THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills

hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills

1. THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT )

2. Presented by : Mr. Naveed Alam Khan Lecturer [email protected]

3. Card 1

4. Card 1 Description of Card . A boy is sitting at a table looking at a violin placed on the table in front of him. Frequent Plots . Typical stories emerging from this card revolve around either a self-motivated boy who is daydreaming about becoming an outstanding violinist, or a rebellious boy being forced by his parents, or some other significant authority figure, to play the violin.

5. Card 1: Issues tapped issue of impulse versus control the conflict between personal demands and external controlling agents relationship with parents whether the parents are perceived as domineering, controlling, indifferent, helpful, understanding, or protecting

6. Card 1: Issues tapped Conflict between autonomy vs. compliance One may try to escape parental commands and practice the violin by playing in street, but finally feels that he ought to go in and play violin ; or he may run away from home; or the hero might be described as not obeying his parents and doing what he wants.

7. Card 1: Issues tapped Achievement need : important to evaluate is how the success is achieved, whether just on a fantasy level or on a reality level. Sexual need : response about violin and bow to this card brings symbolic sexual response of Masturbation, castration fears if subject says “ strings have been broken”. Indicates sexual activity : if says bow is lying on violin. Mastery of violin constitutes fusion of sexual and achievement drives.

8. Card 1: Issues tapped Not recognizing violin: according to Bellack , one may infer tentatively that sexual implication of fiddling leads to such apperceptive distortion: sexual conflicts. Aggression : if says violin or bow is broken in story. Super ego anxiety: is expressed in story if subject says the boy is blind, probably related to voyeuristic wishes.

9. Self image: most often the violin and sometimes bow and image of boy serves the subject’s conception of his/her own self image or body image. Narration of , “ violin is having a crack, or being dead inside or mute ” , reveals sense of not functioning well. reference of “ deadness "indicates feelings of severe emotional disturbance to the extent leading to schizophrenia and suggest malformed body image.

10. Card 1: Issues tapped Obsessive preoccupation: may become apparent when subject is much concerned with notepaper, boy’s hair, black speck present in most of background scene reported as “ dirt”.

11. card 2

12. Card 2: description shows a country scene with a young woman in the foreground who is holding some books in her arms. The background depicts a shirtless man working in the fields and an older woman who appears to be leaning against a tree and watching him

13. Card 2: Common Story Lines 1)One of these plots focuses on the young woman seen as seeking to become better educated and find a fuller life for herself than she will have if she stays on the farm. 2) The other plot centers on the family, which is typically seen as working strenuously to sustain themselves and often as having to contend with the hardships and economic strains of small-scale independent farming.

14. Card 2: issues tapped family and interpersonal issues. feelings about children growing up and leaving home to pursue ambitions and possibly reap rewards that have been beyond the reach of the parents

15. Card 2: issues tapped Are the children delighted with this opportunity or are they fearful of giving up the support of a familiar environment? Are the parents happy about having upwardly mobile children, are they saddened by the prospect of their children moving away, or resentful at not having had such opportunities, or angry about being deserted by children who have turned their back on family values ?

16. Card 2: issues tapped reveals about Interpersonal attitude: depending on how the three figures are paired. a) a pairing between the man and woman in the background, usually touch on parent-child interactions and on sources of pleasure or conflict between parents and their children.

17. Card 2: issues tapped b) A pairing in which the two women are linked in some way provide a clue to a mother-daughter relationship, that may be perceived as close (e.g., if the mother supports the daughter’ s continuing in school, whereas the father objects to her doing so ) or as competitive (e.g., if the daughter envies the attention her mother receives from her father, especially if the mother is seen as being pregnant).

18. H eterosexual relationships and the pleasures and problems they can cause. the man in the picture is sometimes seen not as the father in the family, but instead as a hired hand working on the farm. The man could be linked with the younger woman, who is sexually attracted to him but her mother’s keeping close watch on them and preventing any relationship from developing. Or the mother could be romantically involved with the hired hand, to her satisfaction but to her daughter’s envy or dismay.

19. Card 2: issues tapped Obsessive Compulsive tendencies: OCD patient will comment on small details such as lake in background, tiny figures. Comments about “HORSE” indicates : regressive and avoidance phenomena pregnancy of women leaning against tree: reveals attitude toward sibling rivalry.

20. Card 3BM

21. Card 3BM: Description Description of Card . A boy is huddled next to a couch. On the floor next to him is an ambiguous object that could be a set of keys or a revolver. Common Story Lines: most commonly described as being in acute distress, usually with intense feelings of depression or guilt .

22. Card 3BM : Common Story Lines 1 ) In one set of variations on this theme, the person has been attacked by some assailant, has been wounded in a suicide attempt, or is contemplating inflicting harm on himself or herself. 2) the person has recently attacked someone else or is considering doing so. These aggressive themes are most common when the object on the floor is seen as a revolver. Even when the object is ignored or seen as something nonthreatening, stories involving themes of depression, guilt, and suicide are still likely to occur.

23. Card 3BM:issues tapped Latent homosexuality: if male perceive figure as female, which may be confirmed if more suggestive evidence appears in other cards. Aggression: if side object is perceived as gun, type of aggression should be noted whether it is extra-aggression(toward world) or intra-aggression(toward oneself). Strength of super ego : determined by whether he is punished severely or get escaped from punishment from story outcome.

24. 3BM:isusse tapped Suicidal issues: this picture tells us about the depressed patient suicidal behavior. “Pistol as toy”: if patient says it is a toy pistol and is harmless, it might indicates “ DENIAL”. Only if such story meets with the a great deal of latent aggression in other protocols and severe super ego, then it confirm possibility of suicide by examinee.

25. Card 3BM: issues tapped Body image: if boy is perceived as crippled or extremely ill , means examinee has poor self image. Drug abuse: the object may be identified as a syringe or hypodermic needle and the person’s perceived mental state or emotional distress as related to drug use.

26. card 3GF

27. card 3GF: D escription : A young women is standing with a downcast head, her face is covered with her hand, her left arm is stretched toward a wooden door. Issues tapped: taps depressive concerns, guilt feelings, and suicidal tendencies. useful for females as compared to 3BM as it shows a clear image of a women standing in door.

28. Card 4

29. CARD 4 Description: woman is clutching the shoulders of a man whose face and body are averted as if he was trying to pull away from her.

30. card 4: issues tapped Male female relationships infidelity Male attitude toward role of woman Either she is keeping him from rushing into poorly thought-out decisions. Or tries to hold onto him for evil purposes.

31. Card 4: issues tapped Positive attitudes toward women can be reflected in describing the main female figure as kind, caring, concerned, sympathetic, level headed, N egative attitudes can be reflected in describing her as self-centered, insensitive, excitable, demanding, unreasonable, or in other ways unappealing. A dmirable or unappealing characteristics attributed to the man in the picture can reveal corresponding perceptions of men on the part of the test taker.

32. T he interaction between the two main figures often elicits a person’s perspectives on : whether such relationships are more likely to constitute a collaboration, in which the partners help and console each other, or a confrontation: in which they disappoint and find fault with each other.

33. card 4: issues tapped sexual problem: if semi-nude picture in background is not perceived . triangular jealousy : if it is perceived as a poster, or an actual figure. There is possibility that there is a defensive element in seeing it as a poster.

34. Card 5

35. Card 5 description: a middle-aged women is standing on the threshold of a half open door looking into a room. Common storylines 1) In the most frequent plot, a mother has either caught her child misbehaving 2) In other the story tells about a woman who is concerned that there may be an intruder in the house and is checking to see if the room is empty. It is not unusual for a non- pictured character in the room to be introduced into the story.

36. Card 5: Issues tapped arouses people’s attitudes and feelings toward their mother or toward being mothered, particularly how closely they were supervised and how strictly they were controlled by maternal figures. Description of woman provide clues to whether persons view their mother as caring or indifferent, concerned or oblivious, harshly judgmental or liberally accepting, overly restrictive or excessively permissive. Fear of observed masturbation

37. arouse attitudes toward watching and being watched. Should that occur, a person’s stories may reflect an investment in keeping a close eye on what people are doing or, alternatively, an aversion to looking at things closely, lest one see something one is not supposed to see. may reveal concerns about being under the scrutiny of others, being caught in the act of misbehaving, or being made to feel guilty for having committed wrongful acts . may in turn identify excessive concerns about being attacked or victimized , especially if story themes involve a break-in by a burglar or rapist.

38. Card 6BM

39. CARD 6BM Description: a short elderly woman stands with her back turned to a tall young man. The latter is looking downward with a perplexed expression. Issues tapped: It is a male card, reflects problems of mother son relationships and other derivatives in relation to wives and other women.

40. CARD 6GF

41. Card 6GF Description: a young woman sitting on the edge of a sofa and looking back over her shoulder at an older man, who has a pipe in his mouth and appears to be saying something into her. Common story lines elicits plots involving a heterosexual interaction between a younger woman and an older man in which the man is introducing himself or suggesting some kind of activity, and the woman is responding to his overture or reacting to his proposition. In common variations of this story line, the man is seen as asking for a date or a sexual encounter, or even as proposing marriage, and the woman is described a showing various shades of pleasure or dismay at having thus been approached.

42. 6GF: issues tapped Daughter –father relationship Heterosexual relations Male may be perceived as : aggressor, Seduce May be use to see attitude towards opposite gender in work setting

43. the picture reflects the subject’s style and approach to unstructured heterosexual relationships. For example, the subject may describe the woman as being startled or embarrassed or, on the other hand, may have her respond in a spontaneous and comfortable manner. It is important to note the manner in which the man is perceived by the woman. Is he seen as a seducer? Does he offer her helpful advice? Is he intrusive? Or, is he perceived as a welcome addition? A person who mistrusts interpersonal relationships typically creates a story in which the man is intrusive and the woman’s reaction is one of defensiveness and surprise. Subjects who are more trusting and comfortable usually develop themes in which the woman responds in a more accepting and flexible manner.

