The world's seas & oceans
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Jul 31, 2017
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About This Presentation
The sphere of water on earth refers to the hydrosphere.
It encompasses all the water present in seas, oceans, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, ice caps, soil moisture, water vapor in the atmosphere and also as groundwater.
Among all these, ocean stands as a principal component of the hydrosphere. Abou...
Slide Content
1
THE WORLD'S SEAS & OCEANS
By
Prof. A. Balasubramanian
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science
UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE
MYSORE-6
THE WORLD'S SEAS & OCEANS
By
Prof. A. Balasubramanian
Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science
UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE
MYSORE-6
2
Introduction:
The sphere of water on earth refers to the
hydrosphere.
It encompasses all the water present in seas,
oceans, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, ice caps, soil
moisture, water vapor in the atmosphere and also
as groundwater.
Among all these, ocean stands as a principal
component of the hydrosphere.
About 97 per cent of all the water available on
the earth are existing as oceans.
Introduction:
The sphere of water on earth refers to the
hydrosphere.
It encompasses all the water present in seas,
oceans, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, ice caps, soil
moisture, water vapor in the atmosphere and also
as groundwater.
Among all these, ocean stands as a principal
component of the hydrosphere.
About 97 per cent of all the water available on
the earth are existing as oceans.
3
The beauty of our Planet Earth lies in its blue
colored seas and oceans. Oceans cover more
than 70 per cent of the earth's surface.
Seas and Oceans contain a lot of much-needed
and valuable natural resources.
These water masses are the sources of food,
energy, and minerals.
Oceans also serve as waterways for ships to
transport people and carry cargo between
continents.
The beauty of our Planet Earth lies in its blue
colored seas and oceans. Oceans cover more
than 70 per cent of the earth's surface.
Seas and Oceans contain a lot of much-needed
and valuable natural resources.
These water masses are the sources of food,
energy, and minerals.
Oceans also serve as waterways for ships to
transport people and carry cargo between
continents.
4
The primary role of oceans and seas lie in
maintaining the global climate by regulating the
air temperature and by supplying the moisture for
rainfall.
Without oceans, life would not have originated in
our planet.
Any ocean seen as a massive body of water. It is
very difficult to understand many of the aspects
and processes happening inside the oceans.
The primary role of oceans and seas lie in
maintaining the global climate by regulating the
air temperature and by supplying the moisture for
rainfall.
Without oceans, life would not have originated in
our planet.
Any ocean seen as a massive body of water. It is
very difficult to understand many of the aspects
and processes happening inside the oceans.
5
Scientists called oceanographers study the
physical, chemical and biological conditions of
the seas and oceans.
They also discover the hidden treasures of the
sea beneath water.
Oceanographers analyse how the ocean water
moves and how it affects the atmospheric
conditions.
Marine Biologists explore and investigate how
marine organisms thrive in the sea.
Scientists called oceanographers study the
physical, chemical and biological conditions of
the seas and oceans.
They also discover the hidden treasures of the
sea beneath water.
Oceanographers analyse how the ocean water
moves and how it affects the atmospheric
conditions.
Marine Biologists explore and investigate how
marine organisms thrive in the sea.
6
Marine Geologists investigate how various forces
shape the sea floor, sedimentations happen and
tectonic forces play their role on ocean bottoms.
Oceanographers use various sophisticated
equipment on scientific vessels, ships or
submarines and satellites to monitor the
dynamics of all oceans.
Maritime engineers study the design of vessels
and their applications with modern tools and
technology.
Marine Geologists investigate how various forces
shape the sea floor, sedimentations happen and
tectonic forces play their role on ocean bottoms.
Oceanographers use various sophisticated
equipment on scientific vessels, ships or
submarines and satellites to monitor the
dynamics of all oceans.
Maritime engineers study the design of vessels
and their applications with modern tools and
technology.
7
The Navy of any country has to thoroughly
understand the oceans, continental margins and
their conditions for defense purposes.
If we look at the distribution of waters in the
oceans, they are all interconnected.
The ocean contains about 97 per cent of all the
water available on the earth. Most of the
remaining part exists as glaciers and icecaps and
a little of them is available as lakes and rivers,
The Navy of any country has to thoroughly
understand the oceans, continental margins and
their conditions for defense purposes.
If we look at the distribution of waters in the
oceans, they are all interconnected.
The ocean contains about 97 per cent of all the
water available on the earth. Most of the
remaining part exists as glaciers and icecaps and
a little of them is available as lakes and rivers,
8
underground water, and also in the air as moisture
or water vapor.
