The Cambridge History of Science Volume 7 The Modern Social Sciences 1st Edition Theodore M. Porter
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The Cambridge History of Science Volume 7 The Modern Social Sciences 1st Edition Theodore M. Porter
The Cambridge History of Science Volume 7 The Modern Social Sciences 1st Edition Theodore M. Porter
The Cambridge History of Science Volume 7 The Modern Social Sciences 1st Edition Theodore M. Porter
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The Cambridge History of Science Volume 7 The Modern
Social Sciences 1st Edition Theodore M. Porter Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (Editors)
ISBN(s): 9780521594424, 0521594421
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.62 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
Social Sciences 1st Edition Theodore M. Porter Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (Editors)
ISBN(s): 9780521594424, 0521594421
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.62 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF SCIENCE
volume 7
The Modern Social Sciences
Volume7ofThe Cambridge History of Scienceprovides a history of the con-
cepts, practices, institutions, and ideologies of the social sciences (including
behavioral and economic sciences) since the eighteenth century. The authors
offer original, synthetic accounts of the historical development of social
knowledge, including its philosophical assumptions, its social and intellectual
organization, and its relations to science, medicine, politics, bureaucracy,
religion, and the professions. The43chapters include inquiries into the
genres and traditions that formed social science, the careers of the main
social disciplines (psychology, economics, sociology, anthropology, political
science, geography, history, and statistics), and international essays on social
science in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The volume also
features essays examining the involvement of the social sciences in gov-
ernment, business, education, culture, and social policy. This is a broad
cultural history of social science that analyzes the participation of the social
disciplines in the making of the modern world. The contributors, world
leaders in their respective specialities, engage with current historiographical
and methodological controversies and stake out positions of their own.
Theodore M. Porter is Professor of the History of Science in the Department
of History at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is the author of
The Rise of Statistical Thinking,1820–1900(1986)andTrust in Numbers: The
Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life(1995) and coauthor ofThe
Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life(1989).
Dorothy Ross is the Arthur O. Lovejoy Professor of History at Johns Hopkins
University. She is the author ofG. Stanley Hall: The Psychologist as Prophet
(1972) and The Origins of American Social Science(1991) and editor of
Modernist Impulses in the Human Sciences,1870–1930(1994).Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
volume 7
The Modern Social Sciences
Volume7ofThe Cambridge History of Scienceprovides a history of the con-
cepts, practices, institutions, and ideologies of the social sciences (including
behavioral and economic sciences) since the eighteenth century. The authors
offer original, synthetic accounts of the historical development of social
knowledge, including its philosophical assumptions, its social and intellectual
organization, and its relations to science, medicine, politics, bureaucracy,
religion, and the professions. The43chapters include inquiries into the
genres and traditions that formed social science, the careers of the main
social disciplines (psychology, economics, sociology, anthropology, political
science, geography, history, and statistics), and international essays on social
science in Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The volume also
features essays examining the involvement of the social sciences in gov-
ernment, business, education, culture, and social policy. This is a broad
cultural history of social science that analyzes the participation of the social
disciplines in the making of the modern world. The contributors, world
leaders in their respective specialities, engage with current historiographical
and methodological controversies and stake out positions of their own.
Theodore M. Porter is Professor of the History of Science in the Department
of History at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is the author of
The Rise of Statistical Thinking,1820–1900(1986)andTrust in Numbers: The
Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life(1995) and coauthor ofThe
Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life(1989).
Dorothy Ross is the Arthur O. Lovejoy Professor of History at Johns Hopkins
University. She is the author ofG. Stanley Hall: The Psychologist as Prophet
(1972) and The Origins of American Social Science(1991) and editor of
Modernist Impulses in the Human Sciences,1870–1930(1994).Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF SCIENCE
General editors
David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers
volume 1:Ancient Science
Edited by Alexander Jones
volume 2:Medieval Science
Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank
volume 3:Early Modern Science
Edited by Lorraine J. Daston and Katharine Park
volume 4:Eighteenth-Century Science
Edited by Roy Porter
volume 5:The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Edited by Mary Jo Nye
volume 6:The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences
Edited by Peter Bowler and John Pickstone
volume 7:The Modern Social Sciences
Edited by Theodore M. Porter and Dorothy Ross
volume 8:Modern Science in National and International Context
Edited by David N. Livingstone and Ronald L. Numbers
David C. Lindberg is Hilldale Professor Emeritus of the History of Science
at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He has written or edited a dozen
books on topics in the history of medieval and early modern science, including
The Beginnings of Western Science(1992). He and Ronald L. Numbers have
previously coeditedGod and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between
Christianity and Science(1986) andWhen Science and Christianity Meet(2003).
A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he has been a recipient
of the Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society, of which he is also past-
president (1994–5).
Ronald L. Numbers is Hilldale and William Coleman Professor of the History
of Science and Medicine at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he
has taught since1974. A specialist in the history of science and medicine in
America, he has written or edited more than two dozen books, including
The Creationists(1992) andDarwinism Comes to America(1998). A Fellow of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a former editor ofIsis,the
flagship journal of the history of science, he has served as the president of
both the American Society of Church History (1999–2000) and the History
of Science Society (2000–1).Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
General editors
David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers
volume 1:Ancient Science
Edited by Alexander Jones
volume 2:Medieval Science
Edited by David C. Lindberg and Michael H. Shank
volume 3:Early Modern Science
Edited by Lorraine J. Daston and Katharine Park
volume 4:Eighteenth-Century Science
Edited by Roy Porter
volume 5:The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Edited by Mary Jo Nye
volume 6:The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences
Edited by Peter Bowler and John Pickstone
volume 7:The Modern Social Sciences
Edited by Theodore M. Porter and Dorothy Ross
volume 8:Modern Science in National and International Context
Edited by David N. Livingstone and Ronald L. Numbers
David C. Lindberg is Hilldale Professor Emeritus of the History of Science
at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He has written or edited a dozen
books on topics in the history of medieval and early modern science, including
The Beginnings of Western Science(1992). He and Ronald L. Numbers have
previously coeditedGod and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between
Christianity and Science(1986) andWhen Science and Christianity Meet(2003).
A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he has been a recipient
of the Sarton Medal of the History of Science Society, of which he is also past-
president (1994–5).
Ronald L. Numbers is Hilldale and William Coleman Professor of the History
of Science and Medicine at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he
has taught since1974. A specialist in the history of science and medicine in
America, he has written or edited more than two dozen books, including
The Creationists(1992) andDarwinism Comes to America(1998). A Fellow of
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a former editor ofIsis,the
flagship journal of the history of science, he has served as the president of
both the American Society of Church History (1999–2000) and the History
of Science Society (2000–1).Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
SCIENCE
volume 7
The Modern Social SciencesEdited by
THEODORE M. PORTER
DOROTHY ROSSCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
HISTORY OF
SCIENCE
volume 7
The Modern Social SciencesEdited by
THEODORE M. PORTER
DOROTHY ROSSCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
cambridge university press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridgecb2 2ru, uk
40West20th Street, New York,ny 10011-4211, usa
477Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne,vic 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarc´on13,28014Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
CεCambridge University Press2003
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published2003
Printed in the United States of America
TypefaceAdobe Garamond10.75/12.5 pt.SystemL
A
TEX2ε[tb]
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
(Revised for volume7)
The Cambridge history of science
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Contents:–v.4. Eighteenth-century science / edited by Roy Porter
v.5. The modern physical and mathematical sciences / edited by Mary Jo Nye
v.7. The modern social sciences / edited by Theodore M. Porter and Dorothy Ross
isbn 0-521-57243-6 (v.4)
isbn 0-521-57199-5 (v.5)
isbn 0-521-59442-1 (v.7)
1. Science–History.i. Lindberg, David C.ii. Numbers, Ronald L.
q125 c32 2001
509–dc21
2001025311
isbn 0 521 59442 1hardbackCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
cambridge university press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridgecb2 2ru, uk
40West20th Street, New York,ny 10011-4211, usa
477Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne,vic 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarc´on13,28014Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
CεCambridge University Press2003
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published2003
Printed in the United States of America
TypefaceAdobe Garamond10.75/12.5 pt.SystemL
A
TEX2ε[tb]
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
(Revised for volume7)
The Cambridge history of science
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Contents:–v.4. Eighteenth-century science / edited by Roy Porter
v.5. The modern physical and mathematical sciences / edited by Mary Jo Nye
v.7. The modern social sciences / edited by Theodore M. Porter and Dorothy Ross
isbn 0-521-57243-6 (v.4)
isbn 0-521-57199-5 (v.5)
isbn 0-521-59442-1 (v.7)
