The detailed study of anatomy of vascular plants

Pptx shows the data about the detailef overview of anatomy of vascular plants

1. Presentation: Anatomy of vascular plants Presented to: Prof.Dr.Aisha Nazir Presented by: Group No. 3 Class: (ADP)BS 6th semester Roll No. 21-30 Topic: Anatomy of reproductive structures in vascular plants

2. Table of contents: Introduction to reproductive parts in vascular plants Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angioperms Monocot and dicot Importance of vascular plants

3. INTRODUCTION TO REPRODUCTIVE PARTS IN VASCULAR PLANTS PRESENTED BY: Amna Bibi BSBT-21F23

4. Anatomy of Reproductive Structures in Pteridophytes Presented bY : Iqra Aziz BSBT-22F23

5. Pteridophytes : A pteridophyte is a vascular plant that reproduces by means of spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as “cryptogams”, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden.

6. Representative Species: Pteridophytes are a group of vascular, spore-producing plants that include true ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, clubmosses, quillworts, and spike mosses.

7. Plant body Sporophyte: Sporophyte reproduces by formation of asexual reproductive units the spores ,produced in a complex trilobed structures,the synangia . Gametophyte: The sex organs develop on separate independent but much reduced plants the gametophyte.It is reduced and photosynthetic in nature.

8. Reproductive Structures: There are two Reproductive Structures. Antheridia ( male sex organ ) Archegonia( female sex organ )

9. Antheridium: Antheridia produces gametes called antherozoids . Mature antheridium is globular, embedded in the gametophyte and consists of an outer sterile wall inside which are found a large number of androcytes .Each androcyte metamorphosis into a single motile antherozoid .

10. Archegonium : Archegonium are flask shaped. Each archegonium consist of basal swollen embedded portion the venter and a short neck .The venter encloses the egg and venter canal cell . At maturity the apical cells of archegonium separate the neck canal cells disintegrate forming a passage for antherozoids to reach the egg.

11. Equisetum: Structure and Development of Archegonium

12. Equisetum: Structure and Development of Antheridium

13. Life cycle of a Pteridophyte ( fern ):

14. Alternation of generations Pteridophytes show a true alternation of generations. The dominant sporophyte produces spores through meiosis. The gametophyte generation forms gametes by mitosis. Antherozoids get transferred to the archegonia only in the presence of water. Once the fusion of the gametes occurs, a zygote is formed. This zygote produces the sporophyte, after division.
When the spores of the plants are similar then these plants are called homosporous plants. Heterosporous plants are the ones that have two different kinds of spores. They are the megaspores and the microspores.

15. Gymnosperms Hamna khalid BSBT-24F23 Khadijah BSBT-25F23

16. Introduction: Naked seed non-flowering plants are called gymnosperms. The gymnospermae means naked seeded (Gymno= naked and spermae= seed ) . They become dominant in the Jurassic period. Most of the gymnosperms are evergreen trees. They are most abundant in temperate region. The fossils of gymnosperms are found near coal and oil deposits. The ovules in these plants are not enclosed.The ovules are borne on the exposed surface of fertile leaves. Gymnosperm

17. Anatomy of repoductive sutructure Sporophyte: have independent and dominant.It produce two types of spores. Microspores Megaspores Gametophyte: The gametophyte is very much reduced.It consists of two types. Male gametophyte Female gametophyte

18. Gymnosperms Reproductive structure: Gymnosperms show a clear alternation of sporophytic and gametophytic generations. Cones or strobili: Gymnosperms are heterosporous.They produce micro and megaspores.There are two types of strobili or cones. Male cone Female cone Sporangia a)Microspore and microsporangia: TheMicrospore are produced in microsporangia.They are borne on microsporophyll. b)Megaspores and megasporangia: The Megaspores are produced in megasporangia.They are borne on the megasporophylls.The ovules are covered by single integument.

19. Gymnosperms

20. Gymnosperms

21. Gymnosperms Pollination : is the transfer of pollen grain from male cone to the micropylar end of the ovule on female cone.It occurs by wind. Formation of embryo and seed: Oospore is the begining of gametophytic generation.The Oospore give rise to the embryo.It Leads to the formation of seeds.

22. Gymnosperms

23. Gymnosperms Reproductive structure Male strobilli bearing microspores Female strobilli bearing megaspores Microsporophyle Megasporophyle

24. Anatomy of reproductive structure in Pinus Male cone Male cone consists of axis upon which microsporophyle arranged spirally.Microsporangia develop on lower surface of microsporophyle Microsporangia Mature microsporangia consists of four layered sporangium wall outermost layer help in dehiscence and innermost wall layer act as nutritive layer called tapetum

25. Gymnosperms

26. Gymnosperms Female cone Female cone consist of axise upon which series of appendages called bracts scales is arranged Megasporangia or ovule megasporangium is formed from parent sporophyte which is diploid . This megasporangium undergoes meiotic divisions to produce haploid female gametophyte.