The areal distribution of land and ocean on the
Earth is not homogeneous.
In the Southern Hemisphere there is 4 times more
ocean than land.
The Southern Hemisphere alone consists, in area,
of about 80 per cent of the oceans.
The ratio between land and ocean is almost equal
in the Northern Hemisphere.
underground water, and also in the air as moisture
or water vapor.
The areal distribution of land and ocean on the
Earth is not homogeneous.
In the Southern Hemisphere there is 4 times more
ocean than land.
The Southern Hemisphere alone consists, in area,
of about 80 per cent of the oceans.
The ratio between land and ocean is almost equal
in the Northern Hemisphere.
9
If we consider it as a mass, there is only one mega
water body on the earth.
The International Hydrographic Organisation has
delimited the world’s oceans into various zones.
It is very difficult to draw a line to separate the
oceans physically.
Each one of these oceans also include some
smaller bodies of water called as seas, gulfs, or
bays, which are mostly existing along their
margins.
If we consider it as a mass, there is only one mega
water body on the earth.
The International Hydrographic Organisation has
delimited the world’s oceans into various zones.
It is very difficult to draw a line to separate the
oceans physically.
Each one of these oceans also include some
smaller bodies of water called as seas, gulfs, or
bays, which are mostly existing along their
margins.
10
However, the continents divide the world oceans
into Five major parts.
They are:
a) the Pacific Ocean,
b) the Atlantic Ocean,
c) the Indian Ocean.
d) The Antarctic Ocean and The Arctic ocean.
e) The world’s notable seas.
However, the continents divide the world oceans
into Five major parts.
They are:
a) the Pacific Ocean,
b) the Atlantic Ocean,
c) the Indian Ocean.
d) The Antarctic Ocean and The Arctic ocean.
e) The world’s notable seas.
11
By looking at the world map, carefully and
meticulously, one can see the distribution of all
these oceans.
The Total oceanic surface of the globe is 362.
Million square km, volume of 1,349.9 million
cubic kilo meters and a mean depth of 3729m.
The great Ocean characteristics are as follows
By looking at the world map, carefully and
meticulously, one can see the distribution of all
these oceans.
The Total oceanic surface of the globe is 362.
Million square km, volume of 1,349.9 million
cubic kilo meters and a mean depth of 3729m.
The great Ocean characteristics are as follows
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1. THE PACIFIC OCEAN:
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of all the world's
oceans.
The Pacific ocean has an area of 181.3 million
square km, Volume of 714.4 million cubic
kilometers and a mean depth of 3,940 m.
This amounts to about 46% of the surface of the
total extent of the oceans and seas on the globe.
1. THE PACIFIC OCEAN:
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of all the world's
oceans.
The Pacific ocean has an area of 181.3 million
square km, Volume of 714.4 million cubic
kilometers and a mean depth of 3,940 m.
This amounts to about 46% of the surface of the
total extent of the oceans and seas on the globe.
13
Near the equator, the Pacific Ocean stretches
about 24,000 kilometres from Panama to the
Malay Peninsula.
The North and South America are bordering the
Pacific on the east, and Asia and Australia are
bordering it along the west.
To the north, the Bering Strait links the Pacific
Ocean with Arctic waters. The Antarctic borders
along the south of the Pacific Ocean.
Near the equator, the Pacific Ocean stretches
about 24,000 kilometres from Panama to the
Malay Peninsula.
The North and South America are bordering the
Pacific on the east, and Asia and Australia are
bordering it along the west.
To the north, the Bering Strait links the Pacific
Ocean with Arctic waters. The Antarctic borders
along the south of the Pacific Ocean.
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The following are the salient features of the
Pacific Ocean:
1) The Pacific Ocean is also the deepest ocean.
The mean depth is about 4280 m. Its greatest
depths are at the Marianas and Japan trenches
which are more than 10 km deep. The exact
known depth is at a depth of about 10,911.5 m
which is in the Challenger Deep in the Marianas
trench. This spot is located at about 400 km
SW of Guam.
2) The Pacific Ocean was named by the explorer
Ferdinand Magellan.
The following are the salient features of the
Pacific Ocean:
1) The Pacific Ocean is also the deepest ocean.
The mean depth is about 4280 m. Its greatest
depths are at the Marianas and Japan trenches
which are more than 10 km deep. The exact
known depth is at a depth of about 10,911.5 m
which is in the Challenger Deep in the Marianas
trench. This spot is located at about 400 km
SW of Guam.
