
But there are three other "poles" which are of
interest to scientists.
MHRD
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The Magnetic South Pole is where the lines of force
of the earth's magnetic field converge.
The position of this pole is constantly moving, by
some 10-20 kilometers per year.
It happens due to the variations in the earth's
magnetic field.
The Magnetic South Pole
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The Magnetic South Pole is where the lines of force
of the earth's magnetic field converge.
The position of this pole is constantly moving, by
some 10-20 kilometers per year.
It happens due to the variations in the earth's
magnetic field.
The Magnetic South Pole
(…Contd)
MHRD
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All the navigation officers sailing in ships in this region
have to take into account of this magnetic variation
when interpreting their compass readings.
The magnetic south pole as found in the year 1997, is
located off the Adélie Land, in the French sector of
Antarctica.
The Magnetic South Pole
NME-ICT
All the navigation officers sailing in ships in this region
have to take into account of this magnetic variation
when interpreting their compass readings.
The magnetic south pole as found in the year 1997, is
located off the Adélie Land, in the French sector of
Antarctica.
The Magnetic South Pole
MHRD
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The Geomagnetic South Pole
The Geomagnetic South Pole is the theoretical
definition used to rationalize variations in the earth's
magnetic field.
It is located at latitude 78 degrees 05 minutes South,
longitude 111 degrees East, in the Australian sector
near the Russian Vostok station.
NME-ICT
The Geomagnetic South Pole
The Geomagnetic South Pole is the theoretical
definition used to rationalize variations in the earth's
magnetic field.
It is located at latitude 78 degrees 05 minutes South,
longitude 111 degrees East, in the Australian sector
near the Russian Vostok station.
MHRD
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The Pole of Relative Inaccessibility is the center of
the continent as measured by its distance from the
coasts.
It is located at latitude 82 degrees 06 minutes South,
and longitude 54 degrees 58 minutes East.
It is in the Australian sector.
The Pole of Relative Inaccessibility
NME-ICT
The Pole of Relative Inaccessibility is the center of
the continent as measured by its distance from the
coasts.
It is located at latitude 82 degrees 06 minutes South,
and longitude 54 degrees 58 minutes East.
It is in the Australian sector.
The Pole of Relative Inaccessibility
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The Antarctic Ocean has a unique set of biodiversity
and natural resources. Only a few plants grow in the
Antarctica because of the ice-covered land and
typical climate.
Mosses are the most common plants.
Only two flowering plants grow in the Antarctica.
BiodiversityBiodiversity
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The Antarctic Ocean has a unique set of biodiversity
and natural resources. Only a few plants grow in the
Antarctica because of the ice-covered land and
typical climate.
Mosses are the most common plants.
Only two flowering plants grow in the Antarctica.
BiodiversityBiodiversity
(…Contd)
MHRD
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They grow over the northern part of the Antarctic
Peninsula.
Simpler organisms like algae grow on the snow, in the
lakes, and on the ice surrounding the continent.
Black, white, and green lichens have been found to be
attached to the rocks.
These lichens survive by bunching together to conserve
water.
BiodiversityBiodiversity
NME-ICT
They grow over the northern part of the Antarctic
Peninsula.
Simpler organisms like algae grow on the snow, in the
lakes, and on the ice surrounding the continent.
Black, white, and green lichens have been found to be
attached to the rocks.
These lichens survive by bunching together to conserve
water.
BiodiversityBiodiversity
MHRD
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The Animal life of the Antarctic
The Animal life of the Antarctic are very wonderful to see.
Only a few insects and other tiny animals are found to
spend their entire lives on the Antarctic mainland.
The continent's largest land animal is a wingless midge, a
type of fly no more than 12 millimeters long.
Most of the land animals live at the edges of the continent.
Very small lice, mites, and ticks live by attaching themselves
with the mosses, under the fur of seals, or on the feathers
of the birds.
NME-ICT
The Animal life of the Antarctic
The Animal life of the Antarctic are very wonderful to see.
