The Earth's History and Geologic Time Scale.pdf
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Oct 22, 2025
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About This Presentation
The geologic time scale is a chronological system that divides Earth's 4.6 billion-year history into major divisions: eons, eras, periods, and epochs. It is based on the study of rock layers and fossils, and it is used to relate geological and biological events to specific time frames. The large...
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a. describe the methods that the
scientists used to date the age of rocks
b. name the four geologic eras
c. identify the major life forms and
geologic events that occurred in each of
the geologic eras
scientists used to date the age of rocks
b. name the four geologic eras
c. identify the major life forms and
geologic events that occurred in each of
the geologic eras
I believe that the more you
know about the past, the
better you are prepared for
the future.
know about the past, the
better you are prepared for
the future.
vThe major assumption of Geology
vEvents of the past occurred the same way that they
are occurring today.
vIs the idea that the Earth's geological processes and
natural laws have been constant over time, meaning
the present is the key to understanding the past.
vEvents of the past occurred the same way that they
are occurring today.
vIs the idea that the Earth's geological processes and
natural laws have been constant over time, meaning
the present is the key to understanding the past.
Used to determine whether an object or
event is older or younger than other
objects or events.
Tool:
Sedimentar
y rocks
They are formed from the fragments of
other rock types.
New sedimentary rocks are flat.Fossils are deposited in these rocks
event is older or younger than other
objects or events.
Tool:
Sedimentar
y rocks
They are formed from the fragments of
other rock types.
New sedimentary rocks are flat.Fossils are deposited in these rocks
IDEA OF UNCONFORMITIES
Idea Of Unconformities
Used to measure the absolute age of an
object or event by analyzing isotopes of
radioactive elements.
Tool:
Radioactive
Isotopes
Isotopes-Atoms of the same element that
have similar # of p+ but different # of n⁰.
Unstable isotopes that break down stable
isotopes and/ or elements-Radioactive Decay
object or event by analyzing isotopes of
radioactive elements.
Tool:
Radioactive
Isotopes
Isotopes-Atoms of the same element that
have similar # of p+ but different # of n⁰.
Unstable isotopes that break down stable
isotopes and/ or elements-Radioactive Decay
Time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive
substance to undergo radioactive decay.
substance to undergo radioactive decay.
PARENT ISOTOPE HALF- LIFE STABLE DAUGHTER
Uranium-235 704 million years Lead-207
Uranium-238 4.5 billion years Lead-206
Potassium-40 1.25 billion years Argon-40
Thorium-232 14.0 billion years Lead-208
Lutetium-176 35.9 billion years Hafnium-176
Rubidium-87 48.8 billion years Strontium-87
Samarium-147 106 billion years Neodymium-143
Uranium-235 704 million years Lead-207
Uranium-238 4.5 billion years Lead-206
Potassium-40 1.25 billion years Argon-40
Thorium-232 14.0 billion years Lead-208
Lutetium-176 35.9 billion years Hafnium-176
Rubidium-87 48.8 billion years Strontium-87
Samarium-147 106 billion years Neodymium-143
1. An Ancient bone was
found and analyze. It
contain Potassium-40
that have decayed for
nearly 2 half- lives. How
old is the bone?
2. An igneous rock
contains ½ of its
original amount of
Potassium-40. how old
is the rock?
2.5 billion years 1.25 billion years
found and analyze. It
contain Potassium-40
that have decayed for
nearly 2 half- lives. How
old is the bone?
2. An igneous rock
contains ½ of its
original amount of
Potassium-40. how old
is the rock?
2.5 billion years 1.25 billion years
Indicates the life forms
present in different periods.
System used by scientists to relate
stratigraphy and time to any geologic events.
present in different periods.
System used by scientists to relate
stratigraphy and time to any geologic events.
