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Gaseous state

1. The Gaseous State:
Dive into the fascinating world of the gaseous state, where matter takes on a
fluid and ever-changing form, governed by intricate principles and laws.
BY IRFAN KHAN [BMS]

2. Scientists Who Discovered
Robert Boyle
Pioneered the study of gas behavior,
establishing the inverse relationship
between pressure and volume.
Jacques Charles
Discovered the direct relationship
between temperature and volume of
gases, laying the foundation for gas
laws.
Avogadro and Dalton
Contributed fundamental insights into
the atomic nature of gases and the
concept of moles.

3. Properties of Gases
Compressibility
Gases can be easily compressed
due to the large distances
between their particles.
Expansibility
Gases expand to fill the entire
volume of their container.
Low Density
Gases have a low density
compared to solids and liquids
due to the wide spacing
between their particles.
Diffusion
Gases readily diffuse and mix
with each other, driven by the
random motion of their
particles.

4. Formulas of the Gaseous State
1
Boyle's Law
Pressure and volume are inversely proportional: P ∝ 1/V
2
Charles's Law
Volume and absolute temperature are directly proportional:
V ∝ T
3
Ideal Gas Law
Combines Boyle's and Charles's laws: PV = nRT

5. The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Particle Motion
Gases are composed of constantly
moving, randomly colliding particles.
Temperature
Temperature reflects the average
kinetic energy of the gas particles.
Pressure
Pressure arises from the
bombardment of the container walls
by gas particles.
Molecular Interactions
Intermolecular forces and collisions
govern the behavior of gas particles.

6. Pressure in Gases
Particle Collisions
Gas particles constantly collide with the walls of their
container.
Force on Walls
These collisions exert a force on the container walls, creating
pressure.
Pressure Measurement
Pressure is measured in units like pascals (Pa) or pounds per
square inch (psi).

7. Boyle's Law and Charles's Law
Boyle's Law
The inverse relationship between pressure and volume of a gas at constant
temperature: PV = constant.
Charles's Law
The direct relationship between volume and absolute temperature of a gas
at constant pressure: V/T = constant.
These fundamental gas laws describe the behavior of gases under varying conditions of pressure and temperature.

8. Ideal Gas Law
1
Combining Gas Laws
The Ideal Gas Law, PV = nRT,
combines Boyle's and Charles's
laws.
2
Key Variables
P (pressure), V (volume), n (moles
of gas), R (gas constant), T
(absolute temperature).
3
Practical Applications
Used to predict the behavior of
gases in various real-world
scenarios.

9. Real Gases and Deviations
Ideal Gas Real Gas
Particles have no volume and no
attractive forces
Particles have finite volume and
attractive/repulsive forces
Obeys the Ideal Gas Law
perfectly
Deviates from the Ideal Gas Law
at high pressures and low
temperatures
Applies to dilute gases Applies to real-world gases under
various conditions
Understanding the differences between ideal and real gases is crucial for
accurately modeling and predicting gas behavior in practical applications.

10. Applications of the Gaseous State
Aerospace Engineering
The behavior of gases is crucial for the
design and operation of jet engines and
rocket propulsion.
Industrial Processes
Gas laws are applied in various industrial
settings, such as chemical manufacturing
and refrigeration.
Meteorology
Understanding the gaseous state is
essential for modeling and predicting
atmospheric phenomena like wind,
pressure, and temperature.
The principles of the gaseous state find widespread applications in fields ranging from aerospace engineering to industrial processes
and meteorology.