1. Science–History.i. Lindberg, David C.ii. Numbers, Ronald L.
q125 c32 2001
509–dc21
2001025311
isbn 0 521 59442 1hardbackCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
Notes on Contributors pagexvii
General Editors’Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
1 Introduction: Writing the History of Social Science 1
theodore m. porter and dorothy ross
PART I. SCIENCES OF THE SOCIAL TO THE LATE
NINETEENTH CENTURY
2 Genres and Objects of Social Inquiry, from the
Enlightenment to 1890 13
theodore m. porter
The“Sciences of Man”in the Early Modern Period 14
Enlightenment Sciences of Economy, Population, and State16
Enlightenment Sciences of Minds, Bodies, and Cultures20
Social Science in an Age of Revolution,1789–1830 22
The Management of Social and Economic Change,1830–1880 26
Naturalism and Anti-naturalism in Social Science 33
Disciplined Interventions: Professionals and Reformers38
3 Social Thought and Natural Science 40
johan heilbron
Naturalism and Moral Philosophy 40
Natural Science and Social Thought 42
The Scientific Model of Moral and Political Theory 43
Physical and Physiological Models 45
Evolutionary Thought 50
A Differential Epistemology 52
Culturalism and Social Science 55
viiCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Notes on Contributors pagexvii
General Editors’Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
1 Introduction: Writing the History of Social Science 1
theodore m. porter and dorothy ross
PART I. SCIENCES OF THE SOCIAL TO THE LATE
NINETEENTH CENTURY
2 Genres and Objects of Social Inquiry, from the
Enlightenment to 1890 13
theodore m. porter
The“Sciences of Man”in the Early Modern Period 14
Enlightenment Sciences of Economy, Population, and State16
Enlightenment Sciences of Minds, Bodies, and Cultures20
Social Science in an Age of Revolution,1789–1830 22
The Management of Social and Economic Change,1830–1880 26
Naturalism and Anti-naturalism in Social Science 33
Disciplined Interventions: Professionals and Reformers38
3 Social Thought and Natural Science 40
johan heilbron
Naturalism and Moral Philosophy 40
Natural Science and Social Thought 42
The Scientific Model of Moral and Political Theory 43
Physical and Physiological Models 45
Evolutionary Thought 50
A Differential Epistemology 52
Culturalism and Social Science 55
viiCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
viii Contents
4 Cause, Teleology, and Method 57
stephen turner
Two Models of Law 58
Teleology during the Enlightenment 60
The Replacement of Teleology 61
Teleology in Its Many Forms 64
The Organic Analogy 65
Decision and Intentionality: Weber and the Marginalists67
The Persistence of Teleology 69
5 Utopian Socialism and Social Science 71
antoine picon
The Enlightenment Legacy 72
The Prophets of a New Golden Age 74
Classes, History, and Social Science 75
Toward a Religion of Humanity 77
Reshaping Education, Family, and Sexuality 78
Social Experiments and Failures 80
6 Social Surveys in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries 83
eileen janes yeo
Population Surveys, Ancient and Modern 84
Social Statistics and Thoroughgoing Enthusiasm,1830–1850 87
Some Episodes of Contestation 90
Midcentury Expertise and the Working Classes 93
International Competition/International Comparison,
1880–1915
95
Women and Social Surveys 96
Professionalization versus Community Self-Study 98
7 Scientific Ethnography and Travel, 1750
1850 100
harry liebersohn
Networks of Knowledge 101
Narratives of Knowledge 104
Comparative Methods 108
8 History and Historicism 113
johnson kent wright
The Eighteenth Century: Preconditions 114
The Rankean Revolution: Classical Historicism 120
The Later Nineteenth Century: Diffusion and Development124
9 Bringing the Psyche into Scientific Focus 131
jan goldstein
The Preeminence of Sensationalist Psychology 133
The Mesmeric Counterpoint 139
The Psychological Playing Field according to Auguste Comte142Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
4 Cause, Teleology, and Method 57
stephen turner
Two Models of Law 58
Teleology during the Enlightenment 60
The Replacement of Teleology 61
Teleology in Its Many Forms 64
The Organic Analogy 65
Decision and Intentionality: Weber and the Marginalists67
The Persistence of Teleology 69
5 Utopian Socialism and Social Science 71
antoine picon
The Enlightenment Legacy 72
The Prophets of a New Golden Age 74
Classes, History, and Social Science 75
Toward a Religion of Humanity 77
Reshaping Education, Family, and Sexuality 78
Social Experiments and Failures 80
6 Social Surveys in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth
Centuries 83
eileen janes yeo
Population Surveys, Ancient and Modern 84
Social Statistics and Thoroughgoing Enthusiasm,1830–1850 87
Some Episodes of Contestation 90
Midcentury Expertise and the Working Classes 93
International Competition/International Comparison,
1880–1915
95
Women and Social Surveys 96
Professionalization versus Community Self-Study 98
7 Scientific Ethnography and Travel, 1750
1850 100
harry liebersohn
Networks of Knowledge 101
Narratives of Knowledge 104
Comparative Methods 108
8 History and Historicism 113
johnson kent wright
The Eighteenth Century: Preconditions 114
The Rankean Revolution: Classical Historicism 120
The Later Nineteenth Century: Diffusion and Development124
9 Bringing the Psyche into Scientific Focus 131
jan goldstein
The Preeminence of Sensationalist Psychology 133
The Mesmeric Counterpoint 139
The Psychological Playing Field according to Auguste Comte142Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Contents ix
Cousinian Psychology in European Context 143
The Persistence of Sensationalism: Associationist Psychology
in Nineteenth-Century Britain
146
Phrenology: A Psyche for the Masses 149
10 Continental Political Economy from the Physiocrats
to the Marginal Revolution 154
keith tribe
´
Economie politiqueas the Natural Law of Conduct
155
Jean-Baptiste Say: Economy and Government 162
From Human Needs to the Formation of Prices 164
From Classicism to Neoclassicism 167
11 British Economic Theory from Locke to Marshall 171
margaret schabas
The Eighteenth Century 172
Population and Economic Scarcity 175
Classical Political Economy 176
John Stuart Mill 179
The Marginal Revolution 180
12 Marx and Marxism 183
terrell carver
Wissenschaft 183
Synthesis 185
Critique 187
Practice 190
Method 193
Science 195
Theory 197
Renewal 201
PART II. THE DISCIPLINES IN WESTERN EUROPE
AND NORTH AMERICA SINCE ABOUT 1880
13 Changing Contours of the Social Science Disciplines205
dorothy ross
Disciplinary Formation,1870–1914 208
Between Science and the Humanities 214
The Social Sciences between the Wars 218
Crossing Borders in Interwar Social Science 224
Social Science in Ascendancy,1945–1970 229
The Social Science Project Challenged,1970–2000 234
14 Statistics and Statistical Methods 238
theodore m. porter
Estimation and Error 239
Statistical Models of Regularity and Variation 240Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cousinian Psychology in European Context 143
The Persistence of Sensationalism: Associationist Psychology
in Nineteenth-Century Britain
146
Phrenology: A Psyche for the Masses 149
10 Continental Political Economy from the Physiocrats
to the Marginal Revolution 154
keith tribe
´
Economie politiqueas the Natural Law of Conduct
155
Jean-Baptiste Say: Economy and Government 162
From Human Needs to the Formation of Prices 164
From Classicism to Neoclassicism 167
11 British Economic Theory from Locke to Marshall 171
margaret schabas
The Eighteenth Century 172
Population and Economic Scarcity 175
Classical Political Economy 176
John Stuart Mill 179
The Marginal Revolution 180
12 Marx and Marxism 183
terrell carver
Wissenschaft 183
Synthesis 185
Critique 187
Practice 190
Method 193
Science 195
Theory 197
Renewal 201
PART II. THE DISCIPLINES IN WESTERN EUROPE
AND NORTH AMERICA SINCE ABOUT 1880
13 Changing Contours of the Social Science Disciplines205
dorothy ross
Disciplinary Formation,1870–1914 208
Between Science and the Humanities 214
The Social Sciences between the Wars 218
Crossing Borders in Interwar Social Science 224
Social Science in Ascendancy,1945–1970 229
The Social Science Project Challenged,1970–2000 234
14 Statistics and Statistical Methods 238
theodore m. porter
Estimation and Error 239
Statistical Models of Regularity and Variation 240Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
x Contents
Statistical Mathematics: Correlations and Regressions242
Statistical Mathematics: Surveys and Samples 246
Statistical Mathematics and Experimental Design 247
The Statistical Ethos in Social Science 249
15 Psychology 251
mitchell g. ash
Routes to Institutionalization,1850–1914: England and France 252
Routes to Institutionalization,1850–1914: Germany and the
United States
255
Common Features of the“New”Psychology 260
Competing“Schools”as Cultural Constructs,1910–1945 262
Dynamics of Professionalization to1945 267
The Postwar Era:“Americanization”and the Alternatives 269
Conclusion: Science, Practice, Subjectivity 273
16 Economics 275
mary s. morgan
Economics as Engineering 276
Economics from the Nineteenth to the Twentieth Century278
Measuring the Economy 281
Mathematizing Economics 283
Modeling and Tool-Based Economics 286
The Contingencies of Economic History and
Economic Responsibility
288
“Solving”the Great Depression: New Economics,
New Expertise, and New Technologies
290
The Feedback from Economic Engineering to
Historical Events
293
The Ideological Turn in American Economics 295
Tools and Economic Science 298
The Nexus of Tools, Science, and Ideology 301
Conclusion: The Dynamics of the Economics Discipline305
17 Political Science 306
james farr
The Disciplining of Political Studies, to1890 307
State and Pluralism Theorized,1890–1920 309
A“New Science”of Politics,1920–1945 315
Behavioralism and Democracy’s Critics,1945–1970 320
Democratic Prospects and the Postbehavioral Condition,
from1970
326
18 Sociology 329
robert c. bannister
The Founders,1830s–1860s 331
Organicism and Evolutionism,1870s–1890s 332
Statistics and Social Investigation,1830–1930 334Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Statistical Mathematics: Correlations and Regressions242
Statistical Mathematics: Surveys and Samples 246
Statistical Mathematics and Experimental Design 247
The Statistical Ethos in Social Science 249
15 Psychology 251
mitchell g. ash
Routes to Institutionalization,1850–1914: England and France 252
Routes to Institutionalization,1850–1914: Germany and the
United States
255
Common Features of the“New”Psychology 260
Competing“Schools”as Cultural Constructs,1910–1945 262
Dynamics of Professionalization to1945 267
The Postwar Era:“Americanization”and the Alternatives 269
Conclusion: Science, Practice, Subjectivity 273
16 Economics 275
mary s. morgan
Economics as Engineering 276
Economics from the Nineteenth to the Twentieth Century278
Measuring the Economy 281
Mathematizing Economics 283
Modeling and Tool-Based Economics 286
The Contingencies of Economic History and
Economic Responsibility
288
“Solving”the Great Depression: New Economics,
New Expertise, and New Technologies
290
The Feedback from Economic Engineering to
Historical Events
293
The Ideological Turn in American Economics 295
Tools and Economic Science 298
The Nexus of Tools, Science, and Ideology 301
Conclusion: The Dynamics of the Economics Discipline305
17 Political Science 306
james farr
The Disciplining of Political Studies, to1890 307
State and Pluralism Theorized,1890–1920 309
A“New Science”of Politics,1920–1945 315
Behavioralism and Democracy’s Critics,1945–1970 320
Democratic Prospects and the Postbehavioral Condition,
from1970
326
18 Sociology 329
robert c. bannister
The Founders,1830s–1860s 331
Organicism and Evolutionism,1870s–1890s 332
Statistics and Social Investigation,1830–1930 334Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Contents xi
The“Classical”Era,1890s–1910s 336
Interwar Years 344
International Revival and American Hegemony,1945–1960 348
The1960s and After 352
19 Anthropology 354
adam kuper
The Evolution of Culture and Society 355
Diffusionism 360
Fieldwork 362
Varieties of Functionalism: Anthropology as a Social Science363
Anthropology, Colonialism, Development 369
Reactions to Functionalism: Anthropology and
the Humanities
371
New Directions 374
20 Geography 379
marie-claire robic
The Institutionalization of Geography and
National Education
380
The Globe, the Colonial Divide, and the“Finite”World 382
A Synthesis between Earth Sciences and Human Sciences383
Geography: A Social Science of Spatial Organization386
New Challenges: The Global System, the Locality,
the Environment
388
21 History and the Social Sciences 391
jacques revel
The Problem Posed 391
Three Answers 392
The Rise ofAnnalesHistory 396
American Experience Compared 399
Since the1960s: Marx and the Social Sciences 401
The Problem Reassessed 403
PART III. THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES
22 The Sciences of Modernity in a Disparate World 407
andrew e. barshay
23 The Social Sciences in Latin America during
the Twentieth Century 413
jorge balan
Prologue: Positivism and Social Evolution in Latin
American Thought
413
From the Turn of the Century to the1930s: Education
and Nation Building
415Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
The“Classical”Era,1890s–1910s 336
Interwar Years 344
International Revival and American Hegemony,1945–1960 348
The1960s and After 352
19 Anthropology 354
adam kuper
The Evolution of Culture and Society 355
Diffusionism 360
Fieldwork 362
Varieties of Functionalism: Anthropology as a Social Science363