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (GTS) BOOK PAGE 64
EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH AGE
PHANEROIC
CENOZOIC
QUATERNARY
HOLOCENE 0.1
PLEISTOCENE 1.8
TERTIARY
PLIOCENE 5.3
MIOCENE 23.0
OLIGOCENE 33.9
EOCENE 55.8
PALEOCENE 65.5
MESOZOIC
CRETACEOUS 145
JURASSIC 200
TRIASSIC 251
PALEOZOIC
PERMIAN 299
PENNSYLVANIAN 318
MISSISSIPPIAN 359
DEVONIAN 416
SILURIAN 444
ORDOVICIAN 488
CAMBRIAN 542
PRECAMBRIAN
PROTEROZOIC BACTERIA & BLUE-GREEN ALGAE 2500
ARCHEAN OLDEST FOSSILS 3800
HADEAN BEGINNING OF EARTH 4600
EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH AGE
PHANEROIC
CENOZOIC
QUATERNARY
HOLOCENE 0.1
PLEISTOCENE 1.8
TERTIARY
PLIOCENE 5.3
MIOCENE 23.0
OLIGOCENE 33.9
EOCENE 55.8
PALEOCENE 65.5
MESOZOIC
CRETACEOUS 145
JURASSIC 200
TRIASSIC 251
PALEOZOIC
PERMIAN 299
PENNSYLVANIAN 318
MISSISSIPPIAN 359
DEVONIAN 416
SILURIAN 444
ORDOVICIAN 488
CAMBRIAN 542
PRECAMBRIAN
PROTEROZOIC BACTERIA & BLUE-GREEN ALGAE 2500
ARCHEAN OLDEST FOSSILS 3800
HADEAN BEGINNING OF EARTH 4600
is roughly 4.1
billion years ago were 88% of the
Earth’ history happened.
ü The perceived harshness of the
primordial Earth happened
during (chaotic eon)-
bombardment of meteorites and
severe volcanic activities.
üDuring this era, ocean and
atmosphere were formed. The
crust and core was also stabilized.
billion years ago were 88% of the
Earth’ history happened.
ü The perceived harshness of the
primordial Earth happened
during (chaotic eon)-
bombardment of meteorites and
severe volcanic activities.
üDuring this era, ocean and
atmosphere were formed. The
crust and core was also stabilized.
was when the
Earth became warm but
the atmosphere contain
only methane with little
to no oxygen (orange
atmosphere).
ü Most of Earth was still
covered with water.
Oceans were green due
to abundance of iron and
stromatolites.
Earth became warm but
the atmosphere contain
only methane with little
to no oxygen (orange
atmosphere).
ü Most of Earth was still
covered with water.
Oceans were green due
to abundance of iron and
stromatolites.
was when the
atmosphere began to have
oxygen, eukaryotes diversified,
multicellular animals spread
and continents began to drift
away.
was when fossils
of marine
invertebrates(trilobites and
brachiopods) were formed in
sedimentary layers.
atmosphere began to have
oxygen, eukaryotes diversified,
multicellular animals spread
and continents began to drift
away.
was when fossils
of marine
invertebrates(trilobites and
brachiopods) were formed in
sedimentary layers.
was when the
atmosphere began to have
oxygen, eukaryotes diversified,
multicellular animals spread
and continents began to drift
away.
was when fossils
of marine
invertebrates(trilobites and
brachiopods) were formed in
sedimentary layers.
atmosphere began to have
oxygen, eukaryotes diversified,
multicellular animals spread
and continents began to drift
away.
was when fossils
of marine
invertebrates(trilobites and
brachiopods) were formed in
sedimentary layers.
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PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø The era has been divided into
six periods:
8%
TRILOBITES
BRACHIOPOD
1. Cambrian Period
2. Ordovician Period
3. Devonian Period
4. Silurian Period
5. Carboniferous Period
6. Permian Period
PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø The era has been divided into
six periods:
8%
TRILOBITES
BRACHIOPOD
1. Cambrian Period
2. Ordovician Period
3. Devonian Period
4. Silurian Period
5. Carboniferous Period
6. Permian Period
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PALEOZOIC ERA
ØCAMBRIAN PERIOD (544- 505
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
TRILOBITES
FOSSILS OF
SPONGES
ØFollowing the Precambrian
mass extinction, there was an
explosion of new kinds of
organisms in the Cambrian.
PALEOZOIC ERA
ØCAMBRIAN PERIOD (544- 505
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
TRILOBITES
FOSSILS OF
SPONGES
ØFollowing the Precambrian
mass extinction, there was an
explosion of new kinds of
organisms in the Cambrian.
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PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø many types of primitive
animal called sponges evolved.
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
TRILOBITES
FOSSILS OF
SPONGES
Ø Small ocean invertebrates
(animal without backbone)
called trilobites, were very
abundant.
PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø many types of primitive
animal called sponges evolved.
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
TRILOBITES
FOSSILS OF
SPONGES
Ø Small ocean invertebrates
(animal without backbone)
called trilobites, were very
abundant.
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PALEOZOIC ERA
ØORDOVICIAN PERIOD (505- 440
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
FIRST FISH
PLANTS ON
LAND
Ø The oceans were filled with
invertebrates on many types.