Only a few insects and other tiny animals are found to
spend their entire lives on the Antarctic mainland.
The continent's largest land animal is a wingless midge, a
type of fly no more than 12 millimeters long.
Most of the land animals live at the edges of the continent.
Very small lice, mites, and ticks live by attaching themselves
with the mosses, under the fur of seals, or on the feathers
of the birds.
MHRD
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Wildlife
The Antarctic Ocean has abundant wildlife.
Krill, a small, shrimplike creature that feeds on the
tiny other floating organisms is the most common
animal of the ocean.
Many other Antarctic animals depend on the krills for
food.
It is a protein-rich food for the people.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Wildlife
The Antarctic Ocean has abundant wildlife.
Krill, a small, shrimplike creature that feeds on the
tiny other floating organisms is the most common
animal of the ocean.
Many other Antarctic animals depend on the krills for
food.
It is a protein-rich food for the people.
(…Contd)
MHRD
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There are squids, which are eaten by many other
Antarctic animals.
About 100 kinds of fishes are found to be existing
in the oceanic waters of the Antarctic.
These includes Antarctic cod, icefish, and
plunderfish.
Wildlife
NME-ICT
There are squids, which are eaten by many other
Antarctic animals.
About 100 kinds of fishes are found to be existing
in the oceanic waters of the Antarctic.
These includes Antarctic cod, icefish, and
plunderfish.
Wildlife
MHRD
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Whales are the frequent visitors of the Antarctic.
Several kinds of whales migrate to Antarctica during
the summer seasons.
The notable varieties are blue whales, fin whales,
humpback whales, minke whales, right whales, and
sea whales.
The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever
lived with its length growing upto 30 metres.
Whales are the frequent visitors
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Whales are the frequent visitors of the Antarctic.
Several kinds of whales migrate to Antarctica during
the summer seasons.
The notable varieties are blue whales, fin whales,
humpback whales, minke whales, right whales, and
sea whales.
The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever
lived with its length growing upto 30 metres.
Whales are the frequent visitors
(…Contd)
MHRD
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Antarctic whales that eat fish and squid include killer
whales, southern bottlenose whales, southern four-
tooth whales, and sperm whales.
It has been observed that the Killer whales are found
to be hunting the seals, penguins, and smaller whales,
in the Antarctic.
Whales are the frequent visitors
NME-ICT
Antarctic whales that eat fish and squid include killer
whales, southern bottlenose whales, southern four-
tooth whales, and sperm whales.
It has been observed that the Killer whales are found
to be hunting the seals, penguins, and smaller whales,
in the Antarctic.
Whales are the frequent visitors
MHRD
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Various kinds of seals
It is also found from exploration reports that various
kinds of seals also live in the Antarctica.
They spend most of their lives in the Antarctic waters,
by swimming, diving, and catching food.
Most of them nest on the beautiful coasts.
The largest seal in the world is the southern elephant
seal, which feeds on the squids.
NME-ICT
Various kinds of seals
It is also found from exploration reports that various
kinds of seals also live in the Antarctica.
They spend most of their lives in the Antarctic waters,
by swimming, diving, and catching food.
Most of them nest on the beautiful coasts.
The largest seal in the world is the southern elephant
seal, which feeds on the squids.
MHRD
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Penguins and other birds
Whenever people talk about the Antarctic, everybody
remembers the Penguins.
The Penguins are the most beautiful, loveable ones
that are most often associated with the Antarctica.
These are basically birds.
But, they cannot fly. Penguins waddle awkwardly on
the land surface.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Penguins and other birds
Whenever people talk about the Antarctic, everybody
remembers the Penguins.
The Penguins are the most beautiful, loveable ones
that are most often associated with the Antarctica.
These are basically birds.
But, they cannot fly. Penguins waddle awkwardly on
the land surface.
(…Contd)
MHRD
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They are the most skilful swimmers, in the oceanic waters.
They fly through the oceanic waters for diving for fish and
for other food.
There are six kinds of penguins, which are native breeds of
this continent.
Playful Adelie penguins are the most common kind of
penguins.