Anthropology, Colonialism, Development 369
Reactions to Functionalism: Anthropology and
the Humanities
371
New Directions 374
20 Geography 379
marie-claire robic
The Institutionalization of Geography and
National Education
380
The Globe, the Colonial Divide, and the“Finite”World 382
A Synthesis between Earth Sciences and Human Sciences383
Geography: A Social Science of Spatial Organization386
New Challenges: The Global System, the Locality,
the Environment
388
21 History and the Social Sciences 391
jacques revel
The Problem Posed 391
Three Answers 392
The Rise ofAnnalesHistory 396
American Experience Compared 399
Since the1960s: Marx and the Social Sciences 401
The Problem Reassessed 403
PART III. THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE
SOCIAL SCIENCES
22 The Sciences of Modernity in a Disparate World 407
andrew e. barshay
23 The Social Sciences in Latin America during
the Twentieth Century 413
jorge balan
Prologue: Positivism and Social Evolution in Latin
American Thought
413
From the Turn of the Century to the1930s: Education
and Nation Building
415Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
xii Contents
Between World War II and the1970s: Development
and Underdevelopment
421
The End of the Century: Higher Education and Thematic
Diversification
428
Latin American Social Sciences in a Globalized World429
24 Psychology in Russia and Central and Eastern Europe431
jarom´ır janouˇsek and irina sirotkina
Russian Psychology between Neurophysiology and
the Humanities
432
Psychology and Society 435
Remaking Human Nature 437
Psychological Theory and Marxism 439
Psychology and Austromarxism 444
The Search for National Identity in Central and
Eastern Europe
446
25 Sociology in Egypt and Morocco 450
alain roussillon
The Accumulation of Knowledge for the Other 451
In Morocco: Muslim Sociology and Pacification 452
In Egypt: Intellectual Renaissance through Social Science454
Nationalization of the Social Sciences: The Invention
of the Sociologist
458
In Morocco: The Initial Production of a Critical Sociology458
In Egypt: To Revolutionize Sociology? 461
Sociologists in Crisis in Egypt and Morocco 463
26 The Social Sciences in Africa 466
owen sichone
The Colonial Legacy 467
Bourgeois Economics, Development Economics,
and Political Economy
472
Political Science and the Postcolonial State 475
Sociology and Sociocultural Anthropology 477
From National Universities to Regional Research Networks479
27 The Social Sciences in India 482
partha chatterjee
Colonial Origins 482
Nationalist Constructions 485
Social Science in Independent India 490
28 The Social Sciences in China 498
bettina gransow
Native Domains of Learning and the Early Reception of the
Western Social Sciences
499
Institutionalization of the Disciplines 501Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Between World War II and the1970s: Development
and Underdevelopment
421
The End of the Century: Higher Education and Thematic
Diversification
428
Latin American Social Sciences in a Globalized World429
24 Psychology in Russia and Central and Eastern Europe431
jarom´ır janouˇsek and irina sirotkina
Russian Psychology between Neurophysiology and
the Humanities
432
Psychology and Society 435
Remaking Human Nature 437
Psychological Theory and Marxism 439
Psychology and Austromarxism 444
The Search for National Identity in Central and
Eastern Europe
446
25 Sociology in Egypt and Morocco 450
alain roussillon
The Accumulation of Knowledge for the Other 451
In Morocco: Muslim Sociology and Pacification 452
In Egypt: Intellectual Renaissance through Social Science454
Nationalization of the Social Sciences: The Invention
of the Sociologist
458
In Morocco: The Initial Production of a Critical Sociology458
In Egypt: To Revolutionize Sociology? 461
Sociologists in Crisis in Egypt and Morocco 463
26 The Social Sciences in Africa 466
owen sichone
The Colonial Legacy 467
Bourgeois Economics, Development Economics,
and Political Economy
472
Political Science and the Postcolonial State 475
Sociology and Sociocultural Anthropology 477
From National Universities to Regional Research Networks479
27 The Social Sciences in India 482
partha chatterjee
Colonial Origins 482
Nationalist Constructions 485
Social Science in Independent India 490
28 The Social Sciences in China 498
bettina gransow
Native Domains of Learning and the Early Reception of the
Western Social Sciences
499
Institutionalization of the Disciplines 501Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Contents xiii
Strategies to Sinicize the Social Sciences during the1930s 504
The Social Sciences in Taiwan and Hong Kong 507
Reconstitution of the Social Sciences in the
People’s Republic of China
509
29 The Social Sciences in Japan 515
andrew e. barshay
Neo-Traditionalism and the Hegemony of the Particular515
Toward Pluralization: The Liberal Challenge 520
Radical Social Science: The Impact and Fate of Marxism524
Postwar Social Science: Modernism and Modernization527
From Science to Culture 531
PART IV. SOCIAL SCIENCE AS DISCOURSE AND
PRACTICE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE
30 The Uses of the Social Sciences 537
peter wagner
The Uses of the Theoretical Traditions 538
The Demand for Empirical Social Knowledge 539
States, Professions, and the Transformation of Liberalism541
Knowledge Forms of Mass Democracy and Industrial
Capitalism (I): The Transformation of the
Epistemic Constellation
543
Knowledge Forms of Mass Democracy and Industrial
Capitalism (II): The Breakthrough of a Policy
Orientation in the Social Sciences
544
Transformative Moments: Wars, External and Internal547
The Crisis of Useful Social Knowledge: Critique,
Retreat, and Refinement
549
Persistent Variation, PersistentProbl´ematiques 551
31 Managing the Economy 553
alain desrosi`eres
L’Etat ing´enieur:Production and People 554
The Liberal State: Exchange and Prices 557
The Welfare State: Protecting Workers 558
The Keynesian State: Decomposing
Global Demand
560
The French and Dutch Plans Compared 561
The New Liberal State: Polycentrism and Incentives 563
32 Management and Accounting 565
peter miller
Individualizing Efficiency 567
Linking Costs to Decisions 569
Making the Future Calculable 572Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Strategies to Sinicize the Social Sciences during the1930s 504
The Social Sciences in Taiwan and Hong Kong 507
Reconstitution of the Social Sciences in the
People’s Republic of China
509
29 The Social Sciences in Japan 515
andrew e. barshay
Neo-Traditionalism and the Hegemony of the Particular515
Toward Pluralization: The Liberal Challenge 520
Radical Social Science: The Impact and Fate of Marxism524
Postwar Social Science: Modernism and Modernization527
From Science to Culture 531
PART IV. SOCIAL SCIENCE AS DISCOURSE AND
PRACTICE IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE
30 The Uses of the Social Sciences 537
peter wagner
The Uses of the Theoretical Traditions 538
The Demand for Empirical Social Knowledge 539
States, Professions, and the Transformation of Liberalism541
Knowledge Forms of Mass Democracy and Industrial
Capitalism (I): The Transformation of the
Epistemic Constellation
543
Knowledge Forms of Mass Democracy and Industrial
Capitalism (II): The Breakthrough of a Policy
Orientation in the Social Sciences
544
Transformative Moments: Wars, External and Internal547
The Crisis of Useful Social Knowledge: Critique,
Retreat, and Refinement
549
Persistent Variation, PersistentProbl´ematiques 551
31 Managing the Economy 553
alain desrosi`eres
L’Etat ing´enieur:Production and People 554
The Liberal State: Exchange and Prices 557
The Welfare State: Protecting Workers 558
The Keynesian State: Decomposing
Global Demand
560
The French and Dutch Plans Compared 561
The New Liberal State: Polycentrism and Incentives 563
32 Management and Accounting 565
peter miller
Individualizing Efficiency 567
Linking Costs to Decisions 569
Making the Future Calculable 572Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
xiv Contents
33 Polling in Politics and Industry 577
susan herbst
Political Polling in Nineteenth-Century America 578
Birth of the Sample Survey 580
European Developments 585
American Academic Survey Institutes 586
The Use of Polls to Influence Public Opinion 587
Polling, Persuasion, and Democracy 588
34 Social Science and Social Planning during
the Twentieth Century 591
peter wagner
Ameliorist Social Science and the Social Question 592
Social Science and the Crisis of Liberalism 593
Social Planning in Mass Society: The First Attempt 595
Planning and Freedom: The Social Philosophy of Planning601
A Synthesis of Sorts: The Second Attempt at Social Planning603
After the Planning Euphoria 606
35 Social Welfare 608
ellen fitzpatrick
Systematizing Social Inquiry 608
Social Work as Social Science 612
From Social Insurance to Welfare 616
36 Education 621
julie a. reuben
Education and the Philosophic Tradition 622
Education and the Development of the Social Sciences623
Declining Interest in Education 628
Renewed Interest in Education 630
Continuing Ties? 633
37 The Culture of Intelligence 635
john carson
From Talents to Intelligence 635
IQ: Making Intelligence a Thing 637
Intelligence as a Tool 641
Intelligence in an Environmentalist Context 644
Conclusion: The IQ Debates, Social Policy, and the Return
of Biology
646
38 Psychologism and the Child 649
ellen herman
In the American Grain 650
From Elite Patronage to State Support 653
Childhood Becomes Psychological 655
From Science to Help: The Gender of Psychologism 660Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
33 Polling in Politics and Industry 577
susan herbst
Political Polling in Nineteenth-Century America 578
Birth of the Sample Survey 580
European Developments 585
American Academic Survey Institutes 586
The Use of Polls to Influence Public Opinion 587
Polling, Persuasion, and Democracy 588
34 Social Science and Social Planning during
the Twentieth Century 591
peter wagner
Ameliorist Social Science and the Social Question 592
Social Science and the Crisis of Liberalism 593
Social Planning in Mass Society: The First Attempt 595
Planning and Freedom: The Social Philosophy of Planning601
A Synthesis of Sorts: The Second Attempt at Social Planning603
After the Planning Euphoria 606
35 Social Welfare 608
ellen fitzpatrick
Systematizing Social Inquiry 608
Social Work as Social Science 612
From Social Insurance to Welfare 616
36 Education 621
julie a. reuben
Education and the Philosophic Tradition 622
Education and the Development of the Social Sciences623
Declining Interest in Education 628
Renewed Interest in Education 630
Continuing Ties? 633
37 The Culture of Intelligence 635
john carson
From Talents to Intelligence 635
IQ: Making Intelligence a Thing 637
Intelligence as a Tool 641
Intelligence in an Environmentalist Context 644
Conclusion: The IQ Debates, Social Policy, and the Return
of Biology
646
38 Psychologism and the Child 649
ellen herman
In the American Grain 650
From Elite Patronage to State Support 653
Childhood Becomes Psychological 655
From Science to Help: The Gender of Psychologism 660Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Contents xv
39 Psychiatry 663
elizabeth lunbeck
The Rise of Dynamic Psychiatry 665
Biological Psychiatry 670
Culture and Personality 673
40 Gender 678
rosalind rosenberg
The Age of Evolution: The Late Nineteenth Century 678
Seeds of Doubt 680
Hereditarian Rejoinders 684
The Rebirth of Feminism: Erasing Color and Sex in the1950s
and1960s
687
From Sex to Gender in the Social and Behavioral Sciences,
1970s to the Present
689
41 Race and the Social Sciences 693
elazar barkan
The Invention of Race 694
Scientific Racism 695
From Biology to Culture 700
The Politics of Race 705
42 Cultural Relativism 708
david a. hollinger
Franz Boas and the Reaction against Evolutionary
Anthropology
711
Boas’s Students and the Development of Cultural Relativism714
The Uncertain Legacy of Cultural Relativism 718
43 Modernization 721
michael e. latham
Social Theory and the Cold War Context 722
Modernizers and the State 728
Modernization Theory Under Fire 731
Index 735Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
39 Psychiatry 663
elizabeth lunbeck
The Rise of Dynamic Psychiatry 665
Biological Psychiatry 670
Culture and Personality 673
40 Gender 678
rosalind rosenberg
The Age of Evolution: The Late Nineteenth Century 678
Seeds of Doubt 680
Hereditarian Rejoinders 684
The Rebirth of Feminism: Erasing Color and Sex in the1950s
and1960s
687
From Sex to Gender in the Social and Behavioral Sciences,
1970s to the Present
689
41 Race and the Social Sciences 693
elazar barkan
The Invention of Race 694
Scientific Racism 695
From Biology to Culture 700
The Politics of Race 705
42 Cultural Relativism 708
david a. hollinger
Franz Boas and the Reaction against Evolutionary
Anthropology
711
Boas’s Students and the Development of Cultural Relativism714
The Uncertain Legacy of Cultural Relativism 718
43 Modernization 721
michael e. latham
Social Theory and the Cold War Context 722
Modernizers and the State 728
Modernization Theory Under Fire 731
Index 735Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
mitchell g. ashis Professor of Modern History at the University of
Vienna, Austria. He was a Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin,
and is a Full Member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and
Humanities. His publications on the history of modern psychology and mod-
ern science in Germany and the United States includeGestalt Psychology in
German Culture,1890–1967: Holism and the Quest for Objectivity(1995).