Ø first fish evolved
PALEOZOIC ERA
ØORDOVICIAN PERIOD (505- 440
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
FIRST FISH
PLANTS ON
LAND
Ø The oceans were filled with
invertebrates on many types.
Ø first fish evolved
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PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø plants colonized the land
for the first time, but
animals still remained in the
water.
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
FIRST FISH
PLANTS ON
LAND
PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø plants colonized the land
for the first time, but
animals still remained in the
water.
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
FIRST FISH
PLANTS ON
LAND
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PALEOZOIC ERA
ØSILURIAN PERIOD(440- 410
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
FIRST FISH
PLANTS ON
LAND
Ø In the oceans, corals appeared
and fish continued to evolved.
PALEOZOIC ERA
ØSILURIAN PERIOD(440- 410
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
FIRST FISH
PLANTS ON
LAND
Ø In the oceans, corals appeared
and fish continued to evolved.
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PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø DEVONIAN PERIOD (410- 360
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
FIRST FISH
PLANTS ON
LAND
Ø The first seed plants evolved. Seeds
had a protective coat and stored
food to help them survive.
ØSeed plants eventually became the
most common type of land plants.
PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø DEVONIAN PERIOD (410- 360
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
FIRST FISH
PLANTS ON
LAND
Ø The first seed plants evolved. Seeds
had a protective coat and stored
food to help them survive.
ØSeed plants eventually became the
most common type of land plants.
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PALEOZOIC ERA
ØCARBONIFEROUS PERIOD (360-290
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
ICHTHYOSTEGA
HYLONOMUS
Ø widespread forest of huge
plants left massive deposits of
carbon that eventually turned
to coal.
PALEOZOIC ERA
ØCARBONIFEROUS PERIOD (360-290
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
ICHTHYOSTEGA
HYLONOMUS
Ø widespread forest of huge
plants left massive deposits of
carbon that eventually turned
to coal.
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PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø The first amphibian evolved to
colonize land, but hey had to
return to the water to reproduce.
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
ICHTHYOSTEGA
HYLONOMUS
Ø Soon after amphibians arose,
the first reptiles evolved. They
were the first animals that
could reproduce on dry land.
PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø The first amphibian evolved to
colonize land, but hey had to
return to the water to reproduce.
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
ICHTHYOSTEGA
HYLONOMUS
Ø Soon after amphibians arose,
the first reptiles evolved. They
were the first animals that
could reproduce on dry land.
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PALEOZOIC ERA
ØPERMIAN PERIOD (290-245
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
Ø All the major land masses
collided form a supercontinent
called pangaea.
PALEOZOIC ERA
ØPERMIAN PERIOD (290-245
MYA)
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
Ø All the major land masses
collided form a supercontinent
called pangaea.
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PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø Temperatures were extreme
and climate was dry.
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
Ø Plants and animals evolved
adaptations to dryness, such as
waxy leaves or leathery skin to
prevent water loss.
PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø Temperatures were extreme
and climate was dry.
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
Ø Plants and animals evolved
adaptations to dryness, such as
waxy leaves or leathery skin to
prevent water loss.
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PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø THE END PERMIAN MASS
EXTINCTION EVENT ( THE GREAT
DYING) marks the end of the
Paleozoic era. This extinction event
was so severe that it resulted in the
loss of about 90% of all the species on
the earth at the time
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
Ø The Permian ended with a
mass extinction.
PALEOZOIC ERA
Ø THE END PERMIAN MASS
EXTINCTION EVENT ( THE GREAT
DYING) marks the end of the
Paleozoic era. This extinction event
was so severe that it resulted in the
loss of about 90% of all the species on
the earth at the time
PALEOZOIC
ERA
8%
Ø The Permian ended with a
mass extinction.
marks the break up of major land masses.
üLargest creatures were believed to appear in this era which are
descendants of reptiles in the Paleozoic era (dinosaurs)
üLargest creatures were believed to appear in this era which are
descendants of reptiles in the Paleozoic era (dinosaurs)
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MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø The Mesozoic Era is further
divided into three periods:
Ø TRIASSIC PERIOD
Ø JURASSIC PERIOD
Ø CRETACEOUS PERIOD
MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø The Mesozoic Era is further
divided into three periods:
Ø TRIASSIC PERIOD
Ø JURASSIC PERIOD
Ø CRETACEOUS PERIOD
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MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
ØTRIASSIC PERIOD (251.9 to 201. 3
MYA)
Ø By the start, all the landmasses
had coalesced to form Pangaea (a
supercontinent shaped like a giant C
straddled the Equator and extended
toward the Poles.
MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
ØTRIASSIC PERIOD (251.9 to 201. 3
MYA)
Ø By the start, all the landmasses
had coalesced to form Pangaea (a
supercontinent shaped like a giant C
straddled the Equator and extended
toward the Poles.
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MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø During the Triassic period, first
dinosaurs walked on the land, the
first pterosaurs sailed through the
sky and the first ichthyosaurs and
plesiosaurs swam in the oceans.
MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø During the Triassic period, first
dinosaurs walked on the land, the
first pterosaurs sailed through the
sky and the first ichthyosaurs and
plesiosaurs swam in the oceans.
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MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø MASSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTION
from a large region known as the
Central Atlantic Magmatic Province
(CAMP) spewed forth huge amounts
of lava and gas, including carbon
dioxide, sulfur and methane.
MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø MASSIVE VOLCANIC ERUPTION
from a large region known as the
Central Atlantic Magmatic Province
(CAMP) spewed forth huge amounts
of lava and gas, including carbon
dioxide, sulfur and methane.
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MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø JURASSIC PERIOD (208 to 200
MYA)
Ø At the beginning the continent,
PANGAEA, split into two continents:
LAURASIA AND GONDWANA. This
division opened up what would
eventually become the Gulf of Mexico
and the Atlantic Ocean.
MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø JURASSIC PERIOD (208 to 200
MYA)
Ø At the beginning the continent,
PANGAEA, split into two continents:
LAURASIA AND GONDWANA. This
division opened up what would
eventually become the Gulf of Mexico
and the Atlantic Ocean.
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MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø Dinosaurs continued as the
dominant species and evolved
gigantic.
Ø Near the end of the Jurassic
period several species died out
giving rise to the Cretaceous
Period.
MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø Dinosaurs continued as the
dominant species and evolved
gigantic.
Ø Near the end of the Jurassic
period several species died out
giving rise to the Cretaceous
Period.
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MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø CRETACIOUS PERIOD (145 to 66
MYA)
Ø During this period, oceans formed
as land shifted and broke out of
one big supercontinent into
smaller ones.
MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø CRETACIOUS PERIOD (145 to 66
MYA)
Ø During this period, oceans formed
as land shifted and broke out of
one big supercontinent into
smaller ones.
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MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø The leading theory of what
caused Mesozoic era to end was
that huge asteroid or comet
slammed into Earth 65 million
years ago, blocking sunlight,
changing the climate and setting
off global wildfires.
MESOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF REPTILES)
Ø The leading theory of what
caused Mesozoic era to end was
that huge asteroid or comet
slammed into Earth 65 million
years ago, blocking sunlight,
changing the climate and setting
off global wildfires.
mountains were uplifted and new life forms
started to appear. Volcanic activities are wide spread, warm-
blooded animals like marsupials and mammals roamed on
land.
üHuman left marks on land and stone tools were observed
started to appear. Volcanic activities are wide spread, warm-
blooded animals like marsupials and mammals roamed on
land.
üHuman left marks on land and stone tools were observed
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø The Cenozoic Era is generally
divided into three periods:
Ø Paleogene
Ø Neogene
Ø Quaternary
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø The Cenozoic Era is generally
divided into three periods:
Ø Paleogene
Ø Neogene
Ø Quaternary
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
TERTIARY PERIOD (65- 1.8
MYA)
Ø Earth’s climate was generally warm
and humid.
Ø Mammals evolved to fill virtually all
niches vacated by dinosaurs. Many
mammals increased in size.
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
TERTIARY PERIOD (65- 1.8
MYA)
Ø Earth’s climate was generally warm
and humid.
Ø Mammals evolved to fill virtually all
niches vacated by dinosaurs. Many
mammals increased in size.
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø TERTIARY PERIOD (65- 1.8
MYA)
Ø Tertiary period (also referred to
as the Paleogene and Neogene
Period) represent the first
geological period in the Cenozoic
era.
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø TERTIARY PERIOD (65- 1.8
MYA)
Ø Tertiary period (also referred to
as the Paleogene and Neogene
Period) represent the first
geological period in the Cenozoic
era.
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Mammals called primates evolved,
including human ancestors
Ø flowering plants and insects were
numerous and widespread.
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Mammals called primates evolved,
including human ancestors
Ø flowering plants and insects were
numerous and widespread.
