The Himalayas Mountain Range - Breathtaking Beauty

This presentation is on the Himalayas mountain range. It includes its beauty, its wonder, its wildlife, its people, its greatness, everything within it is beautiful. I love the Himalayas. This was my first ever non-technical presentation.

1. A Presentation on THE HIMALAYAS The Breathtaking Beauty _ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Presented by: - Guided by: - Utsav Patel (ID…………) ……………………… From: - ……………………… ……………………………………… ………………………

2. FORMATION OF HIMALAYAS Began 71 million years ago. Indo-Australian Plate was moving at about 15 cm per year towards Eurasian Plate. Collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate began 50 million years ago. Geologically active: Collision between two plates continues today leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year.

3. GEOLOGY OF HIMALAYAS Result of this collision: Tibetan Plateau Himalaya range Karakoram Range (K2) Also, Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in Bay of Bengal. Tibetan Plateau covering the most of the Tibet, as well as part of Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir. Its average elevation is 4500 meters. Himalaya range separate the Indian Subcontinent from Tibetan Plateau.

4. THE HIMALAYA RANGE Himalaya range spread across five countries: Nepal, India, Bhutan, China and Pakistan. Himalaya range stretch uninterruptedly for about 2500 km from west to east between Nanga Parbat peak, in the Pakistani-administered portion of the Kashmir region, and Namcha Barwa peak, in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The width of the Himalayas from south to north varies between 200 to 400 km. Their total area amounts to about 595,000 square km.

5. HIMALAYAS REGIONS India, Nepal, and Bhutan have sovereignty over most of the Himalayas, but Pakistan and China have some part of Himalayas in the Disputed Kashmir Region. The Himalayas are inhibited by 52.7 million people. Some of the world’s major rivers, the Indus, the Ganges and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, rise in the Himalayas, and their combined drainage basin is home to roughly 600 million people.

6. HIMALAYAS PEAKS The Himalayas include the highest mountains in the world, with more than 110 peaks rising to elevations of 7,300 meters or more above sea level. The Himalayas is home to 10 out of 14 of the world’s highest peaks, the Eight- thousanders (8000 meters peaks). Also, 9 out of the 10 Himalayas 8000m peaks are Ultra prominent peaks (Ultras). Mount Everest and Nanga Parbat are the only two peaks on the earth that rank in the top twenty of both highest mountains in the world and the most prominent peaks in the world.

7. LIST OF 8-THOUSANDS OF HIMALAYAS Global Rank Peak Name Elevation (m) Prominence (m) Country 1 Mount Everest 8848 8848 Nepal-China 3 Kanchenjunga 8586 3922 Nepal-India 4 Lhtose 8516 610 Nepal-China 5 Makalu 8485 2378 Nepal-China 6 Cho Oyu 8188 2340 Nepal-China 7 Dhaulagiri I 8167 3357 Nepal 8 Manaslu 8163 3092 Nepal 9 Nanga Parbat 8126 4608 Pakistan 10 Annapurna I 8091 2984 Nepal 11 Shishapangma 8027 2897 China

8. HYDROLOGY OF HIMALAYAS The Himalayas is the birthplace of many rivers (19 rivers approx.). The major Himalayas rivers are Indus, Ganges, Yamuna, Brahmaputra and Sutlej. The rivers of Himalayas drain into two large river systems: The western rivers combine into the Indus Basin. The other Himalayas rivers drain into Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Glaciers in the Himalayas plays an important role in feeding rivers. For example; Baltoro, Khumbu, etc.

9. CLIMATE EFFECTS OF HIMALAYA Location determine climate variation. In the month of May, at an elevation of 5,000 meters in the neighborhood of Mount Everest, the minimum temperature is about −8 °C; at 6,000 meters it falls to −22 °C and in areas sheltered from strong winds that often blow at more than 160 km per hour, it falls to −29 °C. By virtue of its location and stupendous height, the Great Himalaya Range obstructs the passage of cold continental air from the north into India in winter and also forces the southwesterly monsoon winds to give up most of their moisture before crossing the range northward. The result is heavy precipitation on the Indian side but arid conditions in Tibet.

10. PLANT LIFE OF HIMALAYAS Numbers of tree species: Different species of dipterocarps (a group of timber and resin producing trees) Genus Alnus Pinus roxburghii (Longleaf Indian Pine) Ceylon ironwood ( Mesua ferrea ) Ficus racemose Besides those trees, some 4,000 species of flowering plants are estimated to occur in the eastern Himalayas. Bauhinia Variegata (Candida) Michelia Doltsopa

11. ANIMAL LIFE OF EASTERN HIMALAYAS There are 163 globally threatened species found in the Himalayas, including Asia’s three largest herbivores – Asian elephant, greater one-horned rhinoceros and wild water buffalo – and its largest carnivore, the tiger. Himalayas home to: 300 mammals 977 birds 176 reptiles 105 amphibians 269 freshwater fishes The mountains offer refuge for red pandas, golden langurs and takins. This is the only known location in the world where Bengal tigers and snow leopards share habitat.

12. ANIMAL LIFE OF WESTERN HIMALAYAS At high altitude, the elusive and endangered snow leopard is the main predator. The Himalayan musk deer is also founded at high altitude. Hunted for its musk, it is now rare and endangered. Other animals such as Asian black bears, langurs, Himalayas tahr , Tibetan yaks, brown bears, lesser pandas, also live there. Bearded vulture and Ganges river dolphin also can be seen.

13. CULTURE AND RELIGIONS OF HIMALAYAS There are four different migrating cultures: Hindu (Indian), Buddhist (Tibetan), Islamic (Afghanistan-Iran), Animist (Myanmar) – without any doubt have created their own individual and unique place. For the Hindus, the Himalayas are personified as Himavath , the father of the goddess Parvati and also as the father of the river Ganges. Lord Shiva is believed to live in Kailash peak. The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas. Paro Taktsang is the holy place where Buddhism started in Bhutan. Bhutan, Sikkim and Ladakh have numerous monasteries such as in Tibet. The Himalayan people’s diversity shows in many different ways. It shows through their architecture, their languages and dialects, their beliefs and rituals, as well as their clothing.

14. PEOPLE OF HIMALAYAS

15. SOME INTERESTING PLACES Ladakh’s Pangong Tso Lake (Blue Lake) Ladakh’s Colorful Mountains Taktsang Monastery (Tiger’s Nest)

16. REFERENCES: - http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya https://www.britannica.com/place/Himalayas https://www.himalayanwonders.com/blog/weather-climate-himalayas.html https://asiasociety.org/new-york/exhibitions/rivers-ice-vanishing-glaciers-greater-himalaya https://www.lifestyle.com.au/plant-guide/himalayan-plants.aspx https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/eastern-himalayas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas

17. THANK YOU