jorge balanis currently Program Officer with The Ford Foundation in
New York. His contribution to this volume was written when he was a
Senior Researcher at Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES)
and Professor at the University of Buenos Aires, both in Argentina. His most
recent book isPoliticas de reforma de la education superior y la universidad
latinoamericana(2000).
robert c. bannisteris Scheuer Professor of History (emeritus) at
Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania. His publications includeRay Stannard
Baker: The Mind and Thought of a Progressive(1965),Social Darwinism: Science
and Myth(1979),Sociology and Scientism: The American Search for Objectivity,
1880–1940 (1987), andJessie Bernard: The Making of a Feminist(1991).
elazar barkanis Chair of the Cultural Studies Department and Professor
of History and Cultural Studies at Claremont Graduate University. He is the
author of six books, includingThe Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating
Historical Injustices(2000), Modernism and Primitivism(in Hebrew,2001),
andThe Retreat of Scientific Racism(1993).
andrew e. barshayis Professor of History and Chair of the Center for
Japanese Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. His publications
includeState and Intellectual in Imperial Japan(1988, Japanese trans.1996)
and“Postwar Social and Political Thought,1945–1990,” inModern Japanese
Thought(ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi,1998).
xviiCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
mitchell g. ashis Professor of Modern History at the University of
Vienna, Austria. He was a Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin,
and is a Full Member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and
Humanities. His publications on the history of modern psychology and mod-
ern science in Germany and the United States includeGestalt Psychology in
German Culture,1890–1967: Holism and the Quest for Objectivity(1995).
jorge balanis currently Program Officer with The Ford Foundation in
New York. His contribution to this volume was written when he was a
Senior Researcher at Centro de Estudios de Estado y Sociedad (CEDES)
and Professor at the University of Buenos Aires, both in Argentina. His most
recent book isPoliticas de reforma de la education superior y la universidad
latinoamericana(2000).
robert c. bannisteris Scheuer Professor of History (emeritus) at
Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania. His publications includeRay Stannard
Baker: The Mind and Thought of a Progressive(1965),Social Darwinism: Science
and Myth(1979),Sociology and Scientism: The American Search for Objectivity,
1880–1940 (1987), andJessie Bernard: The Making of a Feminist(1991).
elazar barkanis Chair of the Cultural Studies Department and Professor
of History and Cultural Studies at Claremont Graduate University. He is the
author of six books, includingThe Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating
Historical Injustices(2000), Modernism and Primitivism(in Hebrew,2001),
andThe Retreat of Scientific Racism(1993).
andrew e. barshayis Professor of History and Chair of the Center for
Japanese Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. His publications
includeState and Intellectual in Imperial Japan(1988, Japanese trans.1996)
and“Postwar Social and Political Thought,1945–1990,” inModern Japanese
Thought(ed. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi,1998).
xviiCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
xviii Notes on Contributors
john carsonis Assistant Professor of History at the University of Michigan.
His publications include“Minding Matter/Mattering Mind: Knowledge
and the Subject in Nineteenth-Century Psychology,” Studies in the History
and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 30(1999),345–76,
and“Army Alpha, Army Brass, and the Search for Army Intelligence,” Isis,
84(1993),278–309. He is currently working on a book entitledMaking
Intelligence Matter: Cultural Constructions of Human Difference,1750–
1940.
terrell carveris Professor of Political Economy at the University of Bristol,
England. His recent publications includeEngels after Marx(with Manfred
Steger,1999) andThe Postmoderm Marx(1998). He is currently working on
a book on men in political theory.
partha chatterjeeis Director of the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences,
Calcutta, and Visiting Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University,
New York. His books includeNationalist Thought and the Colonial World
(1986) andThe Nation and Its Fragments(1993). He is a founding member of
the journalSubaltern Studies.
alain desrosi`eresis a statistician in the Institut National de la Statistique et
des
´
Etudes
´
Economiques (INSEE), the French statistical office. His research
is about the history and sociology of the production and the uses of statistics,
both official and scientific. His book,The Politics of Large Numbers: A History
of Statistical Reasoning, appeared in English translation in 1998.
james farris Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota.
He is editor ofPolitical Science in History(1995) andDiscipline and History
(1993), as well as author of several studies in the philosophy of social science
and the history of political thought.
ellen fitzpatrickis Professor of History at the University of New
Hampshire. She is the author ofHistory’s Memory: Writing America’s Past,
1880–1980(2002),Endless Crusade: Women Social Scientists and Progressive Re-
form(1990), andAmerica in Modern Times(with Alan Brinkley,1997)and
has edited several volumes and essays.
jan goldsteinis Professor of Modern European History at the University
of Chicago, where she is also a member of the Committee on Conceptual
and Historical Studies of Science. Her books includeConsole and Classify:
The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century(1987),Foucault
and the Writing of History(1994), andThe Post-Revolutionary Self: Competing
Psychologies in France,1750–1850(forthcoming).
bettina gransowis Assistant Professor of Chinese Studies at the Institute
for East Asian Studies, Free University of Berlin. Her book,Geschichte der
chinesischen Soziologie, appeared in 1992. Her current research concernsCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
john carsonis Assistant Professor of History at the University of Michigan.
His publications include“Minding Matter/Mattering Mind: Knowledge
and the Subject in Nineteenth-Century Psychology,” Studies in the History
and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 30(1999),345–76,
and“Army Alpha, Army Brass, and the Search for Army Intelligence,” Isis,
84(1993),278–309. He is currently working on a book entitledMaking
Intelligence Matter: Cultural Constructions of Human Difference,1750–
1940.
terrell carveris Professor of Political Economy at the University of Bristol,
England. His recent publications includeEngels after Marx(with Manfred
Steger,1999) andThe Postmoderm Marx(1998). He is currently working on
a book on men in political theory.
partha chatterjeeis Director of the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences,
Calcutta, and Visiting Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University,
New York. His books includeNationalist Thought and the Colonial World
(1986) andThe Nation and Its Fragments(1993). He is a founding member of
the journalSubaltern Studies.
alain desrosi`eresis a statistician in the Institut National de la Statistique et
des
´
Etudes
´
Economiques (INSEE), the French statistical office. His research
is about the history and sociology of the production and the uses of statistics,
both official and scientific. His book,The Politics of Large Numbers: A History
of Statistical Reasoning, appeared in English translation in 1998.
james farris Professor of Political Science at the University of Minnesota.
He is editor ofPolitical Science in History(1995) andDiscipline and History
(1993), as well as author of several studies in the philosophy of social science
and the history of political thought.
ellen fitzpatrickis Professor of History at the University of New
Hampshire. She is the author ofHistory’s Memory: Writing America’s Past,
1880–1980(2002),Endless Crusade: Women Social Scientists and Progressive Re-
form(1990), andAmerica in Modern Times(with Alan Brinkley,1997)and
has edited several volumes and essays.
jan goldsteinis Professor of Modern European History at the University
of Chicago, where she is also a member of the Committee on Conceptual
and Historical Studies of Science. Her books includeConsole and Classify:
The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century(1987),Foucault
and the Writing of History(1994), andThe Post-Revolutionary Self: Competing
Psychologies in France,1750–1850(forthcoming).
bettina gransowis Assistant Professor of Chinese Studies at the Institute
for East Asian Studies, Free University of Berlin. Her book,Geschichte der
chinesischen Soziologie, appeared in 1992. Her current research concernsCambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Notes on Contributors xix
internal migration in China, and methodologies of social assessment of
Chinese development projects.
johan heilbronis a sociologist at the Centre de Sociologie Europ´eenne in
Paris and an associate professor at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. His
publications includeThe Rise of Social Theory(1995) andThe Rise of the Social
Sciences and the Formation of Modernity(coedited with Lars Magnusson and
Bj¨orn Wittrock,1990).
susan herbstis Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science
at Northwestern University. She is author, most recently, ofReading Public
Opinion: How Political Actors View the Democratic Process(1998) and coauthor
ofPublic Opinion(1999), an interdisciplinary textbook. She is writing a book
on representations of American public opinion in popular culture from1920
to1960.
ellen hermanis Associate Professor of History at the University of Oregon
and the author ofThe Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in
the Age of Experts(1995). She is currently working on a book about child
adoption and the modern human sciences.
david a. hollingeris Preston Hotchkis Professor of History at the
University of California at Berkeley. His books includeScience, Jews and
Secular Culture: Studies in Twentieth-Century American Intellectual History
(1996).
jarom´ır janouˇsekis Professor of Psychology at Charles University in
Prague. He was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral
Sciences from1990to1991and is the author ofPractice and Knowledge
(1963),Social Communication(1968), andJoint Activity and Communication
(1984) and coauthor ofMethods of Social Psychology(1986) andPsychological
Atlas(1993).
adam kuperis Professor of Social Anthropology at Brunel University in
London. His books includeThe Invention of Primitive Society(1988),Anthro-
pologists and Anthropology: The Modern British School(3rd ed.,1996),Among
the Anthropologists(1999), andCulture: The Anthropologists’Account(1999).
michael e. lathamteaches history at Fordham University. He is the author
ofModernization as Ideology: American Social Science and“Nation Building”
in the Kennedy Era(2000). His research explores the relationship between
American intellectual and cultural history and American foreign relations.
harry liebersohnis the author ofFate and Utopia in German Sociology,
1870–1923 (1988) andAristocratic Encounters: European Travelers and North
American Indians(1998). He is Professor of History at the University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
internal migration in China, and methodologies of social assessment of
Chinese development projects.
johan heilbronis a sociologist at the Centre de Sociologie Europ´eenne in
Paris and an associate professor at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. His
publications includeThe Rise of Social Theory(1995) andThe Rise of the Social
Sciences and the Formation of Modernity(coedited with Lars Magnusson and
Bj¨orn Wittrock,1990).
susan herbstis Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science
at Northwestern University. She is author, most recently, ofReading Public
Opinion: How Political Actors View the Democratic Process(1998) and coauthor
ofPublic Opinion(1999), an interdisciplinary textbook. She is writing a book
on representations of American public opinion in popular culture from1920
to1960.
ellen hermanis Associate Professor of History at the University of Oregon
and the author ofThe Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in
the Age of Experts(1995). She is currently working on a book about child
adoption and the modern human sciences.
david a. hollingeris Preston Hotchkis Professor of History at the
University of California at Berkeley. His books includeScience, Jews and
Secular Culture: Studies in Twentieth-Century American Intellectual History
(1996).
jarom´ır janouˇsekis Professor of Psychology at Charles University in
Prague. He was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral
Sciences from1990to1991and is the author ofPractice and Knowledge
(1963),Social Communication(1968), andJoint Activity and Communication
(1984) and coauthor ofMethods of Social Psychology(1986) andPsychological
Atlas(1993).
adam kuperis Professor of Social Anthropology at Brunel University in
London. His books includeThe Invention of Primitive Society(1988),Anthro-
pologists and Anthropology: The Modern British School(3rd ed.,1996),Among
the Anthropologists(1999), andCulture: The Anthropologists’Account(1999).
michael e. lathamteaches history at Fordham University. He is the author
ofModernization as Ideology: American Social Science and“Nation Building”
in the Kennedy Era(2000). His research explores the relationship between
American intellectual and cultural history and American foreign relations.
harry liebersohnis the author ofFate and Utopia in German Sociology,
1870–1923 (1988) andAristocratic Encounters: European Travelers and North
American Indians(1998). He is Professor of History at the University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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virágokat? mikor azoknak a kigőzölgése mérges! «Ő» neki az
megárt.