2) The Pacific Ocean was named by the explorer
Ferdinand Magellan.
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3) Another important fact is the location of the
Pacific in connection with the International Date
Line(IDL). The IDL passes through it. The 180
degree meridian is called as the IDL. It is from
here, the classification of each day begins.
4) The maximum length of the Pacific is 14,500
km, and its greatest width is about 17,700 km,
between the Isthmus of Panama and the Malay
Peninsula.
5) It is well-connected with the other Oceans
through the following links:
3) Another important fact is the location of the
Pacific in connection with the International Date
Line(IDL). The IDL passes through it. The 180
degree meridian is called as the IDL. It is from
here, the classification of each day begins.
4) The maximum length of the Pacific is 14,500
km, and its greatest width is about 17,700 km,
between the Isthmus of Panama and the Malay
Peninsula.
5) It is well-connected with the other Oceans
through the following links:
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a. With the Arctic Ocean by the Bering
Strait;
b. with the Atlantic Ocean by the Drake
Passage, Straits of Magellan, and the
Panama Canal; and
c. with the Indian Ocean by passages in the
Malay Archipelago and between Australia
and Antarctica.
The principal arms of the Pacific Ocean are
i. the Bering Sea in the north,
ii. the Gulf of California in the east
a. With the Arctic Ocean by the Bering
Strait;
b. with the Atlantic Ocean by the Drake
Passage, Straits of Magellan, and the
Panama Canal; and
c. with the Indian Ocean by passages in the
Malay Archipelago and between Australia
and Antarctica.
The principal arms of the Pacific Ocean are
i. the Bering Sea in the north,
ii. the Gulf of California in the east
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iii. the Ross Sea in the south and
iv. the Sea of Japan, and the Yellow sea , East
China sea, South China sea , sea of Philippines,
and the Tasman seas in the west.
There are about 20,000+ islands in the Pacific
Ocean and many of them are concentrated in the
south and west.
Much of the freshwater to the Pacific also comes
from a few large rivers like the Columbia of
North America and the Huang He, Chang
(Yangtze) of China.
iii. the Ross Sea in the south and
iv. the Sea of Japan, and the Yellow sea , East
China sea, South China sea , sea of Philippines,
and the Tasman seas in the west.
There are about 20,000+ islands in the Pacific
Ocean and many of them are concentrated in the
south and west.
Much of the freshwater to the Pacific also comes
from a few large rivers like the Columbia of
North America and the Huang He, Chang
(Yangtze) of China.
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The floor of the Pacific Ocean is largely a deep-
sea plain with Volcanic swells , seamounts, and
guyots.
The Pacific is a major oceanic zone for fishing.
Most of the transpacific sea-lanes pass through the
Hawaiian Islands.
There are good number of notable ports in the
Pacific like the San Francisco, Los Angeles,
Seattle, Tokyo-Yokohama, Guangzhou, Hong
Kong, Shanghai, Manila, and Sydney.
Many of them are good tourist spots.
The floor of the Pacific Ocean is largely a deep-
sea plain with Volcanic swells , seamounts, and
guyots.
The Pacific is a major oceanic zone for fishing.
Most of the transpacific sea-lanes pass through the
Hawaiian Islands.
There are good number of notable ports in the
Pacific like the San Francisco, Los Angeles,
Seattle, Tokyo-Yokohama, Guangzhou, Hong
Kong, Shanghai, Manila, and Sydney.
Many of them are good tourist spots.
19
2. THE ATLANTIC OCEAN:
The Atlantic forms another large body of sea
water separating the continents of North and
South America in the west from Europe and
Africa in the east. The Atlantic extends from
the Arctic Ocean in the north to the continent
of Antarctica in the south.
The Atlantic is the second largest ocean, in
area, covering nearly one-fifth of the Earth's
total surface.
2. THE ATLANTIC OCEAN:
The Atlantic forms another large body of sea
water separating the continents of North and
South America in the west from Europe and
Africa in the east. The Atlantic extends from
the Arctic Ocean in the north to the continent
of Antarctica in the south.
The Atlantic is the second largest ocean, in
area, covering nearly one-fifth of the Earth's
total surface.
20
There are two major divisions as North
Atlantic and South Atlantic, separated by the
Equator. The North Atlantic, because of
several projecting land areas and island arcs,
has numerous subdivisions.
These include
i. three large mediterranean-type seas, the
Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico
plus Caribbean Sea, and the Arctic
Ocean;
There are two major divisions as North
Atlantic and South Atlantic, separated by the
Equator. The North Atlantic, because of
several projecting land areas and island arcs,
has numerous subdivisions.
These include
i. three large mediterranean-type seas, the
Mediterranean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico
plus Caribbean Sea, and the Arctic
Ocean;
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ii. two small mediterranean-type seas, the
Baltic Sea and Hudson Bay; and
iii. four marginal seas, the North Sea,
English Channel, Irish Sea, and Gulf of
St. Lawrence.
The Atlantic ocean has an area of 94.3 million
square km, volume of 337.2 million cubic km
and a mean depth of 3,575 m.
It has very broad shelves with depths of less
than 200 m found in the regions like North
Sea and the British Isles.
ii. two small mediterranean-type seas, the
Baltic Sea and Hudson Bay; and
iii. four marginal seas, the North Sea,
English Channel, Irish Sea, and Gulf of
St. Lawrence.
The Atlantic ocean has an area of 94.3 million
square km, volume of 337.2 million cubic km
and a mean depth of 3,575 m.
It has very broad shelves with depths of less
than 200 m found in the regions like North
Sea and the British Isles.
22
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which extends from
the Arctic Ocean is less than 3000 m below the
surface.
This ridge separates the east and west Atlantic
troughs.
The islands in the Atlantic ocean are mostly of
volcanic origin. The Bermudas are the
northernmost coral reef islands, rising from an
old submarine volcanic cone. Some islands like
the British Isles, are continental in form and
character.
The northern parts are characterized by sea ice.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which extends from
the Arctic Ocean is less than 3000 m below the
surface.
This ridge separates the east and west Atlantic
troughs.
The islands in the Atlantic ocean are mostly of
volcanic origin. The Bermudas are the
northernmost coral reef islands, rising from an
old submarine volcanic cone. Some islands like
the British Isles, are continental in form and
character.
The northern parts are characterized by sea ice.
23
In the South Atlantic also, there are large,
tabular icebergs separating the boundary of the
Antarctic.
The Atlantic , especially the Northern parts of
Atlantic, is suitable for sea traffic.
The length of the coastlines of the Atlantic is
almost 0.1 million km.
There are elevation extremes in the Atlantic.
The lowest point is the Milwaukee Deep in the
Puerto Rico Trench having a depth of 8,605 m.
In the South Atlantic also, there are large,
tabular icebergs separating the boundary of the
Antarctic.
The Atlantic , especially the Northern parts of
Atlantic, is suitable for sea traffic.
The length of the coastlines of the Atlantic is
almost 0.1 million km.
There are elevation extremes in the Atlantic.
The lowest point is the Milwaukee Deep in the
Puerto Rico Trench having a depth of 8,605 m.
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Plenty of natural resources like oil and gas
fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and
whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer
deposits, polymetallic nodules and precious
stones exist in this ocean.
3. THE INDIAN OCEAN:
The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the
world. It covers the earth’s surface area of about
74 million square kilometres.
Plenty of natural resources like oil and gas
fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and
whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer
deposits, polymetallic nodules and precious
stones exist in this ocean.
3. THE INDIAN OCEAN:
The Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the
world. It covers the earth’s surface area of about
74 million square kilometres.
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The Indian Ocean also includes the Red Sea,
the oil-rich Persian (or Arabian) Gulf,
the Arabian Sea, the Andaman Sea, and
the Bay of Bengal.
The Indian Ocean has its extension from Africa
on the west to Australia and Indonesia on the east.
Asia lies to the north and Antarctica lies in the
south.
The Indian ocean has an area of 74.1 million
square km, volume of 284.6 million cubic km and
a mean depth of 3840 m.
The deepest known point is in the Java Trench.
The Indian Ocean also includes the Red Sea,
the oil-rich Persian (or Arabian) Gulf,
the Arabian Sea, the Andaman Sea, and
the Bay of Bengal.
The Indian Ocean has its extension from Africa
on the west to Australia and Indonesia on the east.
Asia lies to the north and Antarctica lies in the
south.
The Indian ocean has an area of 74.1 million
square km, volume of 284.6 million cubic km and
a mean depth of 3840 m.
The deepest known point is in the Java Trench.
26
The Indian ocean is about 9,980 kilometres wide.
It narrows towards the north and is divided into
two seas by India and Sri Lanka as the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
The longest north-south distance in the Indian
Ocean's is about 9,880 kilometres, from Pakistan
to Antarctica.
The Indian Ocean has been an important trade
route since ancient periods.
Many people like the Arab, Chinese, and Indian
traders navigated the Indian Ocean for several
reasons.
The Indian ocean is about 9,980 kilometres wide.
It narrows towards the north and is divided into
two seas by India and Sri Lanka as the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
The longest north-south distance in the Indian
Ocean's is about 9,880 kilometres, from Pakistan
to Antarctica.
The Indian Ocean has been an important trade
route since ancient periods.
Many people like the Arab, Chinese, and Indian
traders navigated the Indian Ocean for several
reasons.
27
The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about
expeditions to the Indian ocean around 600 B.C.
In A.D. 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da
Gama sailed across the Indian ocean after
rounding the southern tip of Africa.
After the opening up of the Suez Canal in 1869,
the Indian Ocean became the most direct shipping
route between Europe and the Far East.
Today, the Indian Ocean is of great industrial
importance for several countries.
The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about
expeditions to the Indian ocean around 600 B.C.
In A.D. 1498, the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da
Gama sailed across the Indian ocean after
rounding the southern tip of Africa.
After the opening up of the Suez Canal in 1869,
the Indian Ocean became the most direct shipping
route between Europe and the Far East.
Today, the Indian Ocean is of great industrial
importance for several countries.
28
The natural resources found in this ocean are used
by many industrial countries worldwide.
It has vast petroleum resources.
Huge oil reserves lie under the Persian Gulf.
Good amount of minerals are found in many
areas of the ocean.
They include ores of tin, titanium, and
phosphorite.
The natural resources found in this ocean are used
by many industrial countries worldwide.
It has vast petroleum resources.
Huge oil reserves lie under the Persian Gulf.
Good amount of minerals are found in many
areas of the ocean.
They include ores of tin, titanium, and
phosphorite.
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There are famous major sea-ports in the Indian
Ocean like Calcutta and Mumbai in India, Dar es
Salaam in Tanzania, Durban in South Africa, and
Perth in Australia.
The Sunda Islands of Indonesia separate the
Indian from the Pacific ocean.
The notable Water passages are the Strait of
Malacca, the Sunda Strait, and the Timor Sea.
There are famous major sea-ports in the Indian
Ocean like Calcutta and Mumbai in India, Dar es
Salaam in Tanzania, Durban in South Africa, and
Perth in Australia.
The Sunda Islands of Indonesia separate the
Indian from the Pacific ocean.
The notable Water passages are the Strait of
Malacca, the Sunda Strait, and the Timor Sea.
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The Atlantic and Indian oceans meet off the
southern tip of Africa.
The Indian Ocean alone provides about 7 per cent
of the world's total fish catch. The fishing
industry's annual catch amounts to about 7
million metric tons of fish.
Most of the fishing activities take place off the
west coast of India.
The Atlantic and Indian oceans meet off the
southern tip of Africa.
The Indian Ocean alone provides about 7 per cent
of the world's total fish catch. The fishing
industry's annual catch amounts to about 7
million metric tons of fish.
Most of the fishing activities take place off the
west coast of India.
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4. THE ANTARCTIC & ARCTIC OCEANS:
The Antarctic Ocean is the name given to the
waters surrounding the Antarctic continent.
Many geographers say that these waters do not
form a separate ocean at all. It consists of the
southern parts of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific
oceans.
4. THE ANTARCTIC & ARCTIC OCEANS:
The Antarctic Ocean is the name given to the
waters surrounding the Antarctic continent.
Many geographers say that these waters do not
form a separate ocean at all. It consists of the
southern parts of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific
oceans.
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The Antarctic, which is also called as Southern
ocean, has an area of 20.3 million square km
covered as ice with a mean depth of 4500m.
The surface near the Antarctica freezes in winter,
and breaks into packs of ice in summer.
Flat-topped icebergs from 150 to 300 metres thick
drift north of the packed ices.
The ocean has a fairly constant temperature of -2
°C all through the year.
The Antarctic, which is also called as Southern
ocean, has an area of 20.3 million square km
covered as ice with a mean depth of 4500m.
The surface near the Antarctica freezes in winter,
and breaks into packs of ice in summer.
Flat-topped icebergs from 150 to 300 metres thick
drift north of the packed ices.
The ocean has a fairly constant temperature of -2
°C all through the year.
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The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean in the
world. It covers about 9,500,000 square
kilometers.
It is less than a tenth of the area of the largest
ocean, the Pacific. It lies north of Asia, Europe,
and North America.
