Therapeutic enzymes 2012.pptx

IMMUNOLOGY

1. Therapeutic enzymes

2. Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that serve as biological catalysts. Most enzymatic reactions, under optimal conditions, proceeds 10 8 to 10 11 times more rapidly than the corresponding non-enzymatic reaction. Since most chemical reactions in the body require the action of an enzyme, enzymes often serve as the focal point for the regulation of body function. 2

3. Streptokinase Extracellular bacterial protein produced by Streptococcus haemolyticus group C . a widely employed thrombolytic agent. It is administered to treat a variety of thrombo -embolic disorders, including: pulmonary embolism (blockage of the pulmonary artery) deep-vein thrombosis ( usually in the legs) arterial occlusions acute myocardial infarction. 3

4. Streptokinase Induces its thrombolytic effect by binding specifically and tightly to plasminogen . the streptokinase– plasminogen complex catalyses the proteolytic conversion of plasminogen to active plasmin . Limitations: Elicits immunity causes mild or severe allergy increased risk of haemorrhage 4

5. Streptokinase Streptokinase-activated plasminogen is capable of lysing not only clot-associated fibrin, but also free plasma fibrinogen. Can result in low serum fibrinogen levels and, hence, compromise haemostatic ability. It should not be administered to, for example, patients suffering from coagulation disorders or bleeding conditions such as ulcers 5

6. Urokinase Urokinase is an enzyme produced by the kidney and is found in both the plasma and urine. Capable of proteolytically converting plasminogen into plasmin . Urokinase is used clinically under the same circumstances as streptokinase. Because of its human origin, adverse immunological responses are less likely. 6

7. Asparaginase An enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of L- asparagine to L- aspartate and ammonia It is usually obtained from E.coli or Erwinia caratovora Used in chemotherapy of different forms of leukimia in combination with other drugs. Lack of intracellular L- asparagine results in decrease in protein synthesis and causes apoptosis. 7

8. Recombinant human DNase ( Pulmozyme ®) Used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) since the end of 1993. CF is an inherited, life-threatening disorder that damages the lungs and digestive tract. It is caused by a defective gene that triggers the production of thickened mucus which clogs airways and blocks the secretion of digestive enzymes. 8

9. Recombinant human DNase ( Pulmozyme ®) There is no cure for CF but there are treatments that can improve both the length and quality of one's life . These include airway clearance techniques, inhaled antibiotics, mucus thinners, pancreatic enzymes, a high-calorie diet, and newer generation medications known as CFTR modulators. 9

10. Recombinant human DNase ( Pulmozyme ®) Recombinant human DNase selectively cleaves DNA which present at high concentrations in the secretions of CF patients following release from leukocytes that accumulate in response to infection. Its reduces the viscoelasticity of the secretion. 10

11. Digestive aids Aid digestion, particularly for conditions in which deficiencies of natural digistive enzyme exist. They contain some or all of the following catagories of enzymes: amylolytic , proteolytic , cellulytic , and lipolytic . In addition the preparations often include bile salts. The acidic conditions of the stomach may denature some of these enzymes. 11

12. Digestive aids The ingested enzymes would be exposed to endogenous proteolytic activities associated with the stomach and small intestine. The preparations are formulated as tablets coated with an acid-resistant polymer to protect the enzyme as it passes through the stomach. 12

13. Digestive aids Pancreatin pancreatic extract usually obtained from the pancrease of slaughterhouse animals (bovine and porcine). It contains a mixture of enzymes, principally amylase, protease and lipase . formulated as enteric-coated granules or capsules. 13

14. Digestive aids Individual enzymes papain , pepsin or bromelains (proteases) or α-amylase are sometimes used in place of pancreatin . Bromelain  is a protease enzyme found in the juice and stem of pineapple. It is similar to Pepsin. Papain  is protease enzyme derived from the latex of papaya. 14

15. Digestive aids Cellulase Is not produced in the human digestive system Its ingestion improve digestion of high- fibre diets. enzyme preparations are obtained from Aspergillus niger or other fungal sources . 15

16. Digestive aids α- galactosidase absent in human digistive system is used to reduce gassiness or bloating following ingestion of grains, cereals, nuts, seeds or vegetables containing raffinose , verbascose , and stachyose . 16

17. Digestive aids β- galactosidase (Lactase) It is derived from yeast. catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose, releasing the constituent monosaccharides . Add to or ingested with milk for patients suffering from lactose intolerance (lactase insufficiency). 17