THE CELL

all about cell ,or cell organells

1. WELCOME FROM-VIDYA SHREE

2. THE CELL SUBMITTED TO Dr. Madhu Tandon ( B.Ed Faculty) S.S. Khanna Girl’s Degree College Allahabad SUBMITTED BY Vidya Shree B.Ed (3 rd semester) Roll no.-96 2017-2019 Topic

3. THE CELL GROUP OF CELL TISSUE ORGANS

4. TYPE OF THE CELL

5. CYTOPLASM Cell membrane Mitochondria Nucleous DNA Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome Ribosome Golgi apparatus cytoplasm Ribosome Nucleoid Plasmid Plasma membrane Cell wall Flagella Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell

6. PLANT CELL ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM RIBOSOME CYTOPLASM NUCLEAR PORE NUCLEOUS CELL WALL VACUOLE CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIA VESICLE GOLGIBODY LYSOSOME PEROXISOME NUCLEOLUS NUCLEOPLASM

7. Subcellular Components CELL ORGANELLS Plasma membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Chloroplast Mitochondria Golgibody Lysosome

8. Plasma membrane Security Guard of the Cel l

9. Plasma membrane Corbohydrates Glycoprotein Protein Cholestero l Most accepted model for the structure of the plasma membrane, called the fluid mosaic model , was first proposed in 1972. The plasma membrane not only defines the borders of the cell, but also allows the cell to interact with its environment in a controlled way. Cells must be able to exclude, take in, and excrete various substances, all in specific amounts. In addition, they must able to communicate with other cells, identifying themselves and sharing information . To perform these roles, the plasma membrane needs lipids, which make a semi-permeable barrier between the cell and its environment. It also needs proteins, which are involved cross-membrane transport and cell communication , and carbohydrates ( sugars and sugar chains),

10. Nucleus Cell's brain All work is my responsibility

11. Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Nuclear pore chromatin Nuclear envelop The nucleus (plural, nuclei) houses the cell’s genetic material, or DNA, and is also the site of synthesis for ribosomes, the cellular machines that assemble proteins. Inside the nucleus, chromatin (DNA wrapped around proteins, described further below) is stored in a gel-like substance called nucleoplasm.dark spot inside it. This darkly staining region is called the nucleolus . Some cell types have more than one nucleolus inside the nucleus. For instance, some mouse cells have up to 6 nucleoli, Prokaryotes , which do not have a nucleus, don't have nucleoli and build their ribosomes in the cytosol. Nucleus

12. Ribosome ‘Rough’ with Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum “Road”

13. Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosome Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum ER functions as a manufacturing and packaging system. Structurally, the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes found throughout the cell and connected to the nucleus. The membranes are slightly different from cell to cell and a cell’s function determines the size and structure of the ER. For example, some cells, in prokaryotes RBC, do not have an ER of any kind Rough ER is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to its surface. Smooth ER (SER) acts as a storage organelle . It is important in the creation and storage of lipids and steroids

14. R ibosome Protein factory Ribosome

15. Ribosome Large subunit Small subunit The ribosome is a complex molecule made of ribosomal RNA molecules and proteins that form a factory for protein synthesis in cells. In 1955, George E. Palade discovered ribosomes and described them as small particles in the cytoplasm that preferentially associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane . Prokaryotes have 70 S ribosomes, each consisting of a small ( 30S ) and a large ( 50S ) subunit. Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small ( 40S ) and large ( 60S ) subunit. Large subunit Small subunit

16. Glucose synthesizers of the cell Chloroplast

17. Chloroplasts are found only in plants and photosynthetic algae. (Humans and other animals do not have chloroplasts.) The chloroplast's job is to carry out a process called photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, light energy is collected and used to build sugars from carbon dioxide. The sugars produced in photosynthesis may be used by the plant cell, or may be consumed by animals that eat the plant, such as humans. The energy contained in these sugars is harvested through a process called cellular respiration, which happens in the mitochondria of both plant and animal cells. Chloroplas t H 2 O CO 2 O 2 Glucose

18. Mitochondria Power house of the cell

19. Mitochondria Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion) are often called the powerhouses or energy factories of the cell. Their job is to make a steady supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule. The process of making ATP using chemical energy from fuels such as sugars is called cellular respiration , and many of its steps happen inside the mitochondria. Ribosome Mitochondrial DNA Inner membrane Matrix Intermembrane space cristae

20. Protein Golgi apparatus Post office of the cell

21. Cisternae The Golgi complex is the site of the modification, completion, and export of secretory proteins and glycoproteins. This organelle, first described by the Italian cytologist Camillo Golgi in 1898, has a characteristic structure composed of five to eight flattened, disk-shaped, membrane- defined cisternae arranged in a stack. Secretory proteins and glycoproteins, cell membrane proteins and glycoproteins, lysosomal proteins, and some glycolipids all pass through the Golgi structure at some point in their maturation. In plant cells, much of the cell wall material passes through the Golgi as. GOLGIBODY

22. Foreign particle Potentially dangerous hydrolytic enzymes functioning in acidic conditions (pH 5) are segregated in the lysosomes to protect the other components of the cell from random destruction. Lysosomes are bound by a single phospholipid bilayer membrane. They vary in size and are formed by the fusion of Golgi-derived vesicles with endosomes derived from the cell surface. Enzymes known to be present in the lysosomes include hydrolases that degrade proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, glycolipids, and glycoproteins Endosome fusing With vesicle L ysosomes CELL Damaged organelle Destroyed molecules Lysosome