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Az őrültek gyűlölik mindazt, a mi rögeszméjüknek ellentmond.
Követelte, hogy neki függő ágyat vigyenek be a szobájába; mert
a mult éjjel is kiesett az ágyából, mikor a forgószél úgy meghányta a
hajót.
Ez is csak ravaszság volt tőle. Nem akart alkalmatlan lenni annak,
a ki ott abban a lefüggönyözött ágyban fekszik.
Az pedig eljött hozzá mindennap. Mindennap.
Eljött hozzá mély tenger fenekéről, üdvözültek mennyországából,
halál sötét birodalmából.
Nem volt már semmije a világon. De ez az egy megmaradt neki.
Ez az «enyim». Ez az örökké «enyim». Ez a halál után is, ez a más
világon is az «enyim!»
Mikor a «Tied» és az «Övé» miatt elvesztette lelkét, ez az
«Enyim», ki maga is lélek már, felfogta azt és megtartá magának, és
eljárt szomorú éjszakájának világosságot hozni.
És aztán a beteg lerajzolja az eléje jövőt mindannyiféle alakban,
a hányban az élet megörökíté őt emlékezetében.
Lerajzolja őt, a kisdeddel ölében, a hogy a dudai paplak udvarán
eléje lépett először. Mi lett aztán abból a kisdedből? az ki van törölve
lelkéből.
virágokat? mikor azoknak a kigőzölgése mérges! «Ő» neki az
megárt.
Az őrültség makacs szelleme riasztá meg ekkor: «mit zavarod
meg az én eszmejárásomat virágokkal? Hisz a tengeren vagyunk!
Hol terem itt a virág?»
Többé nem volt szabad semmi virágot bevinni szobájába.
Az őrültek gyűlölik mindazt, a mi rögeszméjüknek ellentmond.
Követelte, hogy neki függő ágyat vigyenek be a szobájába; mert
a mult éjjel is kiesett az ágyából, mikor a forgószél úgy meghányta a
hajót.
Ez is csak ravaszság volt tőle. Nem akart alkalmatlan lenni annak,
a ki ott abban a lefüggönyözött ágyban fekszik.
Az pedig eljött hozzá mindennap. Mindennap.
Eljött hozzá mély tenger fenekéről, üdvözültek mennyországából,
halál sötét birodalmából.
Nem volt már semmije a világon. De ez az egy megmaradt neki.
Ez az «enyim». Ez az örökké «enyim». Ez a halál után is, ez a más
világon is az «enyim!»
Mikor a «Tied» és az «Övé» miatt elvesztette lelkét, ez az
«Enyim», ki maga is lélek már, felfogta azt és megtartá magának, és
eljárt szomorú éjszakájának világosságot hozni.
És aztán a beteg lerajzolja az eléje jövőt mindannyiféle alakban,
a hányban az élet megörökíté őt emlékezetében.
Lerajzolja őt, a kisdeddel ölében, a hogy a dudai paplak udvarán
eléje lépett először. Mi lett aztán abból a kisdedből? az ki van törölve
lelkéből.
Lerajzolja őt, a mint a sziklameredélyen áll, kérdezve, hogy
szabad-e tiszta lélekkel keresni a halált?
Lerajzolja őt, mint szabadító angyalát, midőn a torlasz alól az
aléltat kiemeli.
Lerajzolja őt, ama végzetes éjszakán, a leégett lakban, mint
menyasszonyát.
Lerajzolja őt, mint hősnőt, az Alligator fedélzetén, midőn a
kapitányt rábeszéli férje megmentésére.
Lerajzolja őt, mint szenvedő beteget, ki utazó társainak előadást
tart.
Lerajzolja őt, mint kertésznőt, délvirágok közepett, egészséges
deli alakként.
Lerajzolja őt, mint bűbájos édes anyát, a mosolygó gyermekkel
ölében.
És nem kérdi tőle: hová lett a gyermek?
Megmondta ezt neki ő már régen! Ez otthon maradt a korall-
grottában, s tanulja a kagylóktól – a gyöngytermesztést.
Egész albumot képeznek már az ő képei, miket róla rajzolt.
S mind hasonlítanak hozzá.
Ő maga pedig napról-napra rosszabbul hasonlít magához.
Fogy, összemegy, elhanyatlik.
Esténkint, mikor magára van, dalra fakad.
«Cserebogár, sárga cserebogár!
Nem kérdem én tőled, mikor lesz nyár?»…
Ő
szabad-e tiszta lélekkel keresni a halált?
Lerajzolja őt, mint szabadító angyalát, midőn a torlasz alól az
aléltat kiemeli.
Lerajzolja őt, ama végzetes éjszakán, a leégett lakban, mint
menyasszonyát.
Lerajzolja őt, mint hősnőt, az Alligator fedélzetén, midőn a
kapitányt rábeszéli férje megmentésére.
Lerajzolja őt, mint szenvedő beteget, ki utazó társainak előadást
tart.
Lerajzolja őt, mint kertésznőt, délvirágok közepett, egészséges
deli alakként.
Lerajzolja őt, mint bűbájos édes anyát, a mosolygó gyermekkel
ölében.
És nem kérdi tőle: hová lett a gyermek?
Megmondta ezt neki ő már régen! Ez otthon maradt a korall-
grottában, s tanulja a kagylóktól – a gyöngytermesztést.
Egész albumot képeznek már az ő képei, miket róla rajzolt.
S mind hasonlítanak hozzá.
Ő maga pedig napról-napra rosszabbul hasonlít magához.
Fogy, összemegy, elhanyatlik.
Esténkint, mikor magára van, dalra fakad.
«Cserebogár, sárga cserebogár!
Nem kérdem én tőled, mikor lesz nyár?»…
Ő
… Ő a contra hangot énekli. Hisz a prima azé a másiké, a ki a
sopránt énekli. Csak ő hallja azt! Annak sekundál. Ő csak kiséri azt!
«Azt sem kérdem, sokáig élek-e?
Csak azt mondd meg: rózsámé leszek-e?»
… Azé lész te nemsokára!
Egy napon azt mondta Incze Leonak, hogy küldjön hozzá orvost,
mert neje nagyon beteg.
Ő maga volt az, a ki alig tudott már a lábán állani.
A főorvos egy másik társát küldte hozzá. Őt ismerte már, mint
kapitányt s nem fogadta el orvosnak.
A tapasztalt gyógyász látta, hogy mi a baj. Belement az
elmebeteg eszmejárásába. Kikérdezte a láthatatlan alakot s aztán
félrehívta a férjet és tudtára adta, hogy a baj igen komoly. Könnyen
veszélyessé válhatik. Fog rendelni számára orvosságot. Hanem egy
nagy baj van a beteggel. Nincs bizalma az idegen orvoshoz. Azt
hiszi, hogy az meg akarja őt mérgezni. Pedig hát ime, tekintsen bele
a recipébe. Bizonyosan ismerni fogja a vényeket. Látandja, hogy
nincsenek azok tulságos nagy adagokban rendelve. Hiszen a legtöbb
gyógyszer bizony méreg, egyszerre nagy mennyiségben bevéve.
Opium, hyosciamus, digitalis, laurocerasus, arsenicum, bizony nem
csemegefélék: de okosan elosztva mégis gyógyszerek. Megtehetné a
férj azt az áldozatot, hogy a nejének rendelt gyógyszereket maga
megkóstolná elébb, hogy bizalmat költsön benne is irántuk.
Incze megigérte, hogy «ő érte» megteszi ezt az áldozatot.
Így lehetett kegyes csalás útján egy kis gyógyszert bevetetni
vele.
sopránt énekli. Csak ő hallja azt! Annak sekundál. Ő csak kiséri azt!
«Azt sem kérdem, sokáig élek-e?
Csak azt mondd meg: rózsámé leszek-e?»
… Azé lész te nemsokára!
Egy napon azt mondta Incze Leonak, hogy küldjön hozzá orvost,
mert neje nagyon beteg.
Ő maga volt az, a ki alig tudott már a lábán állani.
A főorvos egy másik társát küldte hozzá. Őt ismerte már, mint
kapitányt s nem fogadta el orvosnak.
A tapasztalt gyógyász látta, hogy mi a baj. Belement az
elmebeteg eszmejárásába. Kikérdezte a láthatatlan alakot s aztán
félrehívta a férjet és tudtára adta, hogy a baj igen komoly. Könnyen
veszélyessé válhatik. Fog rendelni számára orvosságot. Hanem egy
nagy baj van a beteggel. Nincs bizalma az idegen orvoshoz. Azt
hiszi, hogy az meg akarja őt mérgezni. Pedig hát ime, tekintsen bele
a recipébe. Bizonyosan ismerni fogja a vényeket. Látandja, hogy
nincsenek azok tulságos nagy adagokban rendelve. Hiszen a legtöbb
gyógyszer bizony méreg, egyszerre nagy mennyiségben bevéve.
Opium, hyosciamus, digitalis, laurocerasus, arsenicum, bizony nem
csemegefélék: de okosan elosztva mégis gyógyszerek. Megtehetné a
férj azt az áldozatot, hogy a nejének rendelt gyógyszereket maga
megkóstolná elébb, hogy bizalmat költsön benne is irántuk.
Incze megigérte, hogy «ő érte» megteszi ezt az áldozatot.
Így lehetett kegyes csalás útján egy kis gyógyszert bevetetni
vele.
Az használni is látszott neki. Legalább kínzó, sorvasztó lázai
elmultak. Az a remény volt, hogy ha ki lehet őt csalni tavaszszal, a jó
idők alatt a szabadba, az üde lég, a megújult természet jótékony
hatással lesz szétdult idegrendszerére.
De lehetetlen volt őt kicsalni szobájából. Nem akarta otthagyni
azt a kedves fantómot. Az pedig nem mehetett ki vele. Aztán hová?
Hisz itt hajón vagyunk, s köröskörül a tenger. Sétálhat valaki a
tengeren?