44. Card 7BM

45. Card 7BM Description: a gray haired man is looking at a younger man who is sullenly staring into space. Common storylines: older man is giving advice to the younger man or commenting on his behavior. The older man is often noted to be the wiser and more experienced of the two, and the younger man as able to benefit from listening to him. As pulled by the younger man’s unhappy expression, the older man’s evaluative comments are more frequently negative than positive.

46. Card 7BM: issues tapped Stimulates father-son attitudes and concerns. The father may be seen as stern an hypercritical or as wise and helpful. The son may be described as surly and rebellious or as dutiful. provide clues to people’s underlying beliefs about what fathers and sons are like and how they are likely to relate to each other

47. CARD 7BM Also elicits professional relationship (e.g., a boss and an employee), the picture often elicits attitudes toward authority . How the younger man in the story responds to advice or criticism can be particularly revealing with respect to whether he resents having to meet the standards of people senior to him or is comfortable complying with their demands.

48. Card 7GF

49. Card 7GF D escription : an older woman is sitting on a sofa close beside a girl, speaking or reading to her. The girl who holds a doll on her lap is looking away. Issue tapped : relation b/w mother and child in females. Attitudes towards mother Doll may reflect subject attitudes toward expectancy of kids.

50. Card 8BM

51. Card 8BM Description : an adolescent boy looks straight out of the picture, the barrel of a rifle is visible at one side, and in the background is the dim scene of a surgical operation, like a reverie image. Frequent Plots : Stories revolve around either ambition (the young man may have aspirations toward becoming a doctor) or aggression. Frequently, the aggressive stories relate to fears of becoming harmed or mutilated while in a passive state. Another somewhat less frequent theme describes a scene in which someone was shot and is now being operated on.

52. Issues tapped : Aggression: mention of rifle: ambition: Dream of a boy of becoming a doctor, fear of being mutilated Thus, it is important to note what feelings the boy or other characters in the story have toward the older man performing the surgery. If the story depicts a need for achievement expressed by the younger man, it is also likely that he will identify with the older one and perhaps use him as an example. If this is the case, the details of how the identification takes place and specific feelings regarding the identification may be helpful.

53. 8bm: issues tapped an accident scene , taps concerns about being harmed or victimized in some way. The image of a man going under the knife may arouse specific anxieties about being cut or mutilated , particularly in male examinees. If the patient is operated by an older man in storyline it shows childhood fears of being abused or damaged by their father.

54. 8BM Similarly, perception of the patient as the boy’s father may be an expression of unresolved father-son conflict , with anger toward the father leading to him being injured in the story. Arousal of anger toward the father is likely to be especially intense when the boy is perceived as having fired the accidental shot that wounded his father. In this latter scenario, the picture may stimulate prominent guilt feelings as well.

55. card 8GF

56. Card 8GF Card description: a young woman sits with her chin in her hand looking off into sky. Issues tapped: By reflecting an individual’s own daydreams, stories told to Card 8GF may have some interpretive significance. However, because of its lack of notable detail, the picture does not consistently tap any particular psychological issues and for this reason is rarely administered.

57. Card 9BM

58. Card 9BM Description: four men in overall are lying on the grass taking it easy. Common Story Lines: a group of workmen who are taking a break and resting from their labors, or perhaps as homeless men who have nothing else to do. Issues Tapped` may arouse attitudes toward working-class men or toward what it means to work long hours for low pay in a menial job.

59. Card 9BM Their seemingly relaxed position can suggest that the men are lazy and goofing off, or that they are totally exhausted from the physically demanding nature of their work. If the men are seen as unemployed, the story that is told may reflect how individuals feel about homeless people or about being willing to work but unable to find a job. In addition, this picture touches on how men relate to each other, whether comfortably and in collaboration or whether uneasily and in competition.

60. Card 9BM The physical proximity of three of the men may also elicit attitudes and concerns related to homosexuality. Should that occur, the stance of the younger man in the foreground—whether he is looking on with envy and wishing he were part of the close group , or instead observing with distaste and hoping he is not invited to move in closer—can provide additional information about whether examinees are attracted by or averse to homosexual involvements.

61. Card 9GF

62. Card 9GF Description: a young woman with a magazine and a purse in her hand looks behind a tree at another young woman in a party dress along a beach. Common storylines: Two women in conflict or competition for a man in whom they are both interested. The women may be seen as friends, or even as siblings, but even then, the woman behind the tree is often described as hiding there and spying on the woman on the beach, who may be seen as running because she has done something wrong, or is about to, and therefore bears watching. Alternatively with respect to placing blame, the woman on the beach is sometimes perceived as distressed and running away as a consequence of something bad done by the woman in hiding.

63. Card 9GF: issues tapped female peer relations and is important in elaborating on issues such as conflict resolution, jealousy, sibling rivalry, and competitiveness . Because the figure standing behind the tree is carefully observing the woman on the beach, stories may provide details surrounding paranoid ideation. At the very least, the dynamics of suspiciousness and distrust are usually discussed .

64. Card 10

65. Card 10 Description: shows the heads of two people, with the head and hand of a shorter person appearing to rest on the shoulder of a taller person. The gender of the two people is not clearly defined, but the taller person on the left is almost always seen as male and the shorter person on the right as female. Stories typically include mention of the heads of both persons, but rarely the hand.