27. Ovule or megasporangia of pinus It consists of nucellus covered by single integument (unitegmic). The integument is divided into an outer fleshy layer, a middle stony layer and an inner fleshy layer.

28. Life cycle of pinus

29. Reproductive structure of Ephedra Ephedra is heterosporous, i.e., two types of spores (microspores in male flowers and megaspores in the female flowers) are present. The male and female flowers are present in the form of cone-like, compound male and female strobili, respectively. ( These flowers are not true flowers but look like flowers)

30. Anatomy of reproductive structure

31. Reproductive structure in Angiosperms Presented by: Afshan shehzadi BSBT-27F23

32. Angiosperms : Angiosperms are the vascular plants with stem ,root and leaves. They are the flowering plants. The seed of Angiosperms are found in the flower. The seed develop inside the plant organs and form fruit ,hence they are also known as flowering plants.

33. Classification of Angiosperms Monocot plants One cotyledons. Contain adventitious roots. Vascular bundles are in scattered form Leaves are simple and parallel in venation. Dicot plants Two cotyledons Contain tap roots. Vascular bundles are in ringed form. Leaves are in reticulate venation .

34. Reproductive structure in monocot

35. Stamen: Stamen are the male reproductive organ of flowering plants. A stamen is composed of a filament and an anther. Carpel: Carpel are the female reproductive structure. It consist of stigma, style and ovary.

36. Anatomy of stamen: Anther : Anther is the two lobed structure at the top of the filament. Anther consist of four sac like structure (microsporangia) that produce pollen for pollination. Filament: Filament is a long slender stalk . Filament transmits water and nutrients to the anther and positions it to aid pollen dispersal.

37. Anatomy of carpel : Stigma : Stigma is the sticky knob at the top portion of the carpel that provides the site for pollination. Style: Style is the tube like structure that connect the stigma to the ovary . Ovary : The ovary is present at the base of the carpel The style leads to the ovary that contains the female egg cells called ovules.

38. Reproductive structure in corn

39. Pollination system in monocot: There are major 3 types of Pollination in monocots: Zoophilous ( animal Pollinated) Water Pollinated Wind Pollinated

40. Types of fertilization: The pollen tube makes its way into the ovule after entering the ovary. The pollen tube can penetrate the ovule in three ways. Through the micropyle . Through t he chalaza (basal part of the ovule) end . Through t he integument .

41. Process of fertilization:

42. Dicotyledons PRESNTED BY: Amna Mukhtar BSBT-28F23

43. Introduction The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.

44. Reproductive organs in dicot plant Dicots reproduce by using flowers, the way all angiosperms reproduce. The flower contains both the male and female sex organs of the plant. There are four parts of flower. Sepals ( Protection of flower bud) Petals (Attraction of pollinator) Carpels ( Female reproductive organ) Stamen( Male reproductive organ)

45. Stamen Stamens are the male reproductive organs of flowering plants. They consist of an anther, the site of pollen development, and in most species a stalk-like filament , which transmits water and nutrients to the anther and positions it to aid pollen dispersal.

46. Carpel Thr carpel is the female reproductive organ of a flowering plant. Consisting of three parts including the stigma, style, and ovary, the carpel works with the stamen to facilitate pollination The stigma is the top portion of the carpel that provides the site for pollination. Style is the tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary. The ovary is present at the base of the carpel and a carpel may possess one or more ovules that develop into seeds upon fertilization.

47. A flower can have more than one carpel. A flower can have one carpel to many carpels. When two or more carpels are present they can be distinct and called apocarpous. When they are fused together (connate) called syncarpous.

48. Pollination Pollination is defined : " The pre-fertilization event or process, where pollen grains from anther are transferred to the stigma of a flower.” Types of pollination Self pollination Cross pollination

49. Fertilization in dicot plant

50. Fruit formation in dicot plant The formation of fruits in flowers starts from the moment the pollen reaches the stigma followed by fertilization. Fruit formation is a post-fertilization event, after the fertilization, the ovary undergoes changes to form the fruit. The ovules after fertilization changes into seeds.