Megkisérték őt előkészíteni a változásra. Leo, kit folyvást
kapitányának fogadott el, mindennap meglátogatta s mindennap
hirül hozá neki, hogy hány tengerészmérfölddel vannak közelebb a
szárazföldhöz.
Ebből baj is támadt.
Mert a mint Leo a historiához hű akarván maradni, azt mondá
neki, hogy nemsokára ki fognak kötni San-Francisconál, Incze
indulatba jött: tiltakozott, hogy ő nem akar menni Amerikába! Neki
ott semmi keresete nincsen. Tehát megint vissza kellett őt hozni
Európába. S az nem ment olyan hirtelen.
Az őrültnek térképe is volt s ő tudta, hogy a leggyorsabb gőzhajó
hány mérföldet haladhat egy nap a tengeren. Annál többet nem volt
szabad hazudni Leonak, ha ki nem akarta dobatni magát.
Az orvos végre kénytelen volt neki a rajzolást megtiltani: azon
ürügy alatt, hogy a beteget nyugtalanítja vele. Azt tanácsolta neki,
hogy inkább sakkozzék vele.
Akkor aztán hozatott Incze egy kis sakkozó asztalt: azt
odaállította az ágy mellé s egész nap játszott vele egyedül.
Ha jött valaki, annak mosolyogva mondá, hogy egyetlen egy
játszmát sem tud megnyerni tőle. Serena lángész a sakkjátékban.
Mindenkit megver!
elmultak. Az a remény volt, hogy ha ki lehet őt csalni tavaszszal, a jó
idők alatt a szabadba, az üde lég, a megújult természet jótékony
hatással lesz szétdult idegrendszerére.
De lehetetlen volt őt kicsalni szobájából. Nem akarta otthagyni
azt a kedves fantómot. Az pedig nem mehetett ki vele. Aztán hová?
Hisz itt hajón vagyunk, s köröskörül a tenger. Sétálhat valaki a
tengeren?
Megkisérték őt előkészíteni a változásra. Leo, kit folyvást
kapitányának fogadott el, mindennap meglátogatta s mindennap
hirül hozá neki, hogy hány tengerészmérfölddel vannak közelebb a
szárazföldhöz.
Ebből baj is támadt.
Mert a mint Leo a historiához hű akarván maradni, azt mondá
neki, hogy nemsokára ki fognak kötni San-Francisconál, Incze
indulatba jött: tiltakozott, hogy ő nem akar menni Amerikába! Neki
ott semmi keresete nincsen. Tehát megint vissza kellett őt hozni
Európába. S az nem ment olyan hirtelen.
Az őrültnek térképe is volt s ő tudta, hogy a leggyorsabb gőzhajó
hány mérföldet haladhat egy nap a tengeren. Annál többet nem volt
szabad hazudni Leonak, ha ki nem akarta dobatni magát.
Az orvos végre kénytelen volt neki a rajzolást megtiltani: azon
ürügy alatt, hogy a beteget nyugtalanítja vele. Azt tanácsolta neki,
hogy inkább sakkozzék vele.
Akkor aztán hozatott Incze egy kis sakkozó asztalt: azt
odaállította az ágy mellé s egész nap játszott vele egyedül.
Ha jött valaki, annak mosolyogva mondá, hogy egyetlen egy
játszmát sem tud megnyerni tőle. Serena lángész a sakkjátékban.
Mindenkit megver!
Walter Leo egész családjával Bécsbe költözött, azért, hogy Inczét
ápolhassa. Néha a fiát is elvitte hozzá, hogy hegedüljön neki. Azt
még legjobban szerette Incze.
A hegedűművészt is ismerte ő jól; csakhogy ő nála is két
emberből csinált egyet. Reményi Edének tartotta őt, kit a
szabadságharcz alatt hordott magával a magyar fővezér, s ki akkor
varázs nyirettyüjével gyakran elfeledteté a harczfiakkal a honfi
gondokat.
Most ezt látta Walter Leo fiában személyesülve.
Szegény fiunak pedig sok baja volt vele; mert azt követelte tőle,
hogy mindazokra a dolgokra emlékezzék, a mik vele az egész
hadjárat alatt történtek, s ha belesült, összeczigányozta s kikergette
magától.
Pedig a zene oly jótékony ír volt lelkére e kietlen világban.
Egy éjjel, késő órában jött Döblingből sürgető izenet Walter
Leohoz, hogy siessen rögtön barátjához, mert ez ismét a dühöngés
korszakába esett, s őt hivja.
Leo sietett, a mily gyorsan csak lovai vihették.
Incze szobája előtt már akkor kényszereszközökkel készen álltak
a betegápolók s az orvos tanácsolá neki, hogy elébb nézzen be a
kémlyukon a szobába.
A beteg nyugtalan léptekkel járt alá s fel, szilaj, dühös tekintete
volt, mint egy veszett állatnak; felső kabátját, nyakkendőjét már
levetette. Majd czipőit is lerúgta, azok is égették. Mezítláb tombolt és
ökleivel hadonázott, néha a homlokát ütötte.
Leo bátran nyitott be hozzá, s keményen rászegezve tekintetét,
egyenesen feléje ment.
ápolhassa. Néha a fiát is elvitte hozzá, hogy hegedüljön neki. Azt
még legjobban szerette Incze.
A hegedűművészt is ismerte ő jól; csakhogy ő nála is két
emberből csinált egyet. Reményi Edének tartotta őt, kit a
szabadságharcz alatt hordott magával a magyar fővezér, s ki akkor
varázs nyirettyüjével gyakran elfeledteté a harczfiakkal a honfi
gondokat.
Most ezt látta Walter Leo fiában személyesülve.
Szegény fiunak pedig sok baja volt vele; mert azt követelte tőle,
hogy mindazokra a dolgokra emlékezzék, a mik vele az egész
hadjárat alatt történtek, s ha belesült, összeczigányozta s kikergette
magától.
Pedig a zene oly jótékony ír volt lelkére e kietlen világban.
Egy éjjel, késő órában jött Döblingből sürgető izenet Walter
Leohoz, hogy siessen rögtön barátjához, mert ez ismét a dühöngés
korszakába esett, s őt hivja.
Leo sietett, a mily gyorsan csak lovai vihették.
Incze szobája előtt már akkor kényszereszközökkel készen álltak
a betegápolók s az orvos tanácsolá neki, hogy elébb nézzen be a
kémlyukon a szobába.
A beteg nyugtalan léptekkel járt alá s fel, szilaj, dühös tekintete
volt, mint egy veszett állatnak; felső kabátját, nyakkendőjét már
levetette. Majd czipőit is lerúgta, azok is égették. Mezítláb tombolt és
ökleivel hadonázott, néha a homlokát ütötte.
Leo bátran nyitott be hozzá, s keményen rászegezve tekintetét,
egyenesen feléje ment.
– Mi baj már megint? kiálta rá erőteljes hangon.
A hang magához téríté a tébolyultat. Megállt egy helyben,
S azzal kezét kinyujtva az üres ágy felé, melyről már le voltak
tépve a függönyök, így szólt:
– Nézze ön: Ő nincs itt többé. Ő elhagyott engem! Álmomból
keltem fel megnézni, hogy van ő? s nem találtam őt itt többé.
Elhagyott engem, a míg aludtam. Itt hagyott hűtlenül és én nem
tudom, hogy hová lett! Meg tudott csalni engemet! Ő!
– Incze! Kedves! szólt Leo egy perczre elfelejtkezve szerepéről e
szomorú színjátszásban.
– Eh! mit szól ön? Hisz nincsen itt! Hát nem látja ön, hogy
nincsen itt! Az ágy üres!
Azzal odarohant az ágynak, vánkosokat, párnát, derekaljat
egyenkint kiszórt belőle s aztán haját tépve ordítá, mikor már nem
volt mit kiszórni onnan:
– Az én nőm megszökött tőlem!
Leo egy merész heroicus rendszabályra szánta el magát.
Odaugrott a dühöngőhöz, befogta a száját mind a két kezével, s
haragosan förmedt reá.
– Hallgat ön mindjárt! S nem ordítozik olyan tele torokkal! Hát
elment önnek az esze? Azt akarja, hogy bolondnak tartsák? Hát illik
ez: egy tisztességes férjnek így kiabálni a feleségéről, hogy
megszökött, azért mert nincs a szobában? No drága mulatság volna,
ha minden ember, valahányszor a felesége nincs a háznál,
mindannyiszor kiszaladna az utczára, fellármázni a szomszédokat,
hogy elszökött a feleségem! fogják meg, hozzák haza!
Az őrült meg volt lepetve; elmeredő tekintettel bámult Leora s azt
mondá:
Ú
A hang magához téríté a tébolyultat. Megállt egy helyben,
S azzal kezét kinyujtva az üres ágy felé, melyről már le voltak
tépve a függönyök, így szólt:
– Nézze ön: Ő nincs itt többé. Ő elhagyott engem! Álmomból
keltem fel megnézni, hogy van ő? s nem találtam őt itt többé.
Elhagyott engem, a míg aludtam. Itt hagyott hűtlenül és én nem
tudom, hogy hová lett! Meg tudott csalni engemet! Ő!
– Incze! Kedves! szólt Leo egy perczre elfelejtkezve szerepéről e
szomorú színjátszásban.
– Eh! mit szól ön? Hisz nincsen itt! Hát nem látja ön, hogy
nincsen itt! Az ágy üres!
Azzal odarohant az ágynak, vánkosokat, párnát, derekaljat
egyenkint kiszórt belőle s aztán haját tépve ordítá, mikor már nem
volt mit kiszórni onnan:
– Az én nőm megszökött tőlem!
Leo egy merész heroicus rendszabályra szánta el magát.
Odaugrott a dühöngőhöz, befogta a száját mind a két kezével, s
haragosan förmedt reá.
– Hallgat ön mindjárt! S nem ordítozik olyan tele torokkal! Hát
elment önnek az esze? Azt akarja, hogy bolondnak tartsák? Hát illik
ez: egy tisztességes férjnek így kiabálni a feleségéről, hogy
megszökött, azért mert nincs a szobában? No drága mulatság volna,
ha minden ember, valahányszor a felesége nincs a háznál,
mindannyiszor kiszaladna az utczára, fellármázni a szomszédokat,
hogy elszökött a feleségem! fogják meg, hozzák haza!
Az őrült meg volt lepetve; elmeredő tekintettel bámult Leora s azt
mondá:
Ú
– Úgy-e?
– Hát persze, hogy úgy! Hát illik ez öntől, kikiabálni magáról,
hogy rászedett férj lett, s a feleségéről, a leghívebb asszonyról a föld
kerekén, hogy ő hűtelen?
– Igazán? Azt mondja ön is, hogy ő a leghívebb asszony a
világon? De hát hol van ő most?
– Akárhol van, bizonyosan jó helyen van. Volt ő már öntől máskor
is távol. Mikor katona volt ön és elhagyta, mert csatába kellett
mennie, akkor nem féltette úgy-e? Mikor el volt fogva s vinni akarták
tőle erővel, nem ő mozdított-e meg önért egy félvilágot, hogy
kiszabadítsa, s megint egyesülhessen vele? Hát mikor az egész
földteke volt önök között; ön egy évig nem látta őt, s mégis olyan
bizonyos volt a hűségéről, mint a mennybeli üdvösségről! Ezt mind
elfelejtette már? Hát ki az a nő, a kit ön félt? Egy háremhölgy? Egy
kalandornő? Egy bérelt szerető? Micsoda? Óh nem! Úgy-e? Hát mi?