66. Card 10: issues tapped This card often gives useful information regarding how the subject perceives male-female relationships, particularly those involving some degree of closeness and intimacy. It might be helpful to notice the relative degree of comfort or discomfort evoked by emotional closeness. A story of departure or of termination of the relationship may be reflective of either overt or denied hostility on the part of the subject. Sometimes, males interpret the embrace as involving two males, which may suggest the possibility of a repressed or overt homosexual orientation.

67. Card 11

68. CARD 11: DESCRIPTION Scene description: a vaguely defined dream like unreal scene of a narrow pathway on the edge of a deep chasm(deep crack in earth). Frequently mentioned: the pathway, the dragon, the obscure figures identified as people, bugs, animal. less frequently mentioned : bridge , some rocks, a small humanlike figure on the far end of the bridge

69. Card 11: Common Story Lines obscure figures being perilously perched on the edge of the cliff and at risk for being attacked by the dragon. Reflecting the influence of cartoon portrayals of benign dragons, the long-necked creature is also seen at times as providing protection for the figures as they wend their way in dangerous territory.

70. Card 11 : Issues Tapped It arouses in examinee concerns about being vulnerable to harm in an unsafe world to : uncontrollable forces of nature and risk of assault by aggressive creatures.

71. Card 11: Issues Tapped reveal how people react to helpless situations how they deal with fears of being attacked. if dragon is perceived as a protector : it reflect needs to seek out powerful and resourceful people than oneself. to depend on these people to assure one’s safety .

72. Card 12M

73. Card 12M: DESCRIPTION a young man is lying on a couch and an older man is standing over him, leaning forward with his knee on the couch and his hand stretched out over the younger man’s face. Frequently noted features : two figures and explanation of their positioning. The older man’s hand less frequently mentioned his knee, the couch cushion under the younger man’s head

74. Card12: Common Story Lines the younger man is ill and the older man is a physician treating him or a clergyman performing some religious rite on his behalf. The older man is therapist who is hypnotizing the young man. the older man is seen as attacking or taking advantage of the younger man in some way.

75. Card 12: Issues Tapped Issues of respect and authority in such relationships . reflect male examinees’ attitudes toward being passive concerns about being under the control of another man Passive homosexual fears It is similar to card 7BM, but it is worthy for its portrayal of passivity in younger man.

76. Card 12F

77. Card 12F:DESCRIPTION Scene description : portrait of an adult woman and just behind her is a weird older woman with a shawl over her head is grimacing in background. Frequently mentioned: both figures, the relationship between them The shawl, the older woman’s holding her chin in her hand, Less frequently mentioned: unusual facial expression of old lady.

78. Card 12F: Common Story Lines the older woman is seen as a maternal figure giving advice to the younger woman or being critical of her. Alternatively, the figure of the older woman is frequently construed as a creation of the younger woman’s imagination, a vision of how she might look when she grows old or as a representation of her conscience complaining to her for things she has done wrong or failed to do.

79. Card 12F: Issues Tapped issues related to mother-daughter relationships. bring out attitudes toward being the adult daughter of an aging mother or the elderly mother of an adult daughter.

80. Card 12F: Issues Tapped reveal attitudes and concerns about: authority, caring, control, and respect. Reveals whether a person look forward in adult parent-child relationships : finding help, support, sympathy, and reassurance or expects to encounter : disinterest, distaste, criticism, and rejection.

81. Card 12BG

82. Card 12BG: DESCRIPTION Card scene: a woodland scene with a tree on the left and a rowboat on the right pulled up on the bank of a stream. There are no human figures in the picture. Frequently mentioned: the boat and its being in the woods, some explanation of why there is no one in the boat or nearby. Less frequently mentioned: the tree, the stream, other details of the surrounding flora

83. Card 12BG :Common stories perceived as a picture in which nothing much is happening. Usually story consist of only of its being described as a pleasant and relaxing scene in the woods. When encouraged to make up a story with a beginning and end, examinees often inject some people into their story and relate a tale of adventure in which the people have abandoned the boat for some reason, have wandered off temporarily for a stroll or a picnic, or have gone exploring and lost their way.

84. Card 12BG : Issues Tapped This card arouses negative themes of : abandonment, loneliness, Depression danger. picture may arouses positive connotations of: peacefulness, serenity, being at one with nature, and having a welcome a break from everyday demands and responsibilities .

85. Card 13MF

86. Card 13MF: DESCRIPTION Scene description: a man standing in the foreground with his head downcast and his face buried in his arm. Behind the man is the figure of an apparently naked woman lying in bed and covered up to the waist with a blanket or sheet. Frequently mentioned : The man, the woman, and the perceived reason why they are together and positioned in this way. Less frequently mentioned: the bed, some books on a table, and the nudity of the woman .

87. Card 13MF:Common Story Lines T hree alternative story lines. 1)the man and woman have just had sexual intercourse, the man is overcome with guilt and remorse, and the woman is seen as a prostitute or person of easy virtue, and rarely as the man’s wife. 2) the woman is ill or dead, and the man, usually seen as her husband, is in a state of shock or grief.

