The Basic chemistry 101

The Basic Chemistry provides learners the fundamental concept in understanding the subject matter, including matter, its states and classification, mixture, its classification and methods of separations.

1. STELLA MARIS POLYTECHNIC Mother Patern College Of Health Sciences Biology Department Intro. to Chemistry 101 BSc. Biology/Chemistry Mr. Abraham G. Dayklee Staff/Instructor/Lab Demonstrator BSc . Biology/Chemistry - MPCHS MOTHER PATERN COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES BSc. Biology/Chemistry

2. Chapter Outline General Overview: Introduction to Chemistry The Scientific Method Classification of Matter: States of Matter Properties of Matter Mixtures: Homogenous mixture Heterogeneous mixture Classification of Mixture: Methods of separating mixtures Elements and the Periodic Table: Metal, Non-metal & Metalloid Compounds and its relatives: Inorganic compounds Organic compounds

3. Learning Objectives: Upon completion, the students will be able to: Define Chemistry, Matter, Substance, Element, Compound Discus the Scientific Method and its significance Outline the branches of chemistry with their sub-branches Classify matter on the basis of physical and chemical properties Distinguish between the varies states of matter Discus the conversion among the states of matter Outline methods of separating mixture

4. 1 . Formal sciences: Decision theory- economics, psychology, philosophy Logic - principles of valid inference & reasoning Mathematics - Arithmetic and Algebra Statistics - collection, organization, and interpretation of data. Systems theory Theoretical computer science 2. Social Science: Human Behavior Societies 3. Natural/Pure Science: Physical science Physics Chemistry Earth science Space Science or Astronomy Science of Living Things: Biology Botany Zoology The “ S cientific D isciplines ," are commonly divided into three major groups: General Overview

5. Natural and Social Sciences are empirical sciences , meaning that the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and must be capable of being verified by other researchers working under the same conditions. Natural, Social, and Formal science make up the fundamental sciences, which form the basis of interdisciplinary and applied sciences such as engineering and medicine. General Overview

6. How to Study Chemistry Compared with other subjects, chemistry is commonly perceived to be more difficult, it has a very specialized vocabulary, some of the concepts are abstract. Nevertheless, with diligence you can complete this course successfully: Attend classes regularly and take careful notes Always review the topics you learned in class the same day the topics are covered. Think critically , ask yourself if you really understand the meaning of a term or the use of an equation. Don’t hesitate to Ask your Instructor for help on subject matters .

7. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY - the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances. Chemistry is often called the CENTRAL SCIENCE … It is largely an Experimental Science. Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier , a French chemist who is celebrated as the “ Father of Modern Chemistry "

8. He proved that the transmutation of Water To Earth was not possible. He established the Law of Conservation of Mass , which is also called "Lavoisier's Law." i.e. Matter retains its mass even when it changes forms. Mass gain = Mass lost INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

9. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY He compiled the first complete (at that time) list of elements , discovered and named Oxygen and Hydrogen along with co-discoverer Joseph Priestley . ( Dephlogisticated Air ) He helped develop the Metric System of measurement He helped revise and standardize Chemical Nomenclature Lavoisier wrote the book Elements of Chemistry (1787).

10. Chemistry is categorized into Five Main Branches; Namely: Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Analytical Chemistry Physical Chemistry Biochemistry INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY Assignment # 1: Outline the sub-branches under each of the five main branches of Chemistry Due: Next class

11. The Scientific Method All sciences, including the Social sciences , employ variations of what is called the SCIENTIFIC METHOD : (A systematic approach to research) The first step is carefully defining the problem The next step includes performing experiments Making careful observations Collecting or recording Information or Data: Qualitative data: consisting of general observation about the system Quantitative data : comprising numbers obtained by various measurements

12. When the experiments have been completed, and data have been recorded, the next step is Interpretation: Meaning that the scientist attempts to explain the observed phenomena, formulating a Hypothesis – a tentative explanation for a set of observation Further experiments are devised to Test the Validity of the Hypothesis in as many ways as possible, and the process begins anew. The Scientific Method

13. After large amount of data has been collected, it is often desirable to summarized the information in a concise way, as a Law: LAW : a concise verbal or mathematical statements of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same condition. Ex: Sir Isaac Newton’s Second law of motion: Force equals mass times acceleration ( F=ma ) Meaning an increase in mass or acceleraration of an object always increases the object’s force proportionally and a decrease in mass or acceleration always decreases the force. The Scientific Method

14. Hypothesis that survive many experimental tests of their validity may evolve into Theory: It is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are based on them. Theories too are constantly being tested. If a theory is disproved by experiment, then it must be discarded or modified so that it becomes consistent with experimental observations. The Scientific Method

15. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

16. CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

17. States of Matter All substances, at least in principle, can exist in any of these states: S olid , Liquid , Gas, Plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) In a solid , molecules are held close together in an orderly fashion with little freedom of motion Molecules in a liquid are close together but are not held so rigidly in position and can move past one another

18. In a gas , the molecules are separated by distances that are large compared with the size of the molecules. These states of matter can be interconvert without changing the composition of the substance. Example: ICE

19. SOLID The properties of solids include: Solids stay in one place and can be held. Solids keep their shape. They do not flow like liquids. Solids always take up the same amount of space. They do not spread out like gases. Solids can be cut or shaped. Even though they can be poured, sugar, salt and flour are all solids. Each particle of salt, for example, keeps the same shape and volume.

20. LIQUIDS The properties of liquids include: Liquids can flow or be poured easily. They are not easy to hold. Liquids change their shape depending on the container they are in. Even when liquids change their shape, they always take up the same amount of space. Their volume stays the same.

