The Cell Factory

the cell factory notes (organelles and what not)

1. Eukaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
structurestructure

2. The Cell factoryThe Cell factory
OrganellesOrganelles
Highly specialized structures within the cellHighly specialized structures within the cell
Little organsLittle organs
2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cell2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cell
Nucleus Nucleus
The “brain”The “brain”
DNADNA
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Portion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membranePortion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane

3. 2 types of Eukaryotic cells2 types of Eukaryotic cells
Plant cellsPlant cells
Animal cellsAnimal cells
What are the differences? (write them down!!!)What are the differences? (write them down!!!)

4. NucleusNucleus
Brain of the cellBrain of the cell
Office of the factoryOffice of the factory
Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and
with it the coded instructions for making with it the coded instructions for making
PROTEINS and other important PROTEINS and other important
moleculesmolecules

5. Nuclear envelopeNuclear envelope
Surrounds nucleusSurrounds nucleus
Made of 2 membranesMade of 2 membranes
Dotted with thousands of nuclear poresDotted with thousands of nuclear pores
How do we get messages, instructions and How do we get messages, instructions and
blueprints out of the office?blueprints out of the office?
Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by
using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and
other moleculesother molecules

6. Inside the nucleus we Inside the nucleus we
see…see…
Contain a granular material called…Contain a granular material called…
CHROMATINCHROMATIN
Chromatin= DNA + proteinChromatin= DNA + protein
Usually spread out in nucleusUsually spread out in nucleus
During cell division, chromatin clumps During cell division, chromatin clumps
together or condenses…we call this….together or condenses…we call this….
CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES

7. ChromosomesChromosomes
Threadlike structures that contain genetic Threadlike structures that contain genetic
information that is passed on from one information that is passed on from one
generation to the nextgeneration to the next

8. NucleolusNucleolus
Small dense region inside the nucleusSmall dense region inside the nucleus
Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…

10. RibosomesRibosomes
Most important function of cell is…Most important function of cell is…
Making proteinsMaking proteins
Proteins regulate a zillion different thingsProteins regulate a zillion different things
Like…Like…
Proteins are assembled ON RibosomesProteins are assembled ON Ribosomes
Ribosomes are small particles of protein & Ribosomes are small particles of protein &
RNA (what’s RNA?)RNA (what’s RNA?)
They follow instructions from the nucleus to They follow instructions from the nucleus to
make proteins…follow the orders from the make proteins…follow the orders from the
“head haunchos” in the main office“head haunchos” in the main office
Scattered throughout the cell Scattered throughout the cell
They are like little factoriesThey are like little factories
If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how
many ribosomes are you going to have?many ribosomes are you going to have?

12. Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)(ER)
Internal membrane systemInternal membrane system
The site where the lipid components of The site where the lipid components of
the cell membrane are assembled, along the cell membrane are assembled, along
with proteins and other materials with proteins and other materials
exported from the cellexported from the cell
2 types2 types
Smooth ERSmooth ER
Rough ERRough ER

13. Rough ERRough ER
Involved in protein making (synthesis)Involved in protein making (synthesis)
So what are we going to see on it?So what are we going to see on it?
ribosomesribosomes
Once a protein is made, it leaves the Once a protein is made, it leaves the
ribosome and goes into the Rough ERribosome and goes into the Rough ER
The rough ER then modifies the proteinThe rough ER then modifies the protein
All proteins that are exported by the cell All proteins that are exported by the cell
are made on the RERare made on the RER
Membrane proteins are made on the Membrane proteins are made on the
RER tooRER too

15. Smooth ERSmooth ER
NO ribosomes on itNO ribosomes on it
Looks smoothLooks smooth
Contains collections of ENZYMES that have Contains collections of ENZYMES that have
specialized tasksspecialized tasks
What do enzymes do?What do enzymes do?
Tasks include:Tasks include:
Synthesis of membrane lipidsSynthesis of membrane lipids
Detoxification of drugsDetoxification of drugs
Liver cellsLiver cells
Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a
lot of?lot of?

17. Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus
Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo GolgiDiscovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi
Once proteins are done being “modified” in the Once proteins are done being “modified” in the
RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatusRER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus
Looks like a stack of pancakesLooks like a stack of pancakes
Function: Function: modifymodify, , sortsort, and , and packagepackage proteins proteins
and other materials from the ER for STORAGE and other materials from the ER for STORAGE
or SECRETION outside the cellor SECRETION outside the cell
Proteins are “shipped” to final destinationProteins are “shipped” to final destination
They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOPThey are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP
Finishing touches on proteins before they leave Finishing touches on proteins before they leave
factoryfactory

20. LysosomesLysosomes
(Lie-so-soh-mz)(Lie-so-soh-mz)
The factory’s clean-up crewThe factory’s clean-up crew
It’s an Organelle filled with It’s an Organelle filled with
enzymesenzymes
Function: Digestion (break Function: Digestion (break
down) of lipids, down) of lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins carbohydrates, and proteins
into smaller molecules that into smaller molecules that
can be used by the cellcan be used by the cell
Also digest organelles that Also digest organelles that
have outlived their have outlived their
usefulnessusefulness

21. What do you think happens if What do you think happens if
lysosomes malfunction? lysosomes malfunction?
A bunch of “junk” build up in the cellA bunch of “junk” build up in the cell
Is this good?Is this good?
Many human diseases result from Many human diseases result from
malfunction of lysosomemalfunction of lysosome
Tay-Sachs diseaseTay-Sachs disease