88. Card 13MF:Common Story Lines 3) the man, still rubbing sleep from his eyes, is dressed and ready to go to work and trying not to wake up his wife, who remains sleeping in the bed.

89. 13 MF: Issues Tapped A ttitudes toward heterosexual encounters. Moral perspectives on : adultery, fidelity, promiscuity specific attitudes toward women who welcome sexual liaisons and toward men who seduce women into them.

90. Card 13MF: issues taped Marital relationships: As a scene of illness or death, is likely to tap feelings about marital relationships and anxieties people may have about losing the support and companionship of loved ones who become ill and die. The outcome of story predictive of how individuals will deal with lose of loved ones.

91. Card 13B

92. Card 13B: DESCRIPTION Scene D escription: little boy is sitting on the doorstep of a log cabin, with his hands held together and his elbows resting on his knees. He is barefoot and fills only a small part of the large doorway in which he sits. Frequently noted features include the boy, some description of the cabin, and an explanation for his being by himself

93. Common Story Lines The boy is left alone and as waiting for his parents to return, or as being deep in thought. Because the generally drab appearance of the boy’s clothing and surroundings suggest that he is living in disadvantaged circumstances, stories about introspection sometimes have him thinking or fantasizing about his prospects for enjoying a more prosperous life in a more appealing environment.

94. Card 13B :Issues Tapped parent-child relationships may surface in stories: concerns about being abandoned by parents. worries about being lonely perhaps rejected by peers neglected by parents Finally, this picture may remind people of childhood fantasies they had about finding solutions to their problems and having a future life better than their current one.

95. Card 13G

96. Card 13G: DESCRIPTION Scene description: a little girl is climbing a winding flight of stairs. the little girl is overshadowed by towers over her. Frequently noted features: the girl, the staircase, and her reason for being on it. Less frequently noted: latticework in the staircase a cap that covers most of the girl’s head

97. Card 13G: Common Story Lines the girl as climbing the stairs to explore an unknown or unfamiliar situation. As a potentially significant variant of this story line, she may be enjoying and excited by an adventure she has chosen for herself, she may be fearful and apprehensive as she undertakes a climb that has been required of her, against her wishes.

98. 13G: Issues Tapped tap concerns about having to contend with overpowering or overwhelming environmental obstacles or anxieties associated with being in strange, unrecognizable, or unpredictable situations.

99. Card 14

100. Card 14 : DESCRIPTION Card description: It shows the outline of a figure usually, but not always, seen as a man in bright light against a window frame. The rest of the picture is solid black. Frequently Noted Features figure and the window frame and comment on what the person is doing or thinking.

101. Card 14: common story lines In a positive story line, the person is welcoming the new day while reflecting on the good things in his or her life and the appealing possibilities that lie ahead. In a negative version, the person is dreading the new day (or, if a nighttime scene, regretting events in the previous day), may even be contemplating jumping from the window in a suicide attempt.

102. Card 14: Issues Tapped This card reveals about an individual’s underlying sense of self-worth Ambitions and aspirations discouragement, despair, and self-destructive tendencies. an individual’s worldview and philosophy of life.

103. Card 15

104. Card 15:DESCRIPTION Scene description: a gaunt, gray-haired man dressed in black is standing amid some tombstones with his hands held together in front of him. Frequently noted features: The man, his hands and the tombstones some explanation for his presence among them. Less frequently noted features: man’s unusual clothing and the varied sizes , shapes of tombstones

105. Card 15: common story lines Stories told to this card almost always involve a man in a cemetery grieving over the loss of a loved one. These stories may vary with respect to such matters as whether the loved one’s passing was recent or long ago and how the man is coping with his grief. May reveal forceful efforts to deny depressive concerns.

106. Card 15: Issues Tapped This card strongly appeals for depressing stories about loss and loneliness and about death and dying, that’s why these type of stories have less interpretive significance. details of the stories people tell can reveal underlying attitudes toward people who have died, such as: anger for having been left alone by them, guilt for having survived them remorse for treating badly while they were alive. Story elaborations may also provide clues to : expectations or fears people have concerning their own mortality and how their life might end.

107. Card 17BM

108. Card 17BM: DESCRIPTION Scene description: a naked man is hanging onto a rope and is climbing either up or down. frequently mentioned: the man and the rope Description of the direction he is taking. His nakedness, his muscular physique, flat surface behind him identified as a wall Less frequently mentioned: man’s facial features are clearly defined, but are rarely mentioned

109. Card 17BM :Common Story Lines two alternative story lines. the action takes place in a gym , and the man is displaying his athletic prowess, perhaps in a competition of some kind. the man is using the rope to escape from prison or from some other inhospitable place where his safety and security have been threatened.

110. Card 17BM: issues tapped Attitudes toward achievement and accomplishment. Both the gymnast and the escapist are making an attempt that can end in success or failure, and the hopes, fears, and expectations people have about challenging or competitive situations are likely to surface in these narratives. can also arouse attitudes toward exhibitionistic displays of one’s prowess and, especially among male examinees, self-perceptions of one’s physical capabilities. can also stimulate homosexual interests or anxieties in male examinees due to nudity in card pull.