21. GASES The properties of gases include: Gases are often invisible. Gases do not have a fixed shape. They spread out and change their shape and volume to fill up whatever container they are in. Gases can be squashed.

22. SOLID GAS LIQUID

23. Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC)

24. Plasma

25. Bose-Einstein condensate

26. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES Physical Changes Produces no new matter It is generally reversible It is accompanied by great heat change Produces no change of mass Chemical Changes Always produces a new kind of matter It is generally not easily reversible Is usually accompanied by considerable heat change Produces individual substances whose masses are different from those of the original substances

27. Physical Changes Chemical Changes PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

28. EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE PROPERTIES Extensive Property The value of an extensive quantity depends on the amount of matter Eg: Mass, Lengths, Volume Intensive Property Does not depend on how much matter is being considered Eg: Density, Temperature

29. SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES A substance is a form of matter that has a definite (constant) composition and distinct properties. Examples include: Water, Ammonia, Table sugar (sucrose), GOLD , and Oxygen. A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities. Mixtures are either Homogeneous or Heterogeneous:

30. CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE Mixture Homogenous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture Alloys Amalgam Brass Suspensions, Emulsions Colloids

31. HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES Alloys

32. HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES Amalgam:

33. HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES Brass

34. CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE Mixture Homogenous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture Alloys Amalgam Brass Suspensions Emulsions Colloids

35. HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of a Liquid and a Solid . It involve 2 phases of matter It is cloudy (not as clear as a solution). It can be filtered. The larger particles settle at the bottom. It is a mixture of two phases

36. Emulsion is a heterogeneous mixture of Two or More Liquids , in which one ends up as very tiny droplets inside the other. Emulsions are classified into two categories: 1.) Oil-in-water 2.) Water-in-oil

37. SEPARATING OIL AND WATER

38. SEPARATING OIL AND WATER

39. (HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES)

40. Colloids ( also known as colloidal dispersion) may look like a homogenous mixture, because the mixture looks very uniform. Examples: Milk, Mayonnaise, Butter, Egg Whites. Mayonnaise is a mixture of egg yolk , vinegar and lemon juice . HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES

41.     METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES Filtration - separating an insoluble solid from a liquid . An example of such a mixture is Sand and Waters

42. METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES Evaporation: T he process by which water (and other liquids) changes from a liquid state to a vapor or gas state .

43. METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES: Simple Distillation separating a Liquid from a Solution.

44. METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES Fractional Distillation - separating a Solution of Two Miscible Liquids . (Miscible liquids are liquids that dissolve in each other). E.g. Water and Ethanol.

45. Magnetism - separating mixtures of two solids with one part having magnetic properties. Some metals like iron, nickel and cobalt have magnetic properties whiles gold, silver and aluminium do not. Eg: Sand and Iron filling. Magnetic elements are attracted to a magnet.     METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

46. Distinguishing Mixture and Compound Mixture The constituent can be separated from one another by physical methods; chemical reactions are not necessary Mixtures may vary widely in composition Mixing is not usually accompanied by external effects such as explosion, evolution of heat, or volume change ( for gases) The properties of a mixture are the sum of the properties of the constituents of the mixture Compound The constituent elements cannot be separated by physical methods; chemical reactions are necessary Compounds are fixed in their compositions by mass of elements present Chemical combination is usually accompanied by one or more of these effects The properties of a compound are peculiar to itself and are usually quite different from those of its constituent elements

47. ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS Pure Substances can be either Elements and Compounds. An Element is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. To date, 117 elements have been positively identified. Divided into Metals, Non-metal and Metalloid Compound, a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions Generally, compound is classified into: Organic compound and inorganic compounds and further into ionic and molecular compounds.

48. Pure Substance Compound Element Organic compound Metal Non- metal Metalloid Inorganic compound Ionic Compounds Covalent Compound

49. The Periodic Table of the Elements The Periodic Table is a chat showing the arrangement of all the elements in accordance with: their Increasing atomic number and recurring Chemical properties . They are assorted in a tabular arrangement wherein a   Row is a Period and a Column is a Group . There are 7 Periods and 8 Groups Elements in the same group will have: The same valence electron configuration and hence similar chemical properties E lements in the same period will have : A n increasing order of valence electrons . T herefore , as the energy level of the atom increases , the number of energy sub-levels per energy level increases

50. The first 94 elements of the periodic table are Naturally occurring. While the rest from 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors ( Man made ) Technetium was the first element to be made artificially Dimitri Mendeleev , is widely referred as the Father of the Periodic Table. Mendeleev’s periodic table was based on Atomic weight , he was able to predict the discovery and properties of certain elements; ( Gallium and Germanium ) He created the table by arranging known elements into Rows and Columns based on atomic weight and C hemical Similarities The Periodic Table of the elements

51. The main difference between the modern periodic table and Mendeleev's periodic table is that: Mendeleev's table arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight W hile the modern table orders the elements by increasing atomic number . The Periodic Table of the elements

52. The most recently discovered element, Ununoctium , was first reported by Russian scientists from Dubna in 2002 The Standard Periodic Table style in use today is attributed to Horace Deming , an American scientist The Periodic Table of the elements

53. Chapter Two (2) ATOM Molecules & Ions Next Topics

54. THE END THAKKS! QUESTIONS???

55. References: General Chemistry ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS   RAYMOND CHANG Copyright 2006, 2003, 2000, 1996 4 th & 5 th Edition by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Foundations of General, Organic, and Biochemistry KATHERINE J, DENNISTON AND JOSEPH J. TOPPING Copyright 2008 by The McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc. Internet Primary source Secondary sources