part one: chapter i28
Chapter VIII then asks how the two versions of Israel’s reality,
the historical and the paradigmatic, come together. That question,
deriving from the Judaism that is under study here, is necessary to
an understanding of the theology of the Judaism of the dual Torah,
which obviously recognized what we for our part see, and of neces-
sity asked about the complementarity and cogency of the two parts
of the single Torah.
At the outset a few general observations suffice. What is lost
when recapitulative paradigms of meaning obliterate all lines be-
tween past, present, and future, so that the past forms a permanent
presence among the living, and the present recapitulates the para-
digm of the past? What falls away is the conception of history, with
a beginning, middle, and end, a linear and cumulative sequence of
distinct and individual events.
And writing too changes in character, for with the loss of histori-
cal thinking perish three kinds of writing. These are, first, narrative,
the tale of a singular past leading to present and pointing toward
the future, the concretization therefore of teleology. The second
kind of writing is biography, the notion of an individual and par-
ticular life, also with its beginning, middle, and end. The third is
formulation of events as unique, with close study of the lessons to
be derived from happenings of a singular character.
And the loss of these three types of writing, commonplace in the
standard history, Genesis through Kings, of the Hebrew Scriptures,
signals a shift in categories, from the category of history, resting on
the notion of time as a taxonomic indicator, to a different category
altogether. For the concept of history generates its conception of
time, made concrete through the writing of narrative and biogra-
phy, the formulation of things that have taken place into the for-
mation of consequential, singular events, comparable to the
identification of particular persons as events of consequence, wor-
thy of preservation; time starts somewhere and leads to a goal, and
lives begin, come to a climax, and conclude as well.
With the end of linear, cumulative, and teleological-historical
thinking, the realization of history in narrative, event, and biogra-
phy loses currency. Narrative strings together one time events into
meaningful patterns, with a beginning, middle, and end; that is the
medium of history, and that medium bears history’s self-evident
messages (whatever they may be). Biography then does for indi-
viduals what narrative accomplishes for remarkable moments in the
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