Egy szent! Egy hitvestárs! Vajh igen! Ugy-e? No hát legyen Istennel
és ne lázongjon. Akárhol jár, legyen bizonyos, hogy ott is önért jár…
Most aztán már zokogott az őrült keservesen, s elkezdte a kiszórt
ágynemüket visszarakni helyükre; minden egyes darabot
megcsókolva gyöngéden, mintha bocsánatot kérne tőlük az
elkövetett sérelemért. Minden vánkost egyenkint arczához szorított
gyöngéden.
– Igaza van önnek, suttogá Leóhoz. Én nem vagyok eszemnél. Én
rosszul tettem most. Megsértettem őt nagyon. Megérdemleném,
hogy megvessen érte. Kérem, ne mondja ezt el neki. Ne beszélje el
senkinek.
Aztán hozzátette suttogva:
– Ha haza fog jönni, egy szóval sem fogom tőle kérdezni, hogy
hol volt. El fogja ő azt mondani úgyis! Meglássa ön, hogy mindent el
fog mondani nekem.
És a közben megvetette az ágyat.
– Hát persze, hogy úgy! Hát illik ez öntől, kikiabálni magáról,
hogy rászedett férj lett, s a feleségéről, a leghívebb asszonyról a föld
kerekén, hogy ő hűtelen?
– Igazán? Azt mondja ön is, hogy ő a leghívebb asszony a
világon? De hát hol van ő most?
– Akárhol van, bizonyosan jó helyen van. Volt ő már öntől máskor
is távol. Mikor katona volt ön és elhagyta, mert csatába kellett
mennie, akkor nem féltette úgy-e? Mikor el volt fogva s vinni akarták
tőle erővel, nem ő mozdított-e meg önért egy félvilágot, hogy
kiszabadítsa, s megint egyesülhessen vele? Hát mikor az egész
földteke volt önök között; ön egy évig nem látta őt, s mégis olyan
bizonyos volt a hűségéről, mint a mennybeli üdvösségről! Ezt mind
elfelejtette már? Hát ki az a nő, a kit ön félt? Egy háremhölgy? Egy
kalandornő? Egy bérelt szerető? Micsoda? Óh nem! Úgy-e? Hát mi?
Egy szent! Egy hitvestárs! Vajh igen! Ugy-e? No hát legyen Istennel
és ne lázongjon. Akárhol jár, legyen bizonyos, hogy ott is önért jár…
Most aztán már zokogott az őrült keservesen, s elkezdte a kiszórt
ágynemüket visszarakni helyükre; minden egyes darabot
megcsókolva gyöngéden, mintha bocsánatot kérne tőlük az
elkövetett sérelemért. Minden vánkost egyenkint arczához szorított
gyöngéden.
– Igaza van önnek, suttogá Leóhoz. Én nem vagyok eszemnél. Én
rosszul tettem most. Megsértettem őt nagyon. Megérdemleném,
hogy megvessen érte. Kérem, ne mondja ezt el neki. Ne beszélje el
senkinek.
Aztán hozzátette suttogva:
– Ha haza fog jönni, egy szóval sem fogom tőle kérdezni, hogy
hol volt. El fogja ő azt mondani úgyis! Meglássa ön, hogy mindent el
fog mondani nekem.
És a közben megvetette az ágyat.
– Milyen hideg lett ez az ágy! nyöszörgé. Most azt teszem,… hogy
belefekszem magam… megmelegítem a számára, a míg megjön…
hogy ne fázzék benne… olyan… nagyon…
Azzal összeroskadt eszméletlenül. Leo karjai fogták fel. Ez a
kitörés volt az utolsó küzdelme az életerőnek a megsemmisülés
csodamunkája ellen.
Másnap, mikor meglátogatta Inczét Leo, már az ágyban fekve
találta őt.
Ki volt fogyva az élet olaja! A délczeg hősnek nem volt annyi
ereje, hogy el birja az ágyat hagyni többé.
Keskeny kis nyoszolya volt. Egy ember számára szabva. Annak a
legszélére huzódott ki a benne fekvő.
Mikor Leot meglátta, valami nyugodt boldogságérzet mosolya
derengett át arczán. Inte neki, hogy üljön le ágya mellé.
Ápolói magukra hagyták őket.
Akkor megfogta Leo kezét, odavonta a keblére, s lassan,
óvatosan leereszté azt oda, tenyerével lefelé fordítva.
Aztán örvendő mosolylyal mondá:
– Nos. Érzi ön, ugy-e?
Leo érzett valamit. Azt, hogy alig dobogott már a szíve.
– Érzi ugy-e, az ő kezét itt a mellemen? Alszik s altában megölelt.
Önnek igaza volt, látja. Abban, a mit tegnap mondott nekem. Hogy
akárhol jár ő, ott is bizonyosan én értem jár… Úgy volt… Még hajnal
előtt hazajött… Úgy bevilágította az alakjával az egész szobát…
Valami zöld ruha volt rajta, mint mikor a napsugár átszürődik a
szőlőlugas levelein… Soha sem láttam én olyan színt… Ide jött
belefekszem magam… megmelegítem a számára, a míg megjön…
hogy ne fázzék benne… olyan… nagyon…
Azzal összeroskadt eszméletlenül. Leo karjai fogták fel. Ez a
kitörés volt az utolsó küzdelme az életerőnek a megsemmisülés
csodamunkája ellen.
Másnap, mikor meglátogatta Inczét Leo, már az ágyban fekve
találta őt.
Ki volt fogyva az élet olaja! A délczeg hősnek nem volt annyi
ereje, hogy el birja az ágyat hagyni többé.
Keskeny kis nyoszolya volt. Egy ember számára szabva. Annak a
legszélére huzódott ki a benne fekvő.
Mikor Leot meglátta, valami nyugodt boldogságérzet mosolya
derengett át arczán. Inte neki, hogy üljön le ágya mellé.
Ápolói magukra hagyták őket.
Akkor megfogta Leo kezét, odavonta a keblére, s lassan,
óvatosan leereszté azt oda, tenyerével lefelé fordítva.
Aztán örvendő mosolylyal mondá:
– Nos. Érzi ön, ugy-e?
Leo érzett valamit. Azt, hogy alig dobogott már a szíve.
– Érzi ugy-e, az ő kezét itt a mellemen? Alszik s altában megölelt.
Önnek igaza volt, látja. Abban, a mit tegnap mondott nekem. Hogy
akárhol jár ő, ott is bizonyosan én értem jár… Úgy volt… Még hajnal
előtt hazajött… Úgy bevilágította az alakjával az egész szobát…
Valami zöld ruha volt rajta, mint mikor a napsugár átszürődik a
szőlőlugas levelein… Soha sem láttam én olyan színt… Ide jött
csendesen az ágyához… Levetkőzött… Befonta a haját… Mintha
aranyat meg selymet font volna össze… Imádkozott… Azután beszélt
valamit; de az nem beszéd volt, hanem zene… Mégis megértettem…
Idehajolt hozzám, azt nézte, hogy alszom-e?… Úgy tettem, mintha
alunnám… Pedig a szemei ragyogását éreztem a lehúnyt
szempilláimon keresztül… Akkor megcsókolt, hogy felébreszszen…
Aztán odabújt mellém… Azt mondta, hogy milyen jól esik neki, hogy
ilyen meleg ágyat talál… Ezt jól tettem… Meg volt vele elégedve…
Nem kérdeztem tőle, hol járt?… Egy szóval sem… Emlékeztem
fogadásomra… Egyszer aztán ő maga kezdte el… Tudtam én azt…
«Tudod-e, hol jártam én most?»… «Mondjad, édes.»… «Gondolod-e,
kitalálnád-e, a hol én jártam?»… Nos, captain! barátom, kitalálja-e
ön? rájön-e arra gondolatra?… Ugy-e nem?… Én sem találtam azt
ki… Akkor aztán megsugta szépen… «ott voltam a mi kis lakunkban
odalenn… a hol kis fiunk vár reánk… az isis és antipathes grottában,
a veres és fekete korallokból épült lakásban… körülnézni, hogy
elférünk-e abban mind a hárman?… Elférünk mind a hárman!»…
Walter Leonak minden idegerejét meg kellett feszítenie, hogy a
köny ki ne csorduljon szemeiből.
Viszi őt már magával az a fényes árnyék…
A beteg folytatá:
– Még többet is beszélt… Hogy a tengernek zöld firmamentuma
van. Az is olyan, mint az égbolt… A kik látják megnyilni a kék
mennykárpitot, azoknak megnyilik majd az a sötétzöld égkupola is…
S az üdv sugára lesüt egész a tengerfenékig s a kagylók ragyognak
benne, mint a drága-kövek… Ott fogunk várni a mi
világosságunkra… Oda jön le értünk az a fényes alak, a kinek ő
megfogadta, hogy úgy fog neki egykor visszaadni, oly tisztán, oly
fehéren, mint a hogy oltára mellől elvett… Nem az oceán végtelen
hulláma mos engem olyan tisztára, fehérre, hanem az ő végtelen
szerelme…
aranyat meg selymet font volna össze… Imádkozott… Azután beszélt
valamit; de az nem beszéd volt, hanem zene… Mégis megértettem…
Idehajolt hozzám, azt nézte, hogy alszom-e?… Úgy tettem, mintha
alunnám… Pedig a szemei ragyogását éreztem a lehúnyt
szempilláimon keresztül… Akkor megcsókolt, hogy felébreszszen…
Aztán odabújt mellém… Azt mondta, hogy milyen jól esik neki, hogy
ilyen meleg ágyat talál… Ezt jól tettem… Meg volt vele elégedve…
Nem kérdeztem tőle, hol járt?… Egy szóval sem… Emlékeztem
fogadásomra… Egyszer aztán ő maga kezdte el… Tudtam én azt…
«Tudod-e, hol jártam én most?»… «Mondjad, édes.»… «Gondolod-e,
kitalálnád-e, a hol én jártam?»… Nos, captain! barátom, kitalálja-e
ön? rájön-e arra gondolatra?… Ugy-e nem?… Én sem találtam azt
ki… Akkor aztán megsugta szépen… «ott voltam a mi kis lakunkban
odalenn… a hol kis fiunk vár reánk… az isis és antipathes grottában,
a veres és fekete korallokból épült lakásban… körülnézni, hogy
elférünk-e abban mind a hárman?… Elférünk mind a hárman!»…
Walter Leonak minden idegerejét meg kellett feszítenie, hogy a
köny ki ne csorduljon szemeiből.
Viszi őt már magával az a fényes árnyék…
A beteg folytatá:
– Még többet is beszélt… Hogy a tengernek zöld firmamentuma
van. Az is olyan, mint az égbolt… A kik látják megnyilni a kék
mennykárpitot, azoknak megnyilik majd az a sötétzöld égkupola is…
S az üdv sugára lesüt egész a tengerfenékig s a kagylók ragyognak
benne, mint a drága-kövek… Ott fogunk várni a mi
világosságunkra… Oda jön le értünk az a fényes alak, a kinek ő
megfogadta, hogy úgy fog neki egykor visszaadni, oly tisztán, oly
fehéren, mint a hogy oltára mellől elvett… Nem az oceán végtelen
hulláma mos engem olyan tisztára, fehérre, hanem az ő végtelen
szerelme…
Ezzel a szóval befelé fordult, megölelte a láthatatlan alakot és
elaludt.