51. Types of fruit

52. Development of dicot embryo

53. Presented by: Ayesha Anwar Roll No: BSBT-29F23

54. PTERIDOPHYTES(first vascular plants) GYMNOSOERMS(seeded plants) ANGIOSPERMS(flowering plants) Reproduce vegetative and asexually Reproduce asexually and sexually Reproduce vegetative and sexually They produce asexual haploid spores. In asexual cycle they are heterosporous . The plant is diploid and a sporophyte. Spores are present in sporangia. They produce haploid megaspore and microspores. Sporophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle. On germination spores give rise to haploid gametophyte. The spores are produced in sporangia, present on sporophyll . Stamens and carpels are the reproductive parts of flower. The gametophyte may be exosporic or endosporic . In sexual reproduction, they produce male and female gametophyte. Stamens are microsporophyll's and carpels are megasporophyll . They show true alternation of generation. The formation of several embryo in a single gametophyte is common in gymnosperms. The gametophyte stage is haploid, much reduced and dependent on sporophyte. Sporophyte generation is the dominant generation. Sporophyte generation is dominant in gymnosperms. The microspore and megaspore develop into male and female gametophyte respectively.

55. IMPORTANCE OF VASCULAR PLANTS

56. PTERIDOPHYTES (First vascular plants) They are grown as ornamental plants for their delicate and graceful leaves. Pteridophytes are grown as a soil-binding agent, as they bind the soil even along hill slopes. Equisetum stems have been used for metal polishing and scouring (cleaning of cutlery). Scouring rushes are another name for Equisetum species. Anabaena azollae , a cyanobacterium that fixes nitrogen, coexists symbiotically with the water fern Azolla . It is immunized against paddy fields that act as biological fertilizers. Pteridophytes serve as a valuable source of food for animals, just like other plants. A water fern called Marsilea produces starch in its sporocarps , which is consumed by the tribal peoples. Dryopteris rhizomes are used to make an anthelmintic medication (Male Shield Fern).  Dry fronds of many ferns are used as a cattle feed.  Pteridophytes are also used as a medicine. Ferns are basically used as ornamental plants.

57. GYMNOSPERMS ( Seeded plants) Gymnosperms are a good source of food. Seeds of these non-flowering plants are widely used as an edible species, used for producing various food products. These plant species include: ginko , pinus , cycas , etc. A few species of gymnosperms are a good source of starch and are also used in the production of sago. Gymnosperms have economic importance in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. They are used in the production of food products, medicines, and fragrances. They are also used in decoration and the manufacture of eco-friendly products. The seeds of Macrozamia , Torreya and Pinus species are source of fatty oils used as food. Resins are plant exudates secreted in specialized canals or ducts. They are insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents and are used in varnishes, paints, lacquers, and in paper sizing. The major source of resins are conifers. The most common of these are Rosin, Canada bolsom etc. Various kind of essential oils are obtained from different conifer species. Abiessachaliensis produce Japanese pine need oil used in making cantered soaps. Oil obtained from Cedrusatlantica and Cedrusdeodara used in perfumery. Turpentine oil obtained from pinus spp , is used in solvent ; making paints and varnished, as thinner etc.

58. ANGIOSPERMS (Flowering plants) Medicinal Use:  Many angiosperms are used in traditional and modern medicine. For example, Cinchona provides quinine for treating malaria, Papaver somniferum provides morphine for pain relief, and Digitalis purpurea provides digoxin for heart conditions. Industrial Use:  Angiosperms provide raw materials for various industries. Cotton and jute for the textile industry, timber for the construction industry, and rubber for the manufacturing industry are all derived from angiosperms. Ornamental Use:  Many angiosperms are grown for their aesthetic appeal. Roses, lilies, tulips, and orchids are examples of ornamental plants Food Production:  The majority of our food comes from angiosperms. Cereals like wheat, rice, maize, and millets; pulses like peas and beans; oilseeds like groundnut and mustard; fruits like mango, apple, and banana; and vegetables like potato, onion, and brinjal are all derived from angiosperms. Environmental Importance:  Angiosperms play a crucial role in maintaining the environment. They help in soil conservation, act as windbreaks, and contribute to the oxygen-carbon dioxide balance in the atmosphere. Source of Spices and Beverages:  Many spices like pepper, clove, and cardamom, and beverages like tea and coffee are obtained from angiosperms.  They also provide us with spices, textiles, herbs, and pharmaceuticals. Angiosperms are also responsible for providing timbers and other wood.

59. REFRENCES. A Textbook of Botany Paper A ( Caravan book series). https://www.britannica.com/plant/angiosperm/Significance-to-humans . https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/plant-kingdom/gymnosperms/ . https://byjus.com/question-answer/how-do-pteridophytes-reproduce-sexually/ . A textbook of BOTANY( Riaz ul Haq Ramay ). https://www.ucbmsh.org/colleges-in-dehradun/courses/botany-courses-in-dehradun/economic-importance-pteridophytes/#:~:text=Pteridophytes%20commonly%20known%20as%20Vascular,also%20used%20as%20a%20medicin.

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