They build their nests on the pebbles of the coasts.
Penguins and other birds
(…Contd)
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They are the most skilful swimmers, in the oceanic waters.
They fly through the oceanic waters for diving for fish and
for other food.
There are six kinds of penguins, which are native breeds of
this continent.
Playful Adelie penguins are the most common kind of
penguins.
They build their nests on the pebbles of the coasts.
Penguins and other birds
(…Contd)
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The tall and quiet penguins are called as the emperor
penguins.
They are the most spectacular birds on the globe.
They grow to about 1.2 metres.
The other varieties are Chinstrap penguins, gentoo
penguins, king penguins, and macaroni penguins.
Penguins and other birds
(…Contd)
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The tall and quiet penguins are called as the emperor
penguins.
They are the most spectacular birds on the globe.
They grow to about 1.2 metres.
The other varieties are Chinstrap penguins, gentoo
penguins, king penguins, and macaroni penguins.
Penguins and other birds
(…Contd)
MHRD
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The Rockhopper penguins are one variety which nest
only on the islands north of Antarctica.
It is also reported that more than 40 kinds of flying
birds spend their summer seasons in the Antarctica.
These birds include albatrosses, prions, and a large
group of sea birds known as petrels.
Penguins and other birds
NME-ICT
The Rockhopper penguins are one variety which nest
only on the islands north of Antarctica.
It is also reported that more than 40 kinds of flying
birds spend their summer seasons in the Antarctica.
These birds include albatrosses, prions, and a large
group of sea birds known as petrels.
Penguins and other birds
MHRD
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Penguin island
Penguin Island was sighted in January 1820 by a
British expedition under Edward Bransfield.
It was so named by him because the penguins have
occupied the shores of the island.
The island is an ice-free island.
It is oval in shape measuring 1.4 km wide by 1.7 km
long.
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Penguin island
Penguin Island was sighted in January 1820 by a
British expedition under Edward Bransfield.
It was so named by him because the penguins have
occupied the shores of the island.
The island is an ice-free island.
It is oval in shape measuring 1.4 km wide by 1.7 km
long.
(…Contd)
MHRD
NME-ICT
The island has been identified as an Important Bird
Area (IBA) by Bird Life International.
This habitat supports a wide range of seabirds
including a breeding colony of over 600 pairs of
Southern Giant Petrels.
Penguin island
NME-ICT
The island has been identified as an Important Bird
Area (IBA) by Bird Life International.
This habitat supports a wide range of seabirds
including a breeding colony of over 600 pairs of
Southern Giant Petrels.
Penguin island
MHRD
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The Antarctic is known for its mineral resources.
Small copper deposits have been explored in the
Antarctic Peninsula.
The East Antarctica has shown traces of chromium,
gold, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc.
The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant
deposits of iron ore.
Mineral resources
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The Antarctic is known for its mineral resources.
Small copper deposits have been explored in the
Antarctic Peninsula.
The East Antarctica has shown traces of chromium,
gold, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc.
The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant
deposits of iron ore.
Mineral resources
(…Contd)
MHRD
NME-ICT
Coal beds also lie within the Trans-antarctic
Mountains.
It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier.
It is also reported that the recent scientific drilling
tests have revealed the possibility of petroleum
reserves in the Ross Sea and the Bransfield Strait
of the Antarctic.
Mineral resources
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
Coal beds also lie within the Trans-antarctic
Mountains.
It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier.
It is also reported that the recent scientific drilling
tests have revealed the possibility of petroleum
reserves in the Ross Sea and the Bransfield Strait
of the Antarctic.
Mineral resources
(…Contd)
MHRD
NME-ICT
The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie
offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found
in the Ross Sea in 1973.
Exploitation of all mineral resources by signatory
states is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on
Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
Mineral resources
NME-ICT
The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie
offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found
in the Ross Sea in 1973.
Exploitation of all mineral resources by signatory
states is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on
Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.