Másnap ismét meglátogatta őt Leo.
Mindennap egy évtized különbséget mutat arczán.
– Captain!… monda Leonak lankadozott hangon… Mi nem
utazunk már együtt messze… Nőm nagyon beteg… alig lélekzik
már… Szivére teszem kezemet s elszámlálom az érütést… Negyven
egy percz alatt.
Saját érverése volt az.
– Captain! Ön tudja azt jól, hogy nekünk kettőnknek van egy
lelkünk… Nem olyan ritkaság ez… Hajdan, mikor könyvtárakban
laktam, egész foliánsokat olvastam olyan emberekről, a kiknél
kettőnek jutott egy lélek…
Legtöbbnyire nő és férfi szokott lenni… de vannak esetek, hogy
két férfi, vagy két nő bir egy lélekkel… Néha ikertestvéreknél fordul
ez elő… Rendes dolog az összenőtt ikreknél… Azoknak ugyanegy
perczben kell meghalniok; mert kettőjöknek van egy lelkük… Így volt
az új-szőnyi összenőtt ikerleányoknál… így a siami ikertestvéreknél.
Az őrültek szeretik kedvencz rögeszméiket tudományos
idézetekkel támogatni.
– Nekünk is kettőnknek van egy lelkünk… folytatá a kór. A mint
kedvesem szíve utolsót dobban: az enyém is megáll… Hol járunk
most captain?… Adja ön ide a térképet.
A beteg kiterjeszteté ágya fölé a térképet s elaszott kezének
újjával keresett rajta valami helyet.
elaludt.
Másnap ismét meglátogatta őt Leo.
Mindennap egy évtized különbséget mutat arczán.
– Captain!… monda Leonak lankadozott hangon… Mi nem
utazunk már együtt messze… Nőm nagyon beteg… alig lélekzik
már… Szivére teszem kezemet s elszámlálom az érütést… Negyven
egy percz alatt.
Saját érverése volt az.
– Captain! Ön tudja azt jól, hogy nekünk kettőnknek van egy
lelkünk… Nem olyan ritkaság ez… Hajdan, mikor könyvtárakban
laktam, egész foliánsokat olvastam olyan emberekről, a kiknél
kettőnek jutott egy lélek…
Legtöbbnyire nő és férfi szokott lenni… de vannak esetek, hogy
két férfi, vagy két nő bir egy lélekkel… Néha ikertestvéreknél fordul
ez elő… Rendes dolog az összenőtt ikreknél… Azoknak ugyanegy
perczben kell meghalniok; mert kettőjöknek van egy lelkük… Így volt
az új-szőnyi összenőtt ikerleányoknál… így a siami ikertestvéreknél.
Az őrültek szeretik kedvencz rögeszméiket tudományos
idézetekkel támogatni.
– Nekünk is kettőnknek van egy lelkünk… folytatá a kór. A mint
kedvesem szíve utolsót dobban: az enyém is megáll… Hol járunk
most captain?… Adja ön ide a térképet.
A beteg kiterjeszteté ágya fölé a térképet s elaszott kezének
újjával keresett rajta valami helyet.
– Itt van captain… Ez itt a White sziget… Ez itt a Barton Cliff…
Mikor e kettő közé érünk, ottan van nekünk az otthon… Messze még
odáig?… Még húsz mértföld a számítás szerint… Akkor holnap már
helyben leszünk…
Leo nem tudta kiállani e szavakat: félrefordítá arczát.
– Figyeljen rám… captain… ne érzékenykedjék… mit tesz az?…
két utazóval kevesebb; semmi más… Nem nem… bocsásson meg…
On minket nagyon szeretett mind a kettőnket… Legyen áldva érte.
Ön minket salutáltatni fog ágyulövéssel, félárboczra felhúzott
lobogóval s aztán, mikor egyedül lesz, nem látja senki, akkor meg
fog siratni… Legyen boldog az életben!
Most arra kérem önt, hogy a mint halva leszünk, mindkettőnket
göngyöltessen ugyanazon darab vitorlába; lábainkhoz varrasson egy
ágyúgolyót… de az ő arczát ne varrassa oda a vászonhoz tengerész
szokás szerint, azt ne érje semmi sértés… e szép madonna-arczot!…
És azután, mikor a White sziget nyugati csúcsa és Barton Cliffe közé
ér a hajó, ott bocsáttasson le bennünket a tengerbe… hadd menjünk
haza a mi kis fiunkhoz,… a ki mi reánk vár… God bye captain…
üdvözölje nevünkben mindazokat, a kik rólunk megemlékeznek… A
mi kis vagyonom maradt, osztassa ki azok között… a kik nek valami
bánatuk van… Holnap, ha eljön ön ismét egymás mellett fekve fog
bennünket találni… csendesen… szótlanul… Talán addig sem tart…
Már alig ver a szíve… Serena!… Alszol-e?… Melyikünk… öleli meg… a
másikat… utoljára?…
Ezzel megszünt dobogni egy nagy nemes szív, mely nagy
erényeiért nagy jutalmakat vett, nagy botlásaiért nagyon
megszenvedett…
Hibája is az volt, a mi az erénye: – férfi volt s asszonyt szeretett.
Mikor e kettő közé érünk, ottan van nekünk az otthon… Messze még
odáig?… Még húsz mértföld a számítás szerint… Akkor holnap már
helyben leszünk…
Leo nem tudta kiállani e szavakat: félrefordítá arczát.
– Figyeljen rám… captain… ne érzékenykedjék… mit tesz az?…
két utazóval kevesebb; semmi más… Nem nem… bocsásson meg…
On minket nagyon szeretett mind a kettőnket… Legyen áldva érte.
Ön minket salutáltatni fog ágyulövéssel, félárboczra felhúzott
lobogóval s aztán, mikor egyedül lesz, nem látja senki, akkor meg
fog siratni… Legyen boldog az életben!
Most arra kérem önt, hogy a mint halva leszünk, mindkettőnket
göngyöltessen ugyanazon darab vitorlába; lábainkhoz varrasson egy
ágyúgolyót… de az ő arczát ne varrassa oda a vászonhoz tengerész
szokás szerint, azt ne érje semmi sértés… e szép madonna-arczot!…
És azután, mikor a White sziget nyugati csúcsa és Barton Cliffe közé
ér a hajó, ott bocsáttasson le bennünket a tengerbe… hadd menjünk
haza a mi kis fiunkhoz,… a ki mi reánk vár… God bye captain…
üdvözölje nevünkben mindazokat, a kik rólunk megemlékeznek… A
mi kis vagyonom maradt, osztassa ki azok között… a kik nek valami
bánatuk van… Holnap, ha eljön ön ismét egymás mellett fekve fog
bennünket találni… csendesen… szótlanul… Talán addig sem tart…
Már alig ver a szíve… Serena!… Alszol-e?… Melyikünk… öleli meg… a
másikat… utoljára?…
Ezzel megszünt dobogni egy nagy nemes szív, mely nagy
erényeiért nagy jutalmakat vett, nagy botlásaiért nagyon
megszenvedett…
Hibája is az volt, a mi az erénye: – férfi volt s asszonyt szeretett.
Walter Leo barátjának adott igéretét híven beváltá.
A holttestet egy ólomkoporsóba záratta le, s azt maga vitte el
vasúton Hamburgig; ott hajót bérelt a számára s elszállítá azt a
csatornán keresztül egész a White szigetig. Csak Helene kisérte őt,
és fia még.
Ott, a Barton Cliffe láttávolában felhúzatta a félárboczra a
lobogót, hat lövést adatott az ágyúkkal s azzal lebocsáttatá az
ólomkoporsót barátja hült tetemével: – hadd keresse fel kedveseit az
isis és antipathes tündér grottájában.
Higyjük, hogy rájuk talált!…
A holttestet egy ólomkoporsóba záratta le, s azt maga vitte el
vasúton Hamburgig; ott hajót bérelt a számára s elszállítá azt a
csatornán keresztül egész a White szigetig. Csak Helene kisérte őt,
és fia még.
Ott, a Barton Cliffe láttávolában felhúzatta a félárboczra a
lobogót, hat lövést adatott az ágyúkkal s azzal lebocsáttatá az
ólomkoporsót barátja hült tetemével: – hadd keresse fel kedveseit az
isis és antipathes tündér grottájában.
Higyjük, hogy rájuk talált!…
TARTALOM.
II. KÖTET.
A cseh Schweiczon át 1
A hivott könyek 9
Walter Leo bankár 19
Ismét itthon 41
A hiresség átka 49
A hang a tenger alul 62
Éjsarki fölfedezések 70
«Never more». (Soha többé.) 90
Consors és Consors 102
Mademoiselle Belle Ange 118
A kézcsók következményei 128
Gyógyíthatlan bajok 137
Az «új világ» 145
A felelet 153
A titkos kulcs 166
Zeüsz, a nymfa és a faun 181
Fatime 206
Serena 224
FRANKLIN-TÁRSULAT NYOMDÁJA.
Javítások.
II. KÖTET.
A cseh Schweiczon át 1
A hivott könyek 9
Walter Leo bankár 19
Ismét itthon 41
A hiresség átka 49
A hang a tenger alul 62
Éjsarki fölfedezések 70
«Never more». (Soha többé.) 90
Consors és Consors 102
Mademoiselle Belle Ange 118
A kézcsók következményei 128
Gyógyíthatlan bajok 137
Az «új világ» 145
A felelet 153
A titkos kulcs 166
Zeüsz, a nymfa és a faun 181
Fatime 206
Serena 224
FRANKLIN-TÁRSULAT NYOMDÁJA.
Javítások.
Az eredeti szöveg helyesírásán nem változtattunk.
A nyomdai hibákat javítottuk. Ezek listája:
13 legkeresettebb czíkk legkeresettebb czikk
14 tudott felelní tudott felelni
33 mindig volt? mindig volt?»
61 vigyazatlanságot is vigyázatlanságot is
129 rád vetettt rád vetett
131 megtisztelte latogatásávalmegtisztelte látogatásával
166 más elegtétel más elégtétel
175 mást, esak mást, csak
203 börzei fozlalkozásaidat börzei foglalkozásaidat
205 veled megyek veled megyek.
218 megtaszította Giedeont megtaszította Gideont
241 csende sen… csendesen…
A nyomdai hibákat javítottuk. Ezek listája:
13 legkeresettebb czíkk legkeresettebb czikk
14 tudott felelní tudott felelni
33 mindig volt? mindig volt?»
61 vigyazatlanságot is vigyázatlanságot is
129 rád vetettt rád vetett
131 megtisztelte latogatásávalmegtisztelte látogatásával
166 más elegtétel más elégtétel
175 mást, esak mást, csak
203 börzei fozlalkozásaidat börzei foglalkozásaidat
205 veled megyek veled megyek.
218 megtaszította Giedeont megtaszította Gideont
241 csende sen… csendesen…
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