The Visual Framing of the Three Cycles of Climate Control in the New York Ties 1851 to Present

Weather control history.

1. The Visual Framing of the Three Cycles of Climate Control in in the New York Times (1851-Present)

2. Diesel Power , Source Interlink Media, 2008 to 2012 - Initiallty wanted to write about and build electric cars. -Focused on mechanical hybrids, liquid fuels from the sun, advanced combustion. - Communicated environmental messages to an unconcerned and environmentally hostile audience. Hot Rod in 50’s returning G.I. same today. -Wrote and photographed more than 350 articles and online content. - New boss said I was too green. -Supported carbon tax and green initiatives, feared ocean acidification, wanted more info on climate change. I’m an environmentalist & BWCAW enthusiast. - Undergraduate classes Dynamic Earth & MN Rocks and Waters; orbital effects made me question man’s effect on climate change but even if wrong I thought OK since it was for good cause (Pascal’s Wager). 3 rd World Traveler Owen Lattimore U.S.-Mongolian-Korean Nepal Nepal-China-Bangladesh Relations 1880-1930 William Appleman Williams Winona State – Alex Yard Energy=Human Right Imperialism Poverty Clean Air Jason Thompson

3. Dr. Lachniet : “Paleoclimatology’s Role in Enhanced Weathering” Sonics + Distributed Power Dr. Carlton: Business Organization Theory “The Garbage Can Model of Decision Making” ( Hart & Victor) ICCC9 & NCES Conferences Stephen Bates: 1 st Amendment Law “Regulating or Searching for Truth” Dr. Kilker Privacy & Surveillance Panoptic Effect of CO2 & resource monitoring Developing vs. developed = Failed Treaty UNLV, MA JMS Advisor : Dr. Lawrence Mullen LV Rotary Club “Why Climate Models Fail” slideshare : BROOKINGS MOUNTAIN WEST | UNLV By: Jason Thompson For: William E. Brown Jr . “ Liquid Fuels vs. The Grid: An Energy Policy Road Map to Decentralization or Centralization” Multi- Displinary Approach to Studying Climate Change Method & Theory

4. Q: What is Journalism? A: Communications produced by journalists. Q: Who are journalists? Who Should be ? A: Imbedded experts in the science field or harvest stories from experts and coach them. Q: How can we make science journalists better? A: Take a scientist and make her a journalist or take a journalist and make her a scientist? We need journalists to be experts not Ron Burgundy . Scientists are people

5. “ media exert considerable power on the public and political agenda” and “may shape public understanding of topics…as ‘knowledge about science comes largely through mass media, not through scientific publications or direct involvement in science” ( Scholte , Vasileiadou & Petersen, 2013, p. 2 ). It is pictures rather than propositions, metaphors rather than statements, which determine most of our philosophical convictions. (by ?)

6. Fleming’s history influenced climate geoengineering communication professors like Mike Hulme , Kate Porter, Brigitte Nerlich , and Rusi Jaspal who have all cited his historical work in their communication journal articles . Nerlich and Hulme told me no visual analysis on this topic done yet but is needed. WHY STUDY Climate Control? JFK warned against weather modification last speech NAS 1963 Operation Popeye UN Intervention Cycle 2 Not a new topic

7. WHAT? “ several of the biologists, oceanographers, and atmospheric scientists who advised governments on the 1977 treaty to ban military uses of environmental modification—the ENMOD convention—were enlisted to craft the first major reports on anthropogenic climate change” ( Hamblin, 2013, p. 10)

8. J. O. Fletcher argued that climate science “must follow what he considered an inevitable four-stage progression : observation, understanding, prediction, and control ” ( Fleming, 2010, p. 238 ).

9. Framing helps individuals “construct a general statement regarding the structure, or form, of experiences individuals have at any moment of their social life --Erving Goffman Organizing Experience A “code” is “a device which informs and patterns all events that fall within the boundaries of its application” (Goffman, 1974, p. 8).

10. the picture frame tells the viewer that he is not to use the same sort of thinking in interpreting the picture that he might use in interpreting the wallpaper outside the frame --Gregory Bateson (defined framing according to Irving Goffman as math set theory and actual picture frame) “ The major problems in the world are the result of the difference between how nature works and the way people think” ― Gregory Bateson

11. Bateson gave LSD to Allen Ginsberg re-directing environmentalism. Married to Margret Mead who wrote Atmosphere Endangered & Endangering with NIH

12. 1. Only 8% of the Public Correctly Identified Geoengineering 3. Text And Climate Change Gets More Attention Than Visuals and Geoengineering/Climate Control 1 st Study! 2. One of the main goals of the discussion in the IPCC reports is to “take into account the possible impacts and side effects and their implications for mitigation cost in order to define the role of geoengineering within the portfolio of response options to anthropogenic climate change .” (IPCC, 2011)

13. Cycle 1: 1851-1940(Rainmaking & Ethics Cycle 2: 1940-2006 (Weather as War / UN/Environment) Cycle 3: 2006-2014 (Geoengineering) War 2. People 3. Fix 4. Impacts The Three Cycles of Climate Control (Fleming) The Four Frames The search words included “climate control”, “geoengineering”, “climatic change”, “weather control”, “climate change”, “climate warfare”, “rainmaking” and “climate modification ” in ProQuest & Lexis-Nexis Sampling Unit of Analysis: Just images in Articles

14. Research Questions What types of visual frames can be found in The New York Times to describe geoengineering ? If any. What is the most and least occurring frame? Do the frames occur most and least during specific years, decades, or other events ? Is the Down’s Issue Attention Cycle present? Are there more scientists represented in the past or more recent media reports? (Trumbo says science has left the building)

15. People Frame Most prevalent In Visual Climate Change Research ( O’Neill and Smith, 2014) Fix frame symbolized with tools and anthropogenic artifacts 1 2 3 4 5

16. I think: We need to communicate more science in order to have more effective science communication. Deficit model Current Science communication paradigm: S ays less science is better focus on the values and beliefs.

17. Results 209 images 25 articles from each cycle

18. Challenges & Problems Black and White 1851-1993 Color 1993 Various definitions used by various parties. Intercoder reliability was at Validity had issues since it was subjective.

19. The accord itself is weak mainly because it does not contain any commitments by the developed countries to cut their emissions in the medium term. Perhaps the reason for this most glaring omission is that the national pledges so far announced amount to only a 11-19% overall reduction by the developed countries by 2020 (compared to 1990), a far cry from the over 40% target demanded by the developing countries and recent science. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009copenhagenclimate/2010-01/01/content_9254892.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/a/air_pollution.htm The World Health Organization estimates that 4.6 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution.