The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications
kshapiro
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Oct 07, 2011
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Language: en
Added: Oct 07, 2011
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The Coulter Principle for Cellular and
Biological Applications
Multisizer™ 4
The Coulter Principle
•The Coulter Principle, which uses electrical
impedance to measure particulate volume was
developed over 60 years ago for counting and
sizing red blood cells.
•It is the subject of numerous ASTM and ISO
standards for sizing and counting.
•It is independent of particle refractive index,
chemistry, etc. It
will detect any particle that
displaces liquid.
The Coulter Principle in Practice
Particles, liquid and electric current are pumped through an
orifice of an exact diameter
The particles cause changes in the electric current & these
changes are monitored to count and size particles
Current Users of the Multisizer
•Georgia Tech
•MIT
•Harvard
•U. Texas
•UC London
•UC Berkeley
•Leiden U.
• McGill U.
•U. Chicago
•NYU
•UCLA •Lehigh U.
•RIT
• Johns Hopkins
• Columbia
http://www.microbiologybytes.com/virology/kalmakoff/baculo/pics/Apoptosis.gif http://www.microbiologybytes.com/virology/kalmakoff/baculo/pics/Apoptosis.gif
•Apopotosisinvolves the swelling and breaking apart of cellular
structure
•Carefully designed studies can use the Coulter Principle to
understand the role of various chemicals, proteins, etc. in the
process
Studying Cell Death
(Apopotosis)
Cell Shrinkage is a prerequisite
for Apopotosis
Maeno, et al. PNAS 2000, 97, 17, 9487 Maeno, et al. PNAS 2000, 97, 17, 9487
Determining Fertility
based on Sperm Volume
• Depending on the time of year, farm animals display
high or low fertility (counts)
•Volume changes can be indicative of disorders (size)
Hossain, et al, Human Reproduction, 13. 6. 1578-1583. 1998
Effect of Quinine on Sperm
Yeung, et al, J. of Andrology, 23. 4. 522-528 2002 Yeung, et al, J. of Andrology, 23. 4. 522-528 2002
Characterization of Cell Culture
ƒIndustrial scale cell cultures require constant
monitoring and analysis
ƒCoulter Counter provides answers to many
common questions
9How big are the host cells?
9How uniform are the host cells?
9Have any of the host cells broken apart?
9What is the relative percentage of debris to
desired cell type?
Characterization of host rDNA
Cell Culture
Environmental Conditions
Effect Cell Stability and Viability
Filtration Efficiency
•After growing up cell culture, filtration is used to remove debris
•Key parameters are efficiency and fouling‐batch differences in
media culture can cause filter fouling
•The Coulter Principle can be used to help select filters that
perform the best
Data from Major Pharma Company
Company was interested in removing the cellular debris/fragments prior to
pumping the supernatant into downstream processing steps. First two curves
are as harvested (showing debris/fragment concentrations). The remaining
curves are samples set aside in beakers etcthat were then sampled. Two
different clarification filtering systems were used.
Cell Banking: Real Time
Measurement of Changes in Cell Size
Mukherjee, et al, Cryobiology, 55(1):10-18. 2007 Mukherjee, et al, Cryobiology, 55(1):10-18. 2007
•To permanently preserve cell lines, cryoprotectants are
used prior to freezing
• Cryoprotectants themselves cause cell damage
• Studying the rate of this damage and changes in cell size as
a function of time allows users to make better decisions
about preservation methods
Multi‐Tube Overlap:
Bacterial Aggregation in a Culture
Bacterial aggregates can reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. A
combination of detergents and filters can be used to decrease the amount of
'clumps'. The percentage of 'clumps' relative to single cells can be determined
by using two different apertures. The Multi‐Tube Overlap function merges the
results into a single
continuous distribution.
Corollary I: Which Bead
Formulations?
•Micron Sized Beads are used in a variety of
cellular and biological applications
9Typically coated with recognition molecules
9Can be dye‐loaded, magnetic, or other…
9Optimization of formulation conditions is key
•The Coulter Principle is the only technique that
can provide the resolution necessary for these
studies
~6
~12
~18
~24
Formulation B
Formulation A
Corollary I: Which Bead
Formulations?
The volume peaks increase by multiples of 6, indicating singlets,
doublets, triplets, etc.
Corollary II: Microbubble
Characterization
•Large beads (2‐20 micron)
9Hollow and filled with imaging agents
9Most typically applied in ultrasound
9Heavy focus for biomedical research
•The Multisizer
TM
allows researchers to
characterize these emerging imaging agents
Particulates and Aggregates in Protein
Formulations
Beckman Coulter Particle Characterization
Protein Aggregates: Overview
•Problem statement
•The opportunity
•How the Coulter Principle competes
•Voice of the customer
• Frequently asked questions
• References
•The Coulter Principle
Problem Statement:
• Protein scientists have identified an overlooked region of
product quality data.
9Currently, techniques such as AUC, CE, and chromatography provide
information up to 100 nm particles in size.
