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1. Research Design Presented to Dr Mainmul Ahsan Khan Professor of Law Presented by Sadiya Sultana Silvee Program: LL.M ID: 153012021 Batch: 1503

2. Research Strategy Research Structure Research Plan Guides Research Process Purpose of Research Research Design

3. Making Choice S ources Time Limitations Purpose of Research Research Plan

4. Development Modeling process and outcomes Implementation Dissemination Feasibility & Piloting Determining sample size Evaluation Assessing cost effectiveness Purpose of Research Research Structure

5. N on-experimental strategy Q uasi- experimental strategy Experimental strategy Corelational strategy D escriptive strategy Purpose of the Research Research Strategy

6. Continuation…

7. Guides Research Process

8. Types of Research Design Exploratory Descriptive Causal Causal Comparative Case study Experimental

9. Exploratory Research Design Exploratory research is usually conducted when the researcher does not know much about the problem and needs additional information or desires new or more recent information. A variety of methods are available to conduct exploratory research: Secondary Data Analysis Experience Surveys Case Analysis Focus Groups Projective Techniques Exploratory research is used in a number of situations: To gain background information To define terms To clarify problems and hypotheses To establish research priorities

10. Descriptive Research Design Descriptive research is undertaken to provide answers to questions of who, what, where, when, and how – but not why. Two basic classifications: Cross-sectional studies Longitudinal studies Descriptive Cross-sectional Design: Cross-sectional studies measure units from a sample of the population at only one point in time. Sample surveys are cross-sectional studies whose samples are drawn in such a way as to be representative of a specific population. Descriptive Longitudinal Design: Longitudinal studies repeatedly draw sample units of a population over time. One method is to draw different units from the same sampling frame.

11. Comparative Research Design Causal relationships are typically used to understand which variables are the cause (independent variables) and which variables are the effect (dependent variables) of a phenomenon. To determine the nature of the relationship between the causal variables and the effect to be predicted.

12. Causal Comparative Research Design In this type of research investigators attempt to determine the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between or among groups of individual. The researcher selects two groups of participants, the experimental and control groups, but more accurately referred to as comparison groups . Groups may differ in two ways: One group possesses a characteristic that the other does not. Each group has the characteristic, but to differing degrees or amounts . There are two types of causal-comparative research designs: R etrospective causal-comparative research Prospective causal-comparative research

13. Continuation… Retrospective causal-comparative Retrospective causal-comparative research requires that a researcher begins investigating a particular question when the effects have already occurred and the researcher attempts to determine whether one variable may have influenced another variable. Prospective causal-comparative Prospective causal-comparative research occurs when a researcher initiates a study beginning with the causes and is determined to investigate the effects of a condition.

14. Case Study Research Design A case study is an empirical enquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon in depth and within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident . It is a systematic inquiry into an event or a set of related events which aims to describe and explain the phenomenon of interest.

15. Experimental Research Design Experimental research is defined as “OBSERVATIONS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS ”. Experimental designs are concerned with examination of the effect of an independent variable on dependent variable, where the independent variable is manipulated through treatment or intervention(s). True experimental designs consists of three cardinal feature: RANDOMIZATION, CONTROL & MANIPULATION or TRIAL. .

16. Continuation…. RANDOMIZATION: Means that every subject has an equal chance of being assigned to experimental or control group. CONTROL: Control refers to the use of control group and controlling the effects of extraneous variables on the dependent variable in which the researcher is interested. MANIPULATION: Manipulation refers to conscious control of the independent variable by the researcher through treatment or intervention to observe it’s effect on the dependent variable. .

17. Importance of Research Design It may result in the desired type of study with useful conclusions. It may lead to reduced inaccuracy. It may give optimum efficiency and reliability. It may minimize the uncertainty, confusion and practical hazards associated with any research problem. It may be helpful for the collection of research material, required data, and testing of hypothesis. It may operate as a ‘guide post’ for giving research a ‘right direction ’. It may minimize the wastage of time and beating around the bush.

18. Any Questions