Some geographers consider it a part of the
Atlantic Ocean rather than a separate body of
water.
The North Pole is near the centre of the Arctic
Ocean, and ice covers much of the ocean all year
round.
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean in the
world. It covers about 9,500,000 square
kilometers.
It is less than a tenth of the area of the largest
ocean, the Pacific. It lies north of Asia, Europe,
and North America.
Some geographers consider it a part of the
Atlantic Ocean rather than a separate body of
water.
The North Pole is near the centre of the Arctic
Ocean, and ice covers much of the ocean all year
round.
34
The Arctic Ocean has a great commercial and
military importance even today.
The ocean has the shortest air routes between
North America and both Russia and the Western
Europe.
Most of the Commercial airplanes cross the Arctic
every day.
In summer, cargo ships also land in the Arctic
ports in Russia and on some of the ocean's islands.
Russia has about 25,000 kilometres of coastline of
the Arctic ocean.
The Arctic Ocean has a great commercial and
military importance even today.
The ocean has the shortest air routes between
North America and both Russia and the Western
Europe.
Most of the Commercial airplanes cross the Arctic
every day.
In summer, cargo ships also land in the Arctic
ports in Russia and on some of the ocean's islands.
Russia has about 25,000 kilometres of coastline of
the Arctic ocean.
35
A groups of islands divide the ocean's coastal
waters into seven seas.
They are, from west to east, as the Greenland
Sea, the Barents, the Kara, the Laptev, the East
Siberian, the Chukchi, and the Beaufort.
The Arctic ocean merges with the Atlantic Ocean
east and west of Greenland.
The Bering Strait connects the Arctic Ocean and
the Pacific Ocean.
The Arctic ocean 12.25 million square km,
volume of 13.7 million cubic km and a mean
depth of 1117 m.
A groups of islands divide the ocean's coastal
waters into seven seas.
They are, from west to east, as the Greenland
Sea, the Barents, the Kara, the Laptev, the East
Siberian, the Chukchi, and the Beaufort.
The Arctic ocean merges with the Atlantic Ocean
east and west of Greenland.
The Bering Strait connects the Arctic Ocean and
the Pacific Ocean.
The Arctic ocean 12.25 million square km,
volume of 13.7 million cubic km and a mean
depth of 1117 m.
36
The greatest width of the Arctic Ocean is about
4,500 kilometres located between Alaska and
Norway.
Its greatest known depth is about 5,500 metres.
The Arctic too have good deposits of oil and
natural gas beneath the continental shelves.
The water masses present in various parts of the
Arctic Ocean differ in saltiness and temperature
from that of the other oceans.
The greatest width of the Arctic Ocean is about
4,500 kilometres located between Alaska and
Norway.
Its greatest known depth is about 5,500 metres.
The Arctic too have good deposits of oil and
natural gas beneath the continental shelves.
The water masses present in various parts of the
Arctic Ocean differ in saltiness and temperature
from that of the other oceans.
37
The surface water of the Arctic extends to a depth
of about 45 metres and has a summer temperature
of about -1 °C and a winter temperature of about -
2 °C.
Most of the surface water freezes during the
winter.
The Arctic ice remains frozen all through the
year, around the North Pole.
The surface water of the Arctic extends to a depth
of about 45 metres and has a summer temperature
of about -1 °C and a winter temperature of about -
2 °C.
Most of the surface water freezes during the
winter.
The Arctic ice remains frozen all through the
year, around the North Pole.
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5. DISTRIBUTION OF NOTABLE SEAS:
The Seas of the World are almost hundreds in
number.
The notable seas are:
a) The Mediterranean Sea
b) The Caribbean Sea
c) The South China Sea
d) The Bering Sea
e) The Gulf of Mexico
f) The Okhotsk Sea
g) The East China Sea
5. DISTRIBUTION OF NOTABLE SEAS:
The Seas of the World are almost hundreds in
number.
The notable seas are:
a) The Mediterranean Sea
b) The Caribbean Sea
c) The South China Sea
d) The Bering Sea
e) The Gulf of Mexico
f) The Okhotsk Sea
g) The East China Sea
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h) The Hudson Bay
i) The Japan Sea
j) The Andaman Sea
k) The North Sea
l) The Red Sea
m) The Baltic Sea.
1 ) The Mediterranean Sea
has an area of
2,965,800 ( 2 million, 965 thousand and
800) Sq.km and an average Depth of
1,429 m.
h) The Hudson Bay
i) The Japan Sea
j) The Andaman Sea
k) The North Sea
l) The Red Sea
m) The Baltic Sea.