Mineral resources
MHRD
NME-ICT
Scientific knowledge of Antarctica
The Scientific knowledge of Antarctica has increased during
the last century. Antarctica has no government, although
various countries claim sovereignty in certain regions.
Its status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and
other related agreements, collectively called as the
Antarctic Treaty System.
The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the
Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom,
Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States.
NME-ICT
Scientific knowledge of Antarctica
The Scientific knowledge of Antarctica has increased during
the last century. Antarctica has no government, although
various countries claim sovereignty in certain regions.
Its status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and
other related agreements, collectively called as the
Antarctic Treaty System.
The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the
Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom,
Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States.
MHRD
NME-ICT
About 12 countries have established more than 50
scientific stations on Antarctica and nearby islands.
These countries were
Scientific stations on Antarctica
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
About 12 countries have established more than 50
scientific stations on Antarctica and nearby islands.
These countries were
Scientific stations on Antarctica
(…Contd)
MHRD
NME-ICT
The United States has set up a station at the South
Pole, plus five coastal stations and one other inland
station.
The researchers concentrate on various aspects
including earthquakes, gravity, magnetism, oceans, and
solar activity.
Scientific stations on Antarctica
(…Contd)
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The United States has set up a station at the South
Pole, plus five coastal stations and one other inland
station.
The researchers concentrate on various aspects
including earthquakes, gravity, magnetism, oceans, and
solar activity.
Scientific stations on Antarctica
(…Contd)
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The meteorologists study the weather conditions
and determine the air pressure, humidity,
temperature, and wind direction.
Other scientists measure the thickness of the
icecap and study the shape of the land masses.
Scientific stations on Antarctica
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The meteorologists study the weather conditions
and determine the air pressure, humidity,
temperature, and wind direction.
Other scientists measure the thickness of the
icecap and study the shape of the land masses.
Scientific stations on Antarctica
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The Antarctic treaty sets aside the Antarctica as a
scientific preserve.
It gives only freedom to do scientific investigation and
environmental protection.
In 1988, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic
Mineral Resources (CRAMRA) was adopted.
The Antarctic Treaty
(…Contd)
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The Antarctic treaty sets aside the Antarctica as a
scientific preserve.
It gives only freedom to do scientific investigation and
environmental protection.
In 1988, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic
Mineral Resources (CRAMRA) was adopted.
The Antarctic Treaty
(…Contd)
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The Madrid Protocol also bans all mining activities in
Antarctica.
It has designated it as a natural reserve devoted to
peace and science.
The Antarctic Treaty also prohibits any military activity
in Antarctica, including the establishment of military
bases and fortifications, military manoeuvers, and
weapons testing.
The Antarctic Treaty
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The Madrid Protocol also bans all mining activities in
Antarctica.
It has designated it as a natural reserve devoted to
peace and science.
The Antarctic Treaty also prohibits any military activity
in Antarctica, including the establishment of military
bases and fortifications, military manoeuvers, and
weapons testing.
The Antarctic Treaty
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Indian Antarctic Program
The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary,
multi-institutional program.
It is a part of the control of the National Centre for
Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth
Sciences, Government of India.
It was initiated in the year 1981 with the first Indian
expedition to Antarctica.
(…Contd)
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Indian Antarctic Program
The Indian Antarctic Program is a multi-disciplinary,
multi-institutional program.
It is a part of the control of the National Centre for
Antarctic and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth
Sciences, Government of India.
It was initiated in the year 1981 with the first Indian
expedition to Antarctica.
(…Contd)
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The program gained much global acceptance
after India signing the Antarctic Treaty.
Subsequent to that the construction of the
Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base was
done in the year 1983.
Indian Antarctic Program
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The program gained much global acceptance
after India signing the Antarctic Treaty.
Subsequent to that the construction of the
Dakshin Gangotri Antarctic research base was
done in the year 1983.
Indian Antarctic Program
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Dakshin Gangotri was set up in 1984. It was buried in
ice and had to be abandoned in 1990.
It was then superseded by the Maitri base from 1990.
Under this program, scientific studies pertaining to the
atmospheric, biological, geological, chemical, and medical
aspects are carried out by India.
