The pneumatic system of the temporal bone

refers to the extent of air cells.
extensively pneumatized, well pneumatized, fairly and poorly pneumatized ears, nonpneumatized or sclerotic ears.

1. The Pneumatic System of the Temporal Bone Dr surbhi Patna medical college

2. refers to the extent of air cells. extensively pneumatized , well pneumatized , fairly and poorly pneumatized ears, nonpneumatized or sclerotic ears.

3. Understanding pneumatization 1. Surgical-anatomical reasons. variations of the air cell tracts, their location, extensions, and how they connect with each other. 2. The choice of surgical technique-influences the surgeon in the choice of whether to perform cwu or cwd

4. In well- pneumatized ears, canal wall- up mastoidectomy is considered, and in poorly pneumatized ears, canal wall-down mastoidectomy is considered

5. 3. Enlargement of the cavity-perform canal wall- up mastoidectomy and enlarge the mastoid cavity in order to improve the ventilation of the middle ear.

6. The supporters of the genetic theory claim that a large cavity has a buffering effect on the changes in middle ear pressure caused by poor tubal function

7. Several arguments suggest the opposite effect. Children with a history of secretory otitis media at the age of four or five, but with normal hearing, ear drum, and tubal function at the age of 12, have not gone on to develop retraction for as long as they have been followed , even if their mastoid air cell system was small

8. B. Ears with otosclerosis that have undergone fenestration, eliminating the antrum and the mastoid process and converting them into an open cavity, have not developed retraction of the drum, even many years after surgery, indicating that the missing pneumatic system did not result in retraction of the normal drum.

9. C. The spontaneous or surgically created atticoantrotomy with exenteration of the antrum and mastoid cells does not necessarily lead to retraction of the pars tensa due to elimination of the mastoid process.

10. Hereditary and Environmental Pneumatization Theories

11. Wittmaack's endodermal theory , normal middle ear mucosa is a prerequisite for the normal pneumatization process Middle ear diseases in infancy and early childhood are thus the cause of the reduced pneumatization -environmental theory by neo- Wittmaackians "

12. Diamant's theory- otitis media is a result of reduced pneumatization .

13. The mucous glands were definitely pathological.

14. pneumatization process is taking place, is exposed to pathological stimuli of various degrees of severity and duration. These stimuli may have a considerable effect on the process of pneumatization , large variation in the size of the cellular system.

15. The Size of Air Cells and Previous Disease Significantly, the largest air cell systems were found in children with no previous disease Grommets

16. THE PNEUMATIZATION PROCESS At birth, the entire tympanic cavity is filled with air, with the antrum still partly filled with mesenchyme . The pneumatization of the mastoid process starts at birth with the development of the periantral cells, and continues through early childhood toward the mastoid tip. From the antrum , pneumatization continues toward the labyrinth and the apex of the pyramid

17. At puberty, the last part of the petrous bone is pneumatized .

18. The pneumatization process of the air cells 1 ) Lacunar resorption 2) Invasion of fibrous 3) Disappearance of the fibrous tissue

19. Mastoid Air Cells antrum is the site of origin of the mastoid air cells the first to develop are the periantral and tegmental cells, as well as the central mastoid cells.

20. Clinical Importance of Cell Tract Connections 1. From the hypotympanum via the IL and RL cells This route would seem to be the simplest and most direct way.

21. 2. From the hypotympanum via the precochlear cells, apical cells, and infralabyrinthine cells, and then to the mastoid cells 3. from the hypotympanum via precochlear cells, apical cells, supralabyrinthine or retrolabyrinthine cells toward the mastoid air cells

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