Introduction 5
were exposed. In taking a scalable approach to individual and group
dynamics, that is, moving from micro to macro levels, Thompson con-
cludes that an agent’s ability to make decisions during the recording
process is both enabled and constrained by their knowledge of both
the field and the domain of record production, further illuminating the
interrelated elements of agency, an ability to make choice, and struc-
ture, those things seen to determine action, within the creative system
of record production.
Janet Fulton, on the other hand, sets out to answer the following
question in Chapter 7: how do print journalists produce, or create, their
work? Fulton states that journalism is seldom thought of as a creative
form of writing. This situation may be primarily because it is conven-
tional to associate the idea of creativity with artistic forms of cultural
production. Journalism is not an ‘artistic’ profession and some see it as
constrained by rules and conventions, or structures, giving little licence
for a journalist to exercise agency, that is, it is thought that the exist-
ence of these structures leaves little room for print journalists to make
creative choice. However, by applying the systems model of creativ-
ity suggested by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi to print journalism, as this
chapter does, it can be clearly seen that journalism is a creative activity
in the same way as such writing genres as poetry and fiction writing.
Rather than differentiating between different forms of writing as high
and low culture, or creative and non-creative, it is more productive to
recognize that all forms of writing are creative. The chapter demon-
strates that in print journalism, as in other forms of cultural production,
creativity occurs when there is a confluence of an individual’s genetic
make-up, personality traits, cognitive structures, home and family
environment, education and life experiences, as well as the journalist’s
interaction with the field and immersion in the domain of journalism.
Couple these individual traits, and the idiosyncratic agency they imply,
with the rules, conventions, techniques, guides and procedures of the
domain, the collection of previously written stories, and the expertise,
judgement and support of print journalism’s field and there is ample
evidence presented here to indicate that each component of the system,
field, domain and person, is necessary but not sufficient by itself for crea-
tivity to occur. From this we can see how creativity in print journalism
occurs within a system of print journalism in action.
Using an innovative Practice Based Enquiry (PBE) approach to
examining creativity as a system in operation, Sarah Coffee’s research,
outlined in Chapter 8, included writing a series of 20 feature articles,
titled Profiling Creativity, with each feature article based on a different