So far, it has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the
Antarctic as of 14 October 2010.
Dakshin Gangotri and Bharathi
(…Contd)
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Dakshin Gangotri was set up in 1984. It was buried in
ice and had to be abandoned in 1990.
It was then superseded by the Maitri base from 1990.
Under this program, scientific studies pertaining to the
atmospheric, biological, geological, chemical, and medical
aspects are carried out by India.
So far, it has carried out 30 scientific expeditions to the
Antarctic as of 14 October 2010.
Dakshin Gangotri and Bharathi
(…Contd)
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India is currently planning to build an additional
research station in the region named Bharathi.
Through these, India is all set to join the elite group of
nine countries which have multiple bases in the
Antarctica.
India has demarcated an area beside Larsmann Hill at
69 degree South and 76 degrees East for its third
settlement and second active research station.
Dakshin Gangotri and Bharathi
NME-ICT
India is currently planning to build an additional
research station in the region named Bharathi.
Through these, India is all set to join the elite group of
nine countries which have multiple bases in the
Antarctica.
India has demarcated an area beside Larsmann Hill at
69 degree South and 76 degrees East for its third
settlement and second active research station.
Dakshin Gangotri and Bharathi
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Antarctica is for global studies
Antarctica is important for science because of its
profound effect on the Earth's climate and ocean
systems.
The Antarctic has a crucial role to play in our
understanding of global climate change.
Year round, scientists at Antarctic research bases
study the impacts of the pollution caused by humans
worldwide on the environment.
(…Contd)
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Antarctica is for global studies
Antarctica is important for science because of its
profound effect on the Earth's climate and ocean
systems.
The Antarctic has a crucial role to play in our
understanding of global climate change.
Year round, scientists at Antarctic research bases
study the impacts of the pollution caused by humans
worldwide on the environment.
(…Contd)
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This beautiful, icy ocean environment is also home
to nearly 10,000 highly adapted species, many of
which can be found nowhere else on the planet.
Currently, only 0.2% of Antarctic waters are strictly
protected.
Antarctica is for global studies
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This beautiful, icy ocean environment is also home
to nearly 10,000 highly adapted species, many of
which can be found nowhere else on the planet.
Currently, only 0.2% of Antarctic waters are strictly
protected.
Antarctica is for global studies
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The remote, inaccessible and inhospitable Antarctica was
the last continent and ocean to be discovered.
A lot of scientific discoveries have been made by people
from all parts of the world.
A report quotes that about 61000 publications have
come in the form of papers and books. The advancement
of technology made everything possible today, to study
the Antarctic Ocean in a detailed manner. It was used for
sealing, whaling and fishing for profit, fun and adventure.
Conclusion
(…Contd)
NME-ICT
The remote, inaccessible and inhospitable Antarctica was
the last continent and ocean to be discovered.
A lot of scientific discoveries have been made by people
from all parts of the world.
A report quotes that about 61000 publications have
come in the form of papers and books. The advancement
of technology made everything possible today, to study
the Antarctic Ocean in a detailed manner. It was used for
sealing, whaling and fishing for profit, fun and adventure.
Conclusion
(…Contd)
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There is a fear that any large-scale mining would harm
the precious Polar environments of the Antarctica. The
Antarctica today has more than 30 year-round scientific
stations on the continent and nearby islands.
The Antarctic Ocean holds much scientific interest for
global research projects due to a number of reasons.
The Origin of continents, climate change, meteorology
and pollution are some of the basic reasons for
exploring this vast ocean.
Conclusion
NME-ICT
There is a fear that any large-scale mining would harm
the precious Polar environments of the Antarctica. The
Antarctica today has more than 30 year-round scientific
stations on the continent and nearby islands.
The Antarctic Ocean holds much scientific interest for
global research projects due to a number of reasons.
The Origin of continents, climate change, meteorology
and pollution are some of the basic reasons for
exploring this vast ocean.
Conclusion
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Thank YouThank You
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Thank YouThank You
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