Thermal power plants

The steam power plant is an important source to produce the electricity. The major portion of electricity demand is fulfilled by this power plant. It is also called a thermal power plant. It provides the electricity required to different areas. In this article we will study the construction, working, efficiency, advantages, and disadvantages of steam power plants It is the power plant which is used to generate electricity by the use of steam turbine. The major components of these power plants are boiler, steam turbine, condenser, and water feed pump.

1. “Thermal Power Plants”
By
Dr.G.NageswaraRao
Professor, EEE Department
LakireddyBali Reddy College of Engineering
Mylavaram, Krishna Dt, AP, India

2. ENERGY RESOURCES
•Non Renewable Energy Resources
•Renewable Energy Resources

4. APGENCO Installed Capacity

6. THERMAL POWER PLANT(6 Units, Each 210MW)

7. Main Entrance of the Plant

9. THERMAL POWER PLANT
(6 Units