111. Card 17GF

112. Card 17GF:DESCRIPTION Scene description: the small figure of a woman is leaning over the railing of a bridge and looking down at the water. A large building towers above her, and behind it the sun is shining through some clouds. Below the bridge are small figures of men unloading a boat Frequently mentioned futures: the woman, and the bridge, the water, and the men And what is happening in scene the water, and the men Less frequently mentioned features: the boat, the large building, the sun, the clouds, a smaller building under the bridge where the men are unloading,

113. Card 17GF :Common Story Lines the woman in the picture eagerly awaiting the arrival of a loved one or sadly observing a loved one’s departure. Occasionally the picture is described as the scene of a crime, with the men stealing or smuggling goods and the woman serving as their lookout. Also, the woman may be perceived as distraught for some reason and contemplating jumping from the bridge.

114. Card 17GF: Issues Tapped often arouses feelings related to experiences of attachment and reunion or separation and loss when the woman in the picture is perceived as the sole focus of the story. When the woman in the picture is seen as involved with the men in group work this card may tap perspectives on the obligations and rewards of being an accepted group member . the woman’s position on the bridge, helps identify suicidal ideation.

115. Card 18BM

116. Card 18BM: DESCRIPTION Scene description: shows a man wearing a long coat and being grabbed from behind by three hands. The figures of whoever may be doing the grabbing are not visible. People can be expected to take note of the man, the hands, and the unusual nature of a picture in which the owners of the hands cannot be seen. frequently mentioned : A pained look on the man’s face and his disheveled clothing

117. Card 18BM:Common Story Lines Stories with themes of attack or support. In stories of attack, the man is being grabbed by unknown assailants intent on beating, robbing, or even killing him. In stories of support, the man is seen as ill, inebriated, or overdosed with drugs and is being helped by friends or passersby who have come to his aid.

118. Card 18BM :Issues Tapped It reveals about : fears of being vulnerable to injury abuse at the hands of unknown aggressors, fears of falling ill Substance dependence being helpless to control regrettable events incapable of functioning

119. Card 18GF

120. Card 18GF: DESCRIPTION Scene description: shows a woman holding another woman by the throat and apparently pushing her backward across the banister of a flight of stairs. Frequently mentioned: two women why one of the women has her hands around the other neck. The banister

121. Card 18GF :Common Story Lines aggressive interaction in which one woman is for some reason choking another woman. two women are friends or enemies, siblings, or a mother and daughter. Not infrequently, the woman being held by the neck is described as being consoled by the other woman, or perhaps being helped up from the floor or up the stairs. Because of the strong pull of this card for an aggressive interaction, stories of consolation and help are likely to indicate efforts to deny hostility and avoid dealing with the causes and consequences of aggression.

122. 18GF: Issues Tapped attitudes and expectations about how anger between women becomes aroused and expressed. Either mother-daughter or sibling conflicts may be reflected in these stories, and the interaction between the women may be particularly likely to bring forward feelings of envy, jealousy, or resentment.

123. Card 19

124. Card 19 DESCRIPTION Scene description: Like Card 12BG, this card is a nature scene with no animate figures, and like Card 11, it is a surrealistic picture, in this instance of some oddly shaped clouds hanging over a strangely shaped, snow-covered cabin, with windswept snow in the foreground. Frequently mentioned: the cabin and the snow and comment on the weather or on the forces of nature. windows in the cabin and a vague black figure hovering above the back of the cabin.

125. Card 19: ISSUES TAPPED concerns about being isolated and cut off from sources of support while having to contend with frightening elements of nature or the supernatural. Stories to this card are likely to reflect how individuals may react to uncertain, threatening , or potentially dangerous situations. A story line may identify confidence in finding shelter and escaping harm even in terrifying situations, or it may instead convey a sense of hopelessness and impending doom in the face of danger. Common storyline: stories in which the cabin is in harm’s way from potentially dangerous forces of nature (e.g., wind, snow, storms) or sometimes from ghosts, witches.

126. Card 20

127. Card 20:DESCRIPTION Scene description : a nighttime scene in which a dimly lit figure, usually seen as a man, is leaning against a lamppost. Frequently mentioned: the man and the lamppost dim light. rarely mentioned: coat hat the man is wearing, his position with his hand in his coat pocket, and a tree in the background.

128. Card 20 :Common Story Lines stories about being alone and waiting. In a pleasant variation of this common theme, the man is waiting for a friend or a date to arrive, although sometimes pleasant anticipation may have given way to impatience with having been kept waiting or disappointment with a “no show.” In a less pleasant variation, the man is seen as a dangerous person up to no good, perhaps a mugger or rapist on the prowl for a victim.

129. Card 20: Issues Tapped concerns related to loneliness and isolation. also reflect interpersonal attitudes and expectations, should the figure be seen as waiting for an acquaintance to arrive on the scene. When the figure is perceived in more sinister ways, perspectives on perpetrators of aggression are likely to be aroused, as well as fears of being victimized by aggression.

