The Future of Health and Biology powerpo

future health biology

1. Future of Health and Biology

2. 1. People will be younger, live longer and healthier. New source of stem cell - placenta of a newborn is an organ very rich in stem cells Benefits of stem cells - Act as a built-in repair system by generating healthy cells by replacing diseased cells. e.g. Spinal cord injuries, Type 1 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Heart disease, Stroke, Burns, Cancer and Osteoarthritis. Recent Stem Cell Success Stories a)  Stem Cells Able to Grow New Human Eyes : Biologists led by Kohji Nishida at Osaka University in Japan have discovered a new way to nurture and grow the tissues that make up the human eyeball. The scientists are able to grow retinas, corneas, the eye’s lens, and more using only a small sample of adult skin. b)  Stem Cell Injections Help Stroke Victims Walk Again : In a study out of Stanford, of 18 stroke victims who agreed to stem cells treatments, seven of them showed remarkable motor function improvements. This treatment could work for other neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s and Lou Gehrig’s Disease. c)  Stem Cells Help Paralyzed Victim Gain Use of Arms : Doctors from the USC Neurorestoration Center and Keck Medicine of USC injected stem cells into the damaged cervical spine of a recently paralyzed 21-year-old man. Three months later, he showed dramatic improvement in sensation and movement of both arms ( Diamandis, 2017).

3. 2. Formulation of Low-cost Personalized Medicine. What is personalized medicine? - uses genetic testing to tailor medical treatments to the specific biology of individual patients. - an innovative and emerging field that utilizes an individual’s genetic profile, environment and lifestyle to guide decisions related to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease to provide the “right dose, of the right drug at the right time”. Benefits of Personalized Medicine - Enable new approaches to diagnosis, drug development, and individualized therapy. - tailoring drug therapy at a dosage that is most appropriate for an individual patient, with the potential benefits of increasing the efficacy and safety of medications. - a method of diagnosis and treatment that recognizes the individual with his or her unique combination of symptoms, characteristics, coping mechanisms and talents. 

4. Forecasting the Future of Personalized Medicine By 2025, the cost to sequence, store, and study an entire human genome will be $1. At this price point, genetic information will become commonplace within the healthcare sector. Just as you get your blood drawn, so too will your genome be sequenced. But, genetics is not the only field that will see widespread adoption in healthcare. Developments in wearable health trackers, artificial intelligence, and telehealth are all promising to advance personalized medicine. Personalized medicine focuses on ways to improve how individual patients get and stay healthy. In pursuit of this goal, vast amounts of personal health data are currently being collected and leveraged to treat and manage patients. These technologies will radically alter the healthcare sector. It is up to us, the future leaders in healthcare, to anticipate how these technologies will shape the future and respond to their impact.

5. 3. Mass Extinction Leads to Evolution of New Species, and Finding Unknown Species At least five  mass extinctions  in the past 500 million years, each of which wiped out between 50 and 90 percent of all species on the planet. About 65 million years ago, when an asteroid ended the reign of dinosaurs and opened new doors for mammals. A greater and better response than ever before. Sixth mass extinction is killing off large ocean dwellers (like sharks, whales, giant clams, sea turtles and tuna). Scientists reveals new species (e.g. plants, bacteria, insects) cause by mutation ( Mclendon , 2017). DNA sequence from a hypothetical ancestor The DNA sequences from two descendant species show mutations that have accumulated (black). The mutation rate of this sequence equals one mutation per ten million years. Mutations add up at a fairly constant rate in the DNA of species that evolved from a common ancestor. Ten million years later— one mutation in each lineage Another ten million years later— one more mutation in each lineage  Eastern North America, passenger pigeons were driven extinct by a surge of hunting and habitat loss.  The lemur tree frog is critically endangered and listed on the IUCN Red List.  The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), has declared 418 animal species in the Philippines to be threatened.

6. Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Bellard C #1 ,  Bertelsmeier C #1 ,  Leadley P 1 ,  Thuiller W 2 ,  Courchamp F 1 . Abstract Many studies in recent years have investigated the effects of climate change on the future of biodiversity. In this review, we first examine the different possible effects of climate change that can operate at individual, population, species, community, ecosystem and biome scales , notably showing that species can respond to climate change challenges by shifting their climatic niche along three non-exclusive axes: time (e.g. phenology), space (e.g. range) and self (e.g. physiology). Then, we present the principal specificities and caveats of the most common approaches used to estimate future biodiversity at global and sub-continental scales and we synthesise their results. Finally, we highlight several challenges for future research both in theoretical and applied realms. Overall, our review shows that current estimates are very variable, depending on the method, taxonomic group, biodiversity loss metrics, spatial scales and time periods considered. Yet, the majority of models indicate alarming consequences for biodiversity, with the worst-case scenarios leading to extinction rates that would qualify as the sixth mass extinction in the history of the earth. KEYWORDS: Biodiversity; climate change; species extinctions

7. Investigating Earth's Past Extinctions May Be One Of The Keys To Preserving Biodiversity For The Future .

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