Therapeutic enzymes working

enzymes working as therapeutic agents
uses off enzymes msc level information
history of therapeutic enzymes

1. Enzymes as therapeutic agents Mandira bhosale FMBCH2122005

2. Therapeutic agents Chemical substances  that is used for the treatment or mitigation of a disease condition or ailment Therapeutic agents are used to treat the disease in safe way. Can be drug powder ,tablet, injection, syrup.

3. Enzymes Features: 1) They often bind and act on their targets with high affinity and specificity. 2) They have catalytic property and convert multiple target molecules to the desired products at higher speed rate .

4. Therapeutic + enzymes Enzymes with therapeutic properties. Therapeutic enzymes are the biocatalyst used to treat medical conditions and diseases. In the late 19 th century, crude proteolytic enzymes were used to treat gastrointestinal disorders only e.g. pepsin for dyspepsia. Later researcher observed that an extra cellular secretion i.e. nuclease (enzymatically degrades nucleic acid) of bacillus pyocyaneus kills anthrax bacilli and protects mice. This became milestone in the use of parental enzyme in the treatment of infections, cancers and finally diverse spectrum of diseases.

5. Properties of therapeutic enzymes The favored kinetics of the enzymes used in therapy should be of low Km and high Vmax in order to be maximally efficient at low concentration of the enzymes and its substrate. Another is a purified form and quantity.

6. Enzyme therapy: Enzyme therapy is a plan of dietary supplements of plant and animal enzymes used to facilitate the digestive process and improve the body's ability to maintain balanced metabolism. In enzyme replacement therapy enzyme which is deficient in body get replaced via intravenous (IV) infusion of a solution. Enzyme replacement therapy is also available for some lysosomal storage disease like G aucher disease ,fabry disease, hunter syndrome etc. ERT also used to treat patients with severe combined immunodeficiency.

7. Sources

8. Enzyme Source Trypsin Ox bile Chymotrypsin Ox bile & pancreas Lipase Pancreas Urokinase Human urine Lysozyme Hen eggs Pepsin Hog pancreas

9. Enzyme Source Papain Papaya Bromelain Pineapple Amylase Barley Nattokinase Natto

10. Enzymes Sources Streptokinase Beta haemolytic streptococci Hyaluronidase Gram positive bacteria Glutaminase E coli Lipase Aspergillus

11. Choice of enzymes source: Microbial sources are preferred. 1) Cheaper to produce 2) Their enzyme content is more predictable and controllable 3) Reliable supplies of raw material are of constant composition 4) Plant and animal sources contain more harmful material than microbes.

12. Therapeutic enzymes have a broad variety of specific uses: 1) Oncolytic 2) Anticoagulants 3) Digestive aids 4) Metabolic storage disorders, etc 5) Thrombolytic 6) Anti inflammatory agent 7) Replacements for metabolic deficiencies

13. oncolytic • Asparaginase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia . • Isolated from different types of bacteria, namely Escherichia coli and Erwania chryanthemi. • L- asparaginase is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma . • G lutaminase and arginase can also be used to treat cancer.

14. Thrombolytic Streptokinase is the microbial enzyme derived from the streptococcus species . The enzyme is thrombolytic in nature, can break down the blood clots in veins and prevent coronary artery disease . Dissolution of clot by converting intrinsic plasminogen present in the clot to active plasmin . In 1987, FDA has approved this enzyme for treating heart attacks which is produced in bulk based on r DNA technology.

15. Anticoagulant Nattokinase Nattokinase is an that is extracted from a popular Japanese food called  natto . Natto is boiled soybeans that have been fermented with a type of bacteria . Natto has been used as a folk remedy for diseases of the heart and blood vessels for hundreds of years. 1) POTENT ANTICOAGULANT AGENT, widely used for the prevention of heart attacks, stroke, and ather thrombotic diseases . 2) Hypercholesterolemia 3) hypertension 4 ) Alzheimer's DISEASE.

16. anti-inflammatory BROMELAIN It has been chemically known since 1875 and is used as a phytomedical compound. Exhibits various fibrinolytic, antithrombotic , and anti inflammatory activities . Bromelain is considerably absorbable in the body without losing its proteolytic activity and without producing any major side effects . As an antinflammatory agent in bronchitis, sinusitis, osteoarthritis. It is useful in the prevention and treatment of thrombophlebitis . Treatment of wounds, and Enhanced absorption of drugs, particularly antibiotics.

17. Digestive aid Chymotrypsin is a proteolytic enzyme Naturally produced by the pancreas of the human body . Chymotrypsin breaks down protein into dipeptide and some single amino acids by hydrolysis of peptide bond in small intestine. Bromelain is a anti inflammatory enzymes . And to cures digestive disorders . Rennin helps to digest milk protein Papain helps to digest protein and loosen necrotic tissues and waste material from the cell wall. Cellulase is an enzyme that breaks down cellulose to ß-glucose, produced by bacterial fungi and grazing animals such as cow. Cellulose is non-digestible by human because we do not produce Cellulase .

18. Other • Hyaluronidase • Used in medicine in conjunction with other drugs to speed their dispersion and delivery . • Common applications are ophthalmic surgery, in combination with local anesthetics . • It also increases the absorption rate of parenteral fluids given by interstitial or subcutaneous infusions • As Anti-Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents • used in cosmetic industries.

19. Advantages Enzymes are highly selective and specific for their action. Enzymes as drugs are more potential than the small molecular drugs. Enzymes required in small quantities but in highly purified form . Catalyzes many reactions. In various API enzymes are used for the manufacturing of drug. Enzyme therapy is more efficient . Many enzymes works as anticoagulant , anticancer, thrombolytic. Economically feasible and consistent.

20. Future prospects • The use of therapeutic enzymes in various fields such as industrial and pharmaceutical have increased greatly during the past few years . • Rapid advances may be expected in the availability of high purity enzymes on an industrial scale . •Various industries including enzyme manufacturers are carrying out enzyme research currently to find new and improved methods of using enzymes for medical purposes . • There is a great and growing market for therapeutic enzymes. Many diseases have increased the demand of enzymes as therapeutic agents . • Studies are been conducted to utilize the varied microbial resources including both marine and terrestrial microorganisms.

21. References https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28786356/ https://www.ijcmas.com/vol-4-4/Prajakta%20Mane%20and%20Vidya%20Tale.pdf https://medchrome.com/basic-science/pharmacology/therapeutic-use-of-enzymes-2/ https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/85182 https:// www.slideshare.net/VikasCJ1/enzyme-therapy-76937937 https://www.slideshare.net/DrReubenSyiem/enzyme-therapy-235832492?qid=59b7e86c-dda8-41db-889b-9edfbcd2c652&v=&b=& from_search=19