130. INTERPRETATION method Ten scoring categories 1-main theme 2-main hero 3-main needs of hero 4-conception of environment(world) 5-figure seen as.. 6-significant conflict 7nature of anxieties 8-main defenses against conflicts and fears 9-adequacy of super ego 10-integration of ego

131. 1- main theme It is gist of story, TAT story may have more than one theme. A breakdown of main theme into five levels is recommended: Descriptive level Diagnostic level Interpretive level Symbolic level Elaborative level

132. Example: 3BM story This is a girl in a cell and she has been jailed because she was found guilty of prostitution , she is in the position in the picture because she is very ashamed not because of being arrested because she is quiet familiar with the police but because of fact that her picture and a newspaper write-up was being sensational spread across the country she knew that her sister who was a nun would suffer from it, and made her feel very badly because she at one time had a chance and opportunity to follow her elder sister example but it was too late now, she grabs a pencil knife from under her blouse and stab her self.

133. Main theme: descriptive level 1- descriptive theme: a girl is jailed for prostitution; is ashamed not for arrest(because she is quite familiar with police) but because of newspaper publicity which would hurt her sister who is nun. Once she could have follow her sister example but it is too late now. And she kills herself with knife.

134. Main theme: Interpretive level If a girl is guilty of prostitution she is ailed; Is ashamed of publicity and hurting of sister whom she should follow in being a nun. And kills herself Diagnostic level: great guilt over sex; feminine identification. Severe super ego concerning exhibition and ambivalence to sibling seen as pure. Intra-aggression

135. 2- main hero main hero is one who is most spoken of, whose feelings and subjective notions are most discussed, and with whom subject identify himself/herself. In case of doubt, the figure resembling the patient most closely in age , sex, and other characters should be considered as main hero. Latent homosexuality: if a man repeatedly identify himself with female figure it has some interpretive value.

136. Main hero While all young man identify with girl in foreground in card 2, only some consider card 3 figure as female. Vocation , interest, traits and adequacy of hero , body image of main hero depict qualities or desired qualities of the patient.

137. 2-Main hero: adequacy of hero By adequacy we mean ability of hero to carry through tasks under external and internal difficulties in a socially , morally, and emotionally acceptable manner. pattern of adequacy is conformed throughout the stories and is in a direct relation to ego strength of patient.

138. 2_main hero can be more than one hero in one story Patient may identify with second figure instead of clearly recognize able main figure in picture. But it happen rarely, and involves a figure introduces but not present in the picture itself, and concerns dries and emotions which are objectionable to patient than ones pertaining to main hero.

139. Body image: picture of our own body which we form in our mind is depicted is stories, E.g., in a study on cardiac, tuberculoses patients’ stories to TAT, body image is revealed clearly in picture 1, 3BM, 17BM. In card 1, body image is revealed in discussion of boy or handling of Violin may become identified with hero and described as broken, empty, dead or falling apart. In this case, the reference transcends the body image and becomes a matter of self image, including emotional tone and subject’s conception of his role in the world. Similarly card 3BM, 17BM stories elicits self and social role.

140. 3- main needs and drives of hero Behavioral needs: If hero is extremely aggressive, attacking a number of people as theme unfolds. It may suggest that this behavior of hero is the need of subject, but they may be the fantasy needs of subject. Psychologist must have to identify if it is the latent or manifest need of subject, to rule out this , one must collect clinical and biographical data about patient and then validate the TAT indicators experimentally.

141. Tat stories must be seen as complementary to behavioral data obtained. For instance, if the subject is unduly shy and retiring and his stories are full of aggression and guilt feelings about figures, which means patient is having latent aggression, dynamic implications are obvious .

142. In stories of achievement it is extremely important to note whether they follow simple wish fulfillment or are actually accomplished piece by piece and suggest more than that they correspond to a behavioral need for achievement .

143. FANTASY NEEDS BEHAVIORAL NEEDS FANTASY AND BEHAVIORAL NEED Needs that are prohibited and inhibited by cultural pressure from manifestation. e.g., need for: acquisition aggression autonomy sexual activity being taken car need for harm avoidance Needs that may find expression in form of behavior,. e.g., need for order avoiding social blame For learning These needs may be high both in fantasy and in behavior, indicating that these needs are permitted by society but are not met in reality so are gratified at fantasy level. e.g., need for achievement For friendship For dominance

144. 2_ Main hero: Dynamic inference If hero is frequently supportive, and very nurturing to other figures, it must be noticed if these figures are secondary or tertiary identification figures for the subject. this may shows that subject is having profound nurturing need, demanding attitude, which he projects in this way. In someway, if someone avoids all reference to aggression , he does so, because he has a great deal of aggression which has to keep under control by denying all of it. ( this inference is permitted only if there is supportive evidence)

145. 2-main hero: figures introduced Weapons, knives: if subjects introduces weapons, in a number of stories, shows need for aggression. Food as integral part of story(even without eating it) shows need for oral gratification figures or circumstances such as punisher, pursuers, benefactor, injustice, deprivation may be interpreted with due regard.

146. 2-main hero: omission of figures If subject omits reference to gun in 3bm and in 8bm, or does not see the woman choking the other in 18gf, it can be inferred ad need to repress aggression. If in 13 mf seen is entirely devoid of sexual reference then it shows need to repress sexual feeling.

