The nature of memory and encoding

The nature of memory and encoding

1. Student Development Institute Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Languages Memory Submitted to : Em Sophors Students Kum visal Hong kimhorn Sok haksenghai Pen chorpon Sovvan mengly Pen dang Ser rahman Batch II, Group II , Year IV , Semester II Academic year 2017-2018  

2. CONTENTs The Nature of Memory II. Encoding III. Memory Storage The Theory of Working Memory Memory’s Contents IV. Memory Retrieval and Forgetting V. Memory and Study Strategies

3. The Nature of Memory What is Memory? Memory is the retention of information over time. Psychologists study how information is initially placed or encoded into memory, how it is retained or stored after being encoding, and how it is found or retrieved for a certain purpose later.

4. The Nature of Memory Exploring Memory Human memory is remarkable and allows us to carry out many feats every day of our lives. However, human memory also has its imperfections. Although there are many complex dimensions to memory, thinking about memory in term of encoding, storage, and retrieval should help to understand it better.

5. Encoding There are five processes or related idea to encode the memory Rehearsal Deep Processing Elaboration Imagery Organization

6. Encoding Rehearsal Rehearsal is the conscious repetition of information that increases the length of time that information stays in memory. Rehearsal works best when we need to remember a list of numbers or items for a brief time.

7. Encoding Deep Processing The levels of processing theory states that memory processing occurs on a continuum from shallow to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory. Deep processing requires the use of semantic processing (how words work together to create meaning) which creates a much stronger memory trace.

8. Encoding Elaboration The more elaboration involved, the better memory is. Elaboration is the extensiveness of processing at any given depth of memory.

9. Encoding Imagery Memory is stored either as a verbal code or as an imagine code. Paivio believes that the imagine code produces better memory because it often is detailed and distinctive.

10. E ncoding Organization Memory works best when it is organized. Two ways to do this are hierarchical organization and chunking. A hierarchical organization is an  organizational structure where every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity . Chunking involves creating something more meaningful—and therefore memorable—from seemingly random bits of information.

11. Memory storage Memory storage is another way to explain the process of keeping information in our brain. 

12. There are 4 types of memory storage Memory’s Time Frames Memory’s Contents Representing Memory The Neurobiological Basis Memory

13. Memory’s Time Frames We remember some information for less than a second, some for half a minute, other information for minutes, hours, years, even a lifetime .

14. In this model, sensory input goes into sensor memory . Through the process of attention, information moves into short-term memory, where it remains for 30 seconds or less, unless it is rehearsed. Think about all the sights and sounds you encounter as you walk to class on a typical morning . Literally thousands of stimuli come into your fields of vision and hearing-cracks in the sidewalk, chirping birds, a noisy motorcycle, the blue sky, faces of hundred of people. Atkinson and Schifrin's Theory of Memory 16

15. The first scientific research on sensory focused on iconic memory In George Sperling’s (1960) classic study, participants were presented with patterns of stimuli such as those in finger 6.7. As you look at the letters, you have no trouble recognizing them. Some of the participants in Sperling’s study reported feeling that, for an instant They could see all 9 letters within a briefly flash pattern. But they ran into trouble when they tried to name all the letters they had initially. Sperling decided to test this hypothesis He reasoned that if all 9 letters were actually processed in sensory memory, they should all be available for a brief time. Auditory and Visual Sensory Memory 17

16. Working or Short-term Memory Working Memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing Working Memory is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision making and behavior. Memory Span is the number of digits an individual can report back in order after a single presentation .

17. Theory of Working Memory Visuo-spactial Central Articulator Scratchpad Executive loop

18. Central Executive & Articulatory Loop The central executive is a flexible system responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes . The articulatory loop (phonological loop) as a whole deals with sound or phonological information. It consists of two part: a short term phonological store with auditory memory traces that are subject to rapid decay and articulatory loop that can revive the memory traces.

19. Visuo -spatial Scratchpad Alan Baddeley's theory of working memory has yet another aspect to which memory can be stored short term. The visuo -spatial sketchpad is this store that holds visual information for manipulation. The visuo -spatial sketchpad is thought to be its own storage of working memory in that it does not interfere with the short term processes of the phonological loop.

20. Long-Term Memory Long term Memory is memory that huge amounts of information for a long period of time.

21. Memory’s Contents The contents of sensory memory have the memory for Auduition (echoic memory) and Vision (iconic Memory ). The contents of working memory are at least 2 kinds of content and the first is Articulatory Loop (hold information and speech) which the second is Visuospatial Scratchpad (mental images)

22. Declarative and Non-declarative Memory Declarative Memory or explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information ( specific events or facts in human) Non-declarative Memory is memory that behavior is affected by prior experience without consciously recollect the experience.

23. Episodic and Semantic Memory Episodic Memory is the retention of information about the where and when of life’s happening. Semantic Memory is a person’s knowledge of words, famous individuals, important places and common things.

24. Summary Memory Retrieval & Forgetting Long-term memory - Tip-of-the-tongue: this occurs when we can’t quite pull something out of memory. - serial position effect: this influences retrieval, which is superior for items at the beginning of a list and at the end of a list. - retrieval cues and the retrieval task: a key factor that makes retrievals effortful is the absence of effective cues. Autobiographical memory - nature: this refer to a person’s recollections of his or her life experience. A utobiographical memory has tree level: 1. life time period 2. general events, 3. event-specific knowledge.

25. Emotional memories - flashbulb memories: these are memories of emotionally significant events that people often recall with considerable accuracy and vivid imagery. - personal traumas: it also is usually more accurate than memory for ordinary events, but it too is subject to some distortion and inaccuracy. - repressed memories: repression doesn’t erase a memory, it just makes it extremely difficult to remember consciously. - mood-congruent memory: this Principe state that people tend to remember information better when their mood is similar during encoding and retrieval. Summary Memory Retrieval & Forgetting

26. Forgetting - Ebbinghuaus’Pioneering discovered that his forgetting was rapid and extensive. -Interference theory states that we forget not because memories are actually lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what we want to remember. Decay theory argues that when something new is learned, a memory trace is formed but, as time passes ,this trace tends to deteriorate. - Amnesia: it involves extreme memory deficits and comes in two forms 1. Anterograde A mnesia: is a memory disorder that prevents the retention of new information and events. 2. Retrograde A mnesia: is a memory disorder that involves memory loss for a segment of the past but not for new event. Summary Memory Retrieval & Forgetting

27. I. Memory and Study the strategies Memory and study the strategies Effective Strategies Taking Notes The PQ4R methods

28.   Effective Strategies Paying attention and minimize Distraction Understanding the material Well-prepared what you put into memory Using Mnemonic Strategies Asking yourself questions Spreading out the consolidating learning Cognitively monitor your progress Managing time effectively

29. Taking Good Notes Being Prepared Making the Best Notes Possible Reviewing Your Notes Retrieved form http ://www.wikihow.com/Take-Better-Notes

30. PQ4R Method The PQ4R method is a study method based on the work of educational psychologist Francis P. Preview Question Read Reflect Recite Review

31. Thanks