22. VacuolesVacuoles
The factory’s storage placeThe factory’s storage place
Only in certain cellsOnly in certain cells
Sac-like organellesSac-like organelles
Function: stores material such as water, Function: stores material such as water,
salts, proteins, and carbohydratessalts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Plant cells have a single, large central Plant cells have a single, large central
vacuolevacuole
Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to
support heavy structuressupport heavy structures

24. Single-celled organisms and Single-celled organisms and
some animals also have some animals also have
vacuoles…vacuoles…
ParameciumParamecium
Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole
Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water
out…this maintains what? out…this maintains what?
homeostasishomeostasis

25. What is the one thing What is the one thing
all living things need all living things need
to eat, breath, to eat, breath,
reproduce, move and reproduce, move and
much more?much more?
ENERGY!!!!ENERGY!!!!

26. Two ways cells get Two ways cells get
energy…energy…
From food moleculesFrom food molecules
From the sunFrom the sun

27. MithochondriaMithochondria
Convert chemical energy stored in food Convert chemical energy stored in food
into compounds that are more into compounds that are more
convienent for the cell to useconvienent for the cell to use
Has 2 membranesHas 2 membranes
Inner membraneInner membrane
Outer membraneOuter membrane
Nearly all come from the ovumNearly all come from the ovum
You get your mitochondria from your mom!You get your mitochondria from your mom!

30. ChloroplastsChloroplasts
Capture energy from the sunlight and Capture energy from the sunlight and
convert it into chemical energy…what is convert it into chemical energy…what is
this process called?this process called?
PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS
Like solar power for plantsLike solar power for plants
2 membranes2 membranes
Inside: large stacks of other membranes Inside: large stacks of other membranes
that contain chlorphyll that contain chlorphyll

33. Organelle DNAOrganelle DNA
Chloroplasts and Chloroplasts and
mitochondria contain mitochondria contain
their own genetic infotheir own genetic info
In form of small DNA In form of small DNA
moleculesmolecules

34. Lynn MargulisLynn Margulis
American biologistAmerican biologist
Chloroplasts and Chloroplasts and
mitochondria are mitochondria are
descendents of descendents of
prokaryotesprokaryotes

35. She said…She said…
Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the
day had a symbiotic relationship with the day had a symbiotic relationship with the
ancient eukaryotesancient eukaryotes
What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)
The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotesThe prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes
There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to
make energy (ATP)make energy (ATP)
MitochondriaMitochondria
There were prokaryotes that used There were prokaryotes that used
photosynthesis to get energyphotosynthesis to get energy
ChloroplastsChloroplasts

36. Endosymbiotic TheoryEndosymbiotic Theory
Idea that Idea that
mitochondria and mitochondria and
chloroplasts evolved chloroplasts evolved
from prokaryotesfrom prokaryotes

37. CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
Supporting structure and Supporting structure and
transportation systemtransportation system
Network of protein filaments that helps Network of protein filaments that helps
the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell to maintain its shape and to help
the cell movethe cell move
2 main type of filaments2 main type of filaments
MicrotubulesMicrotubules
MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments

38. MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments
Threadlike structuresThreadlike structures
Made of protein called ACTINMade of protein called ACTIN
Extensive networksExtensive networks
Tough, flexible frameworkTough, flexible framework
Help cells moveHelp cells move
Assembly and disassembly helps cells Assembly and disassembly helps cells
move (like amoebas)move (like amoebas)

41. MicrotubulesMicrotubules
Hollow structuresHollow structures
Made of proteins called TUBULINSMade of proteins called TUBULINS
Maintain cell’s shapeMaintain cell’s shape
Important in cell divisionImportant in cell division
Make mitotic spindle (separates Make mitotic spindle (separates
chromosomes)chromosomes)
Help build projections from cell surface…Help build projections from cell surface…

42. Cilia and FlagellaCilia and Flagella
Plural: cilium and flagellumPlural: cilium and flagellum
Enable cells to swim rapidly through liquidEnable cells to swim rapidly through liquid
Like oars of a boatLike oars of a boat

44. CentriolesCentrioles
Only animal cellsOnly animal cells
Made of protein Made of protein
TUBULINTUBULIN
What else is made of What else is made of
tubulin?tubulin?
Near nucleusNear nucleus
Help organize cell Help organize cell
divisiondivision

45. Antwon van LeeuwenhookAntwon van Leeuwenhook
Robert HookRobert Hook
Cell TheoryCell Theory
Electron microscopeElectron microscope
ProkaryoteProkaryote
EukaryoteEukaryote
OrganellesOrganelles
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Nuclear envelopeNuclear envelope
ChromatinChromatin
NucleusNucleus
RibosomeRibosome
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulumSmooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulumRough endoplasmic reticulum
Course adjustment knobCourse adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knobFine adjustment knob
ProteinsProteins
DNADNA
Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole
Central VacuoleCentral Vacuole
Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus
LysosomeLysosome
VacuoleVacuole
MitochondrianMitochondrian
ChloroplastChloroplast
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton
CentrioleCentriole
MictrotubuleMictrotubule
MicrofilamentMicrofilament
Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann
Matthias SchleidenMatthias Schleiden
Rudolph VirchowRudolph Virchow
Lynn MargulisLynn Margulis
Endosymbiotic TheoryEndosymbiotic Theory
CiliaCilia
FlagellaFlagella
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
Tay-Sachs diseaseTay-Sachs disease