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø The tertiary period is generally
divided into 5 epochs namely:
Ø Paleocene
ØEocene
ØOligocene
Ø Miocene
Ø Pliocene
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø The tertiary period is generally
divided into 5 epochs namely:
Ø Paleocene
ØEocene
ØOligocene
Ø Miocene
Ø Pliocene
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Paleocene Epoch (65- 55.8 MYA)
Ø The Paleocene Epoch opens and
closes with major events in Earth’s
history and was a great time for
evolution and diversification.
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Paleocene Epoch (65- 55.8 MYA)
Ø The Paleocene Epoch opens and
closes with major events in Earth’s
history and was a great time for
evolution and diversification.
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Most striking features of this
epoch was the complete absence of
dinosaur and other reptilian
groups that were dominant during
the preceding Cretaceous period.
Ø rapid proliferation and evolution
of mammals.
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Most striking features of this
epoch was the complete absence of
dinosaur and other reptilian
groups that were dominant during
the preceding Cretaceous period.
Ø rapid proliferation and evolution
of mammals.
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Eocene Epoch (66- 33.9 MYA)
Ø marks the first appearance in the fossil
record of the two completely marine
mammal groups, the cetaceans (whales,
porpoises, and dolphins) and the sirenians
(the modern manatees and dugongs).
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Eocene Epoch (66- 33.9 MYA)
Ø marks the first appearance in the fossil
record of the two completely marine
mammal groups, the cetaceans (whales,
porpoises, and dolphins) and the sirenians
(the modern manatees and dugongs).
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø they also provides the first
elephant- like animals and the
early bats
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø they also provides the first
elephant- like animals and the
early bats
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
ØOligocene Epoch 34-23 MYA)
Ø Major changes during this epoch
includes a global expansion of
grasslands, and a regression of
tropical broad leaf forests to
equatorial belt.
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
ØOligocene Epoch 34-23 MYA)
Ø Major changes during this epoch
includes a global expansion of
grasslands, and a regression of
tropical broad leaf forests to
equatorial belt.
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
ØMiocene Epoch (23-5. 3 MYA)
Ø The Miocene saw a change in
global circulation patterns due
to slight position changes of the
continents and globally warmer
climates.
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
ØMiocene Epoch (23-5. 3 MYA)
Ø The Miocene saw a change in
global circulation patterns due
to slight position changes of the
continents and globally warmer
climates.
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Pliocene Epoch (5. 3-2.6 MYA)
Ø The Pliocene Epoch saw general
climatic cooling, with subtropical
regions retreating equatorially.
Ø Hominid Evolution
Ø Rise of Isthmus of Panama
ØRise of Himalayas
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Pliocene Epoch (5. 3-2.6 MYA)
Ø The Pliocene Epoch saw general
climatic cooling, with subtropical
regions retreating equatorially.
Ø Hominid Evolution
Ø Rise of Isthmus of Panama
ØRise of Himalayas
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Quaternary Period (1.8 MYA –
to Present)
Ø climates cooled, leading to a series
of ice ages. This created land
bridges between continents,
allowing land animals to move to
new areas.
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Quaternary Period (1.8 MYA –
to Present)
Ø climates cooled, leading to a series
of ice ages. This created land
bridges between continents,
allowing land animals to move to
new areas.
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
•Quaternary Period is divided
into 2 epochs:
Ø Pleistocene
Ø Holocene
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
•Quaternary Period is divided
into 2 epochs:
Ø Pleistocene
Ø Holocene
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CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
ØPleistocene
Ø known as the “Ice Age”
Ø climate cooled and ice sheets
began covering Earth’s
landmasses
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
ØPleistocene
Ø known as the “Ice Age”
Ø climate cooled and ice sheets
began covering Earth’s
landmasses
Home ContactFestivalEARTH SCIENCE
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø among the better known
animals of the Pleistocene are
mammoths , giant ground
sloth, and saber tooth.
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø among the better known
animals of the Pleistocene are
mammoths , giant ground
sloth, and saber tooth.
Home ContactFestivalEARTH SCIENCE
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Holocene
Ø the most recent span of
geologic time
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø Holocene
Ø the most recent span of
geologic time
Home ContactFestivalEARTH SCIENCE
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø marked climatic warming and
the disappearance of the
continental glaciers
Ø the disappearance of
mammoths, giant ground sloth
and saber tooth
CENOZOIC ERA
(AGE OF MAMMALS)
Ø marked climatic warming and
the disappearance of the
continental glaciers
Ø the disappearance of
mammoths, giant ground sloth
and saber tooth
EARTH SCIENCE Home ContactFestival
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