1 ) The Mediterranean Sea
has an area of
2,965,800 ( 2 million, 965 thousand and
800) Sq.km and an average Depth of
1,429 m.
40
The Greatest known depth is 4,632 m located Off
Cape Matapan, near Greece.
2 The Caribbean
Sea
Has an area of
2,718,200
Sq.km
And a
mean
depth of
2,647
m
The Greatest
known depth is
6,946m
Located Off
Cayman
Islands
3 The South China
Sea
Has an area of
2,319,000
Sq.km
And a
mean
depth of
1,652
m
The Greatest
known depth is
5,016
m
Located at the
West of Luzon
4 The Bering Sea 2,291,900
Sq.km
1,547
m
4,773
m
Off Buldir
Island
The Greatest known depth is 4,632 m located Off
Cape Matapan, near Greece.
2 The Caribbean
Sea
Has an area of
2,718,200
Sq.km
And a
mean
depth of
2,647
m
The Greatest
known depth is
6,946m
Located Off
Cayman
Islands
3 The South China
Sea
Has an area of
2,319,000
Sq.km
And a
mean
depth of
1,652
m
The Greatest
known depth is
5,016
m
Located at the
West of Luzon
4 The Bering Sea 2,291,900
Sq.km
1,547
m
4,773
m
Off Buldir
Island
41
Has an area of And a mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
5 The Gulf of
Mexico
1,592,800
Sq.km
1,486
m
3,787
m
Sigsbee Deep
Has an area of And a mean
depth of
The Greatest known depth
is
6 The Okhotsk Sea 1,589,700
Sq.km
838
m
3,658m
Has an area of And a mean
depth of
The Greatest known
depth is
7 The East China
Sea
1,249,200
Sq.km
188
m
2,782m
Has an area of And a mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
5 The Gulf of
Mexico
1,592,800
Sq.km
1,486
m
3,787
m
Sigsbee Deep
Has an area of And a mean
depth of
The Greatest known depth
is
6 The Okhotsk Sea 1,589,700
Sq.km
838
m
3,658m
Has an area of And a mean
depth of
The Greatest known
depth is
7 The East China
Sea
1,249,200
Sq.km
188
m
2,782m
42
Has an area of And a mean depth
of
The Greatest known depth
is
8 The Hudson Bay 1,232,300
Sq.km
128
m
183
m
Has an area of And a mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
9 The Japan Sea 1,007,800
Sq.km
1,350
m
3,742
m
Central Basin
Has an area
of
And a
mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
10 The Andaman 797,700 870 3,777 Off Car Nicobar
Has an area of And a mean depth
of
The Greatest known depth
is
8 The Hudson Bay 1,232,300
Sq.km
128
m
183
m
Has an area of And a mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
9 The Japan Sea 1,007,800
Sq.km
1,350
m
3,742
m
Central Basin
Has an area
of
And a
mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
10 The Andaman 797,700 870 3,777 Off Car Nicobar
43
Sea Sq.km m m Island
Has an area of And a
mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
11 The North
Sea
575,200
Sq.km
94 m 660
m
Skagerrak
Has an area of And a
mean
depth of
The Greatest known
depth is
Located at the
12 The Red Sea 438,000
Sq.km
491
m
2,211
m
Off Port Sudan
Sea Sq.km m m Island
Has an area of And a
mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
11 The North
Sea
575,200
Sq.km
94 m 660
m
Skagerrak
Has an area of And a
mean
depth of
The Greatest known
depth is
Located at the
12 The Red Sea 438,000
Sq.km
491
m
2,211
m
Off Port Sudan
44
Has an
area of
And a mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
13 The Baltic
Sea
422,200
Sq.km
55
m
421
m
Off Gotland
Oceans contain huge amount of natural resources.
They provide (1) food, (2) energy, (3) minerals,
and (4) medicines.
Has an
area of
And a mean
depth of
The Greatest
known depth is
Located at the
13 The Baltic
Sea
422,200
Sq.km
55
m
421
m
Off Gotland
Oceans contain huge amount of natural resources.
They provide (1) food, (2) energy, (3) minerals,
and (4) medicines.
45
The food from the ocean consists mainly of fish
and shellfish.
The worldwide fish catch from the ocean totals
about 90 billion kilograms annually.
Most of the catch comes from coastal waters.
Seaweeds also serve as a source of food, in
addition to having industrial uses.
Kelp, a large, brown variety, is one of the most
important seaweeds.