147. 4- conception of environment It is a mixture of unconscious self perception and apperceptive distortion of stimuli by memory images of the past. The more consistent a picture of environment appears in TAT, the more reason we have to consider it an important constituent of our subject’s personality and useful clue to his reactions in everyday life. Terms such as succorant, hostile, exploiting, friendly, dangerous will suffice.

148. 5-figure seen as.. Hero’s attitude to parental, contemporary, and younger or inferior persons is an integral part of interpretation. If subject perceives female figure as aggressive then it is worthwhile for us to determine how he proceeds o react to females, whether withdrawal, counter-aggression, intellectualization or other forms of behavior.

149. 6- significant conflict It is important to find out out which derive is in conflict with super ego, also to specify in words the resultant behavior. e.g., if the conflict is between super ego and aggression, it may be that the subject reacts with shyness. Sometimes conflict may not be between superego and drives, but may be between two drives such as achievement vs pleasure Autonomy vs compliance

150. 7-nature of anxieties Importance of determining of main anxieties hardly needs emphasizing. Again it will be valuable to note the defenses in this context, whether they take form of passivity, flight, aggression, orality.

151. 8- main defenses against conflicts Freud, 1923-1961) said that “ we understand today that the use of defense mechanisms is also part of normal, everyday functioning. When Used within limits, they aid us to manage stress, disappointment, and strong negative emotions. Only when used excessively are linked with psychopathology”. After initial discovery of repression, additional defense mechanisms were identified – e.g., denial, projection, displacement, rationalization , In fact, some 44 different defenses have been described (Bibring, Dwyer, Huntington et al., 1961)

152. Recent Research supported defense mechanism theory and are as followed: (1) defenses function are outside of our awareness; (2) there is a chronology of defense development; During the early years of life, Denial is the predominant defense. During middle childhood, Projection predominates, and by late adolescence Identification is predominant. (crammer,2009)

153. Research supporting defense mechanism theory (3) defenses are present in the normal personality; The use of mature defenses will support successful functioning: the use of immature defenses will be related to less successful functioning (4) defense use increases under conditions of stress; (5) defense use reduces the conscious experience of negative emotions; (6) defense function is connected to the autonomic nervous system; (7) excessive use of defenses is associated with psychopathology . (crammer, 2009)

154. Denial (1) Omission of major characters or objects .Example: Failure to refer to the girl in the foreground(TAT card 2). (2) Misperception . “(TAT8BM) The man is tickling the man lying down;” “(TAT17BM) That’s a statue climbing down a rope (3) Reversal. Example: “He had been very strong, but then he got weak”. (4) Statements of negation. Example: “Although he was up high, he never fell down”. (5) Denial of reality . Example: “It was all make believe”. (6) Overly maximizing the positive or minimizing the negative. Example: “It is the most beautiful in the world”. (7) Unexpected goodness, optimism, positiveness, or gentleness. Example: “He was a murderer but then decides to save people ”

155. Projection (1) Attribution of hostile feelings or intentions, or other normatively unusual feelings or intentions, to a character. Example: “Maybe he’s angry (unexplained)”. (2) Additions of ominous people , animals, objects, or qualities. Example: “That’s a dangerous toy”. (3) Magical or autistic thinking. Example: “Those rifles are feeling sorry”. (4) Concern for protection from external threat. Example: “He is hiding there so he can kidnap him” (5) Apprehensiveness of death, injury or assault . Example: “It looks like his father has just died”. (6) Themes of pursuit, entrapment and escape . Example: “He gets trapped in the cave, but then he gets out”. (7) Bizarre story or theme . Example: “This is a saw… he sawed his desk in half”.

156. IDENTIFICATION (1) Emulation of skills . Example: “Maybe if I could be as great a violinist as my father”. (2) Emulation of characteristics, qualities, or attitudes. Example: “He tries to be as honest as Abe Lincoln”. (3) Regulation of motives or behavior . Example: “His father sent him to his room because he was bad”. (4) Self-esteem through affiliation. Example: “He felt good because he had a friend”. (5) Work; delay of gratification. Example: “He practiced all his life”. (6 ) Role differentiation. Examples: mention of specific adult roles, such as “teacher” “sailor”, “ farmer”,priest ”, “soldier”, “scientist”, etc. (7) Moralism . Example: “He told the truth. Honesty pays”.

157. 9-adequacy of super ego Relation of punishment to the severity of offense gives an excellent insight into severity of super ego. A psychopath's hero may receive no punishment in stories of murder, with no more than a slight suggestion that he have learned a lesson for later life. Neurotic patient’s super ego: hero is accidentally or intentionally killed or mangled or dies of illness due to slightest infection or expression of aggression. Non integrated superego is sometimes too severe, some times too lenient is met in neurotic patient stories.

158. 10- Integration of super ego How well subject is functioning, It determines to what subject is able to compromise between his drives and demands of reality on one hand , and the commands of his super ego on other hand. Adequacy of hero in dealing with problem he is confronted with in pictures, and his own apperception of it, tells us what we want to know in this respect.