The History of Liquid Crystal Displays.pptx

it is about part of the history of LC displays.

1. T he History of LC Displays Dorcas November 4, 2024

2. T he LCD Monitor Half a century ago the first liquid crystal display was invented - a considerable turning point in the application of a material which until then was only of scientific interest. In 1968, the invention of the first liquid crystal display (LCD) marks the origin of a whole new generation of technical devices. Way back in 1888, the Austrian botanic physiologist Friedrich Reinitzer examines special properties of various derivatives of cholesterol and discovers  their two melting points. The German physicist Otto Lehman continues his research on these “flowing” crystals and eventually coins the term “cholesteric liquid crystals”. Thereafter, scientists are not really interested in these materials, which for long remain a curiosity. ▤ How LCD Works ▤ I mportant milestones ▤ Key Events in 1962 Through 1991 ▤ Early Days of Liquid Crystal ▤ Liquid Crystal Display Manufacturing after 2000s ▤ The Future of LCDs CONTENTS CONTENTS

3. How LCD Works A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers to display information. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly but instead use a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome. How LCD Works There are two main categories of displays; segmented (left picture) or graphical (right picture).

4. IMPORTANT MILESTONES The 1970s – LCDs operate at room temperature  2 The 1980s – A buzzing decade of innovations 3 The 1990s – LCDs gain in size 4 The 1960s – The first liquid crystal display is built 1 The most important question for liquid crystal chemists in the 1970s is: How can the operating temperature be lowered? Researchers at Darmstadt succeed in mixing liquid crystals to achieve a nematic phase at room temperature. A huge progress compared to the first LCD. In the 1980s the application of liquid crystals booms. This up until now enables the manufacturers to usher in new ideas for LCD applica-tions: A fruitful alliance – a mutual stimulation by de-mand and promotion. In the 1990s computer monitors, laptops, notebooks are produced with liquid crystals – and ever-larger flat television screens: At an electronics trade fair in Japan in 1994, the then largest liquid crystal screen is introduced as a prototype, with a 21-inch diagonal. By the end of the 1990s, these super-flat, high- resolution screens are already available as prototypes with diagonals of up to 40 inches. The 1960s bring promising news from the USA regarding new applications for liquid crystals – and the construction of the first liquid crystal display. The slumber of the Sleeping Beauty has ended – and our work on liquid crystals experiences its renaissance. Important Milestones

5. IMPORTANT MILESTONES 7 The 2010s – Mobility is key 6 As mobility gains in significance in our society, mobile communication likewise becomes more important. To commu- nicate anytime a nywhere requires fast-switching and energy-saving displays. Research and development keep pace and make smartphones and tablet computers more and more attractive in regards of handling and performance. Important Milestones A new generation of liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy for the VA technology – these likewise superfluorinated liquid crystals, speed up screens due to their very short switching times. They enable response times of eight milliseconds completely new dimensions, compared to the several hundred milliseconds displays at the end of the 1960s needed. Besides, the rapid picture formation, VA-based flat televi-sions display more pleasant ad- vantages: Even at viewing angles of up to 170 degree they deliver satisfyingly high-quality colors, brightness and contrast.  The 2000s – Speed for screens

6. Key Events in 1962 Through 1991 Key Events in 1962 Through 1991 That Led to the Final Goal of the Wall-Hanging Television Year Mode/ Physical Mechanism Materials Prototypes Commercial Products 1962 Williams Domain 1964 ·Guest-Host (GH) ·Dynamic Scattering (DSM) 1967 Schiff's bases Digital Clock (DSM, Schiff's bases) 1968 Announcement of DSM Cyano Schiff's bases 1969 MBBA 1970 Twisted Nematic (TN) by Schadt and Helfrich Azoxy Compounds 1971 ·TN by Fergason Digital Watch (DSM Schiff's bases) ·TFT Array for Matrix drive- conceptual 1972 ·Cyano Esters ·Cvanobinhenvls

7. Key Events in 1962 Through 1991 Key Events in 1962 Through 1991 That Led to the Final Goal of the Wall-Hanging Television Year Mode/ Physical Mechanism Materials Prototypes Commercial Products 1973 Limitation of Simple Matrix by Kawakami Cyclohexane Esters Active Matrix Panel (TN, CdSe·TFT) · Pocket Calculator (DSM, MBBA) ·Digital Watch (TN, azoxy, yellow) 1974 ·Transition Minimums in TN Mode · Limitation of Simple Matrix by Alt and Pleshko 1975 Mirror Clock(DSM, MBBA) 1976 ·Pocket Calculator (TN, Cyanobiphenyl, light gray) ·Digital Watch (TN, Cyanobinhenvl, white) 1977 Phenyl Cyclo· hexanes (PCH) 1979 ·Amorohous·Si FET 1980 ·Back·to·Back Panel 1981 · Wide Ane:le at 1st Minimum 1982 270-degree Twist Amorphous-Si TFT, Active-Matrix Panel Crystalline-Si FET, Watch TV (GH, AM, blue· Monochrome,)

8. Key Events in 1962 Through 1991 Key Events in 1962 Through 1991 That Led to the Final Goal of the Wall-Hanging Television Year Mode/ Physical Mechanism Materials Prototypes Commercial Products 1983 Super Twist Nematic (STN) Poly·S1 TFT, 2.13" TV (TN, AM, full·color) 1985 Alkenyls STN Panels (yellow or blue) 1986 Filmed STN ·STN Word Processor (green) -STN Telecomputer (green) 1987 NTN Color Panel DSTN Word Processor (white) 1988 14" TV Panel (TN, AM, a·Si TFT, full· color, full·motion) Film Twist Nematic Word Processor (white) 1990 Terminally Fluorinated Compounds 1991 Television Hanging on the Wall (8.6" TN, AM, a·Si TFT, full·color, full· motion) 1992 The first wall-mountable LCD TV was introduced by Sharp Corporation .

9. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display The Secret Years at RCA (1965-1968) A multidisciplinary team of physicists, organic chemists, and electrical engineers was created to perform detailed studies of devices made with liquid crystals for flat panel television displays.

10. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display In 1965, George Heilmeier (Kyoto Prize, 2005), Louis Zanoni, and Lucian Barton built the first liquid crystal display based on what Heilmeier called the “Dynamic Scattering Effect.” 1966: Cholesteric liquid crystals are employed as temperature indicators in thermography and medicine, later also in fashion items and cosmetics. 1968: George Heilmeier, Radio Corporation of America (RCA), presents a liquid crystal display to the professional world. It requires an operating temperature of about 80°C. The dream of the flat television, hanging like a picture on the wall, was born. James Fergason, Sardori Arora, and Alfred Saupe at Kent Sate University published a paper on experiments using Mauguin’s twisted-nematic structure and work began to build displays based on the concept.

11. Discover y- The first Liquid Crystal Display One of the first liquid crystal displays using the dynamic scattering effect. Photo of Ronald Friel demonstrating the device in1967.

12. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display The first test cells made in 1965 used materials that required high temperature operation. Joseph Castellano and Joel Goldmacher developed the first liquid crystal materials that operated at or below room temperature in 1966. Composition of First Room Temperature Nematic Liquid Crystal Mixture

13. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display James Fergason and co-workers published a paper describing the twisted-nematic, Guest Host effect for a color display. Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas started a program to develop a hand-held calculator using LCDs. Tadashi Sasaki and Tomio Wada at Sharp Corporation built a prototype compact desk-top cal - culator with a dynamic scattering LCD and started a program to build the first truly portable hand held calculator.

14. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display Operation of the Twisted-Nematic LCD The very low voltage and low power consumption of the twisted-nematic LCD propelled the past dynamic scattering and became the device of choice for all applications. In 1972, Martin Schadt at Hoffmann La Roche built the first fully functional twisted-nematic LCD.

15. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display Major Material Breakthrough - 1972 George Gray (Kyoto Prize, 1995), John Nash, and Kenneth Harrison at the University of Hull, England, synthesized the first cyanobiphenyl liquid crystal compounds and mixtures, allowing better operating performance and low-cost LCD manufacturing using polymer sealing. E. Peter Raynes, at the United Kingdom’s Royal Signals and Radar Establishment, developed improved materials and processes that eliminated “reverse twist” and “reverse tilt” in twisted- nematic LCDs, greatly increasing display quality and manufacturing efficiency.

16. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display Major Material Advancements – 1973-77 Dietrich Demus and his group at the University of Halle, Germany, developed cyanophenylcyclohexane liquid crystal esters that gave higher performance for calculator displays. Ludwig Pohl, Rudolf Eidenshink and their colleagues at E. Merck in Germany, developed non-ester, cyanophenylcyclohexane liquid crystals that were more stable and became widely used in TFT-LCDs.

17. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display Major Enhancements to LCD Fabrication ( 1975 - 1985) Robert Meyer in Orsay, France conceived of the ferroelectric LCD (FLCD) in 1975. Noel Clark and Sven Lagerwall in Goteborg, Sweden built the first FLCD in 1980. Colin Waters, V. Brimmell, and Peter Raynes at RSRE in England demonstrated a supertwisted-nematic, Guest Host LCD in 1983. Terry Scheffer and Jürgen Nehring at Brown Boveri in Switzerland built the first supertwisted-nematic LCDs in 1985.

18. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display W hy LCD Manufacturing Shifted out of U.S. and Europe (1976 - 1980) 1. High labor content of process prompted LCD makers to seek low labor manufacturing in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and the Philippines. 2. Japanese electronics companies saw potential for LCDs in television and computer displays; ma n y companies and universities dedicated major R & D programs to develop high quality large screen displays. 3. American and European companies began investing heavily in semiconductor and personal computer manufacturing as well as software development – component manufacturing was transferred to Japan and Asia. 4. Japan became the leading country for the development and manufacturing of LCDs, so major western companies created joint ventures to en sure supply of LCDs.

19. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display The Drive for an “Active Matrix” Began A matrix of row and column electrodes was needed to fabricate a flat panel television or computer display. In order obtain the maximum contrast and shading, a switch was added at the intersection of every row and column to activate the pixel in the matrix. T. Peter Brody was the first to call this an “active matrix.” (1975) The thin-film transistor (TFT) approach has emerged as the most successful technique for creating an active matrix.

20. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display Major Breakthrough in TFT Development In 1979, Peter Le Comber and Walter Spear (University of Dundee) with Anthony Hughes (UK Ministry of Defence) discovered that hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin-film transistors were suitable to drive LCDs in an active matrix. This was the major breakthrough that led to LCD television and computer displays.

21. Early Days of Liquid Crystal Display LCD Computer Displays Developed - 1988 Hiroshi Take, Kozo Yano and Isamu Washizuka at Sharp Laboratories in Japan built the world’s first defect-free 14-inch diagonal color active matrix LCD made with amorphous Si TFTs. Engineers and scientists at IBM’s research center in Yorktown Heights, New York and Toshiba’s resear c h center in Kawasaki, Japan, jointly developed a 14.3-inch diagonal color active matrix LCD, also made with amorphous Si TFTs.

22. Liquid Crystal Display Manufacturing after 2000s I n this period, Taiwanese, Japanese, and Korean manufacturers were the dominant firms in LCD manufacturing. A 1,100 mm x 1,250 mm mother glass plate processed at LG.Philips LCD plant in Gumi Korea in 2003. More than 9 million amorphous Si TFTs are formed on this huge plate.

23. Samsung 82-inch LCD TV Samsung 57-inch LCD TV Liquid Crystal Display Manufacturing after 2000s

24. The Future of LCDs Curved and Flexible Displays: Enter the era of curved and flexible displays. This innovation, born in the late 2010s, redefined design possibilities and immersive viewing experiences. Quantum Dot Enhancement: The integration of quantum dots in LCDs magnified color accuracy and brightness, narrowing the gap between LCDs and OLEDs. Miniaturization and Beyond: Today, LCD technology continues to evolve. From ultra-thin bezels to mini-LED backlights, each advancement inches us closer to seamless, lifelike displays.

25. The Future of LCDs 2020s In the 2020s, China became the largest manufacturer of LCDs and Chinese firms had a 40% share of the global market. Now Chinese enterprises’ global share liquid crystal display (LCD) production has reached 72%. Recently, LG Display has sold its stake in its Guangzhou, China factory to TCL China Star Optoelectronics Technology (TCL CSOT) marks a new phase in the rapidly growing domination of the global electronic flat panel display industry by Chinese manufacturers. -- Forbes .com

26. The Future of LCDs

27. The Future of LCDs An employee works on the 10.5-generation production line at a factory of BOE. A Gen 10.5 fab costs around $6 billion to build.

28. The Future of LCDs The Industry Is Fiercely Competitive The tough market conditions in LCD displays drove companies to try to differentiate. Taiwanese companies like AUO focused on automotive displays, and LG, AUO, and Sharp of Japan focused on premium LCDs for customers like Apple, Microsoft, and gaming manufacturers using metal oxide substrates. In March 2024, Sharp announced it would close its Gen 10 LCD factory. In 2023, the U.S. and South Korean governments launched the “U.S.-ROK Next Generation Critical and Emerging Technologies Dialogue,” which committed to collaborating, “in strategic technologies that will be of greatest consequence to bolstering economic prosperity; enhancing resilience against supply chain disruptions; and securing competitive advantages for our two nations and like-minded partners.”

29. Thank You!