Kelp contains many vitamins and such minerals as
iodine and potassium.
The food from the ocean consists mainly of fish
and shellfish.
The worldwide fish catch from the ocean totals
about 90 billion kilograms annually.
Most of the catch comes from coastal waters.
Seaweeds also serve as a source of food, in
addition to having industrial uses.
Kelp, a large, brown variety, is one of the most
important seaweeds.
Kelp contains many vitamins and such minerals as
iodine and potassium.
46
Ocean water is a suitable medium for intensive
aquaculture.
Fish or prawn farming, also called as aquaculture
or mariculture, has been practised for thousands
of years in China and some other Asian countries.
There are several forms of energy available from
the ocean.
Petroleum and natural gas are the ocean's most
valuable energy resources.
Ocean water is a suitable medium for intensive
aquaculture.
Fish or prawn farming, also called as aquaculture
or mariculture, has been practised for thousands
of years in China and some other Asian countries.
There are several forms of energy available from
the ocean.
Petroleum and natural gas are the ocean's most
valuable energy resources.
47
Offshore oil-wells tap deposits of oil and gas
beneath the sea floor.
It is believed that about 3.0 trillion barrels of oil
still lie undiscovered beneath these oceans.
Once the land-based oil reserves are sued up fully,
man has to explore these under water oil reserves.
The tides of oceans can also provide a good
amount of kinetic energy.
The rise and fall of the tides can help generating
electricity. It is called as Tidal Energy.
Offshore oil-wells tap deposits of oil and gas
beneath the sea floor.
It is believed that about 3.0 trillion barrels of oil
still lie undiscovered beneath these oceans.
Once the land-based oil reserves are sued up fully,
man has to explore these under water oil reserves.
The tides of oceans can also provide a good
amount of kinetic energy.
The rise and fall of the tides can help generating
electricity. It is called as Tidal Energy.
48
Minerals recovered from the ocean include sand
and gravels mined from the sea floor.
Some ocean bottom sands contain rich
phosphorites and other chemicals.
In addition to these, a huge amount of
manganese deposits also exists on the ocean
bottom in the form of manganese nodules.
These nodules contain cobalt, copper, and nickel.
A good amount of medicines are produced from
many of the marine life.
Minerals recovered from the ocean include sand
and gravels mined from the sea floor.
Some ocean bottom sands contain rich
phosphorites and other chemicals.
In addition to these, a huge amount of
manganese deposits also exists on the ocean
bottom in the form of manganese nodules.
These nodules contain cobalt, copper, and nickel.
A good amount of medicines are produced from
many of the marine life.
49
For example, plantlike organisms called red algae
provide an anticoagulant, a drug that keeps blood
from clotting.
A typical species of marine snail produces a
substance that relaxes the muscles.
In addition, oceans also contain corals, pearls, and
shells which are used in jewellery.
The sponges derived from the ocean bottom are
better in quality than the synthetic sponges
prepared in industries.
For example, plantlike organisms called red algae
provide an anticoagulant, a drug that keeps blood
from clotting.
A typical species of marine snail produces a
substance that relaxes the muscles.
In addition, oceans also contain corals, pearls, and
shells which are used in jewellery.
The sponges derived from the ocean bottom are
better in quality than the synthetic sponges
prepared in industries.
50
The most important aspect of oceans is its
influence on global and local climate.
Global climate is maintained by the oceans.
During summer, the ocean stores the excess heat
received from the sun and in winter, when the
sunlight is weaker, the ocean releases the stored
heat into the air.
Circulation of ocean waters also affects the
temperature of air.
Currents carry excess heat from one area of the
ocean to another area.
The most important aspect of oceans is its
influence on global and local climate.
Global climate is maintained by the oceans.
During summer, the ocean stores the excess heat
received from the sun and in winter, when the
sunlight is weaker, the ocean releases the stored
heat into the air.
Circulation of ocean waters also affects the
temperature of air.
Currents carry excess heat from one area of the
ocean to another area.
51
There will be no rainfall or snowfall if there is no
ocean. The oceans have been used as good
transnational waterways for trade since people
built the first ships.
The world’s seas and oceans are the
hydrosphere’s heart and soul.
We will see some more details of oceanography
in our forthcoming modules.
There will be no rainfall or snowfall if there is no
ocean. The oceans have been used as good
transnational waterways for trade since people
built the first ships.
The world’s seas and oceans are the
hydrosphere’s heart and soul.
We will see some more details of oceanography
in our forthcoming modules.
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