9Other technologies, such as light blockage provide information above 10 micron
in size.
• A “blind spot” exists with particles between 100 nm and 10
micron.
9Particles in this range may cause immunogenicity.
9Active studies of this size range began in mid-2008.
9Regulators are demanding data in this range.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Science-2009 Journal of Pharmaceutical Science-2009
Genzyme Case Study:
Importance of Particles in Biologics
November 2009 ¾
FDA reports that Cerezyme, Fabrazyme and three other
enzyme drugs that are put into vials at the factory were
contaminated withPARTICLES of steel, rubber or fiber .
¾
Financial analyst predicts the overall cost to the Genzyme
will be in the$200 million to $300 million
range
Genzyme says FDA will oversee its factory
By ANDREW POLLACK
NEW YORK TIMES, Published: March 24, 2010
Key Message
FOREIGN OR PROTEINACEUOS PARTICLES
HAVE THE POTENTIALTO MAKE PEOPLE SICK
The Opportunity:
Regulatory pressure is forcing manufacturers to
account for particulates of smaller and smaller
sizes.
9Current lower limit =10 micron
9Likely future lower limit = 1 micron
Currently used technologies do not perform well
below 10 micron
9The Multisizer™4 has been shown to be very
effective in this size range.
The Opportunity:
•FDA & EMEA require data for particulates less
than 10 micron, but do not specify the technique
that should be used.
9USP and EDQM pharmacopeias DO establish
acceptable techniques for FOREIGN particles greater
than 10 µm
9Two current, acceptable techniques for foreign
particulates greater than 10 µm
‐Technique 1: Light Obscuration
‐Technique 2: Microscopy
USP: United States Pharmacopeia
EMEA: European Medicines Agency
The Opportunity:
•Competing techniques being evaluated for
particulates less than 10 micron:
9The Coulter Principle (BEC)
9Light Blockage (HIAC)
9Flow Imaging (MFI, Flowcam)
Opportunity Matrix:
Particulate
Characteristics
Less than
10 micron
Greater than
10 micron
Foreign
Particulates
Opportunity for MS4
Covered by current
USP & EMEA Methods
Protein
Aggregates
Opportunity for MS4 Opportunity for MS4
USP: United States Pharmacopeia
EMEA: European Medicines Agency
Coulter Principle: Advantage
0.00E+00
6.00E+04
1.20E+05
0.4 1.9 3.4
Diameter (mm)
Number per mL
Pre-filtration Post-Filtration
Approx. light
blockage
lower limit
(~2 μm)
Approx. flow
imaging
lower limit
(~1.5 μm)
Diameter (μm)
Multisizer
TM
4 Data from Actual Protein Therapeutic
Other techniques miss the majority
of particulates
Technique Comparison:
Operating
Principle
Handles
Transparent
Particles?
Min
Sample
Volume
Min
Size
Max
Concentration
Light
Blockage
Light Based Questionable 2 mL
2.0
micron
18,000
particles/mL
Flow
Imaging
Light Based Questionable 2 mL
1.5
micron
750,000
particles/mL
Coulter
Principle
Multisizer
TM
Impedance Excellent 4 mL
0.4
micron
>1,000,000
particles/mL
How can we estimate aggregate mass?
Mass = Density x Volume
AsphericalObjects: Preview
Voice of the Customer:
“We WANT…”
1. Accurate counts below 10 micron, and
ideally as low as 0.1 micron
2. The ability to run samples neat
3. Total sampling volumes between 2 and 5 mL
4. Extremely linear and reproducible data
How We Meet Customer Needs:
Accurate counts below 10μm, ideally as low as 0.1μm
9The MS4 is the only instrument that can count particulates
under 1 μmand down to 0.400 μm.
The ability to run samples neat
9The MS4 can count proteins in a wide variety of native buffers
without dilution
Sampling volumes between 2 and 5 mL
9Our new sample procedure and adaptor allow s volumes as
small as 4 mL
Extremely linear and reproducible data
9The MS4 is highly sensitive and reproducible
9Typical CV's are below 2%
9The Coulter Principle has been used as the #1 method for
counting red blood cells for over 50 years
“Do you have to dilute?”
9Not necessarily. Depends on sample characteristics and
smallest size range needed.
9Protein scientists often dilute for other analyses (size
exclusion chromatography, CE, AUC)
“Can you provide morphology information?”
9Ask why this is important. Customers are most
concerned about counts and current flow image
techniques and rely upon image aspect ratios for
morphology
Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions
“Can you count down to 100 nm?”
9How low can you count now? The Multisizer
TM
is the
only instrument with accurate and reproducible data
below 1 micron.
“What sample volumes are required?”
9The standard set up accommodates 10 mL. However,
we have a special technique for proteins that can use
as little as 4 mL.
“What is the Coulter Principle?”
9It uses electrical impedance to count and size
particles. It has been around for more than 55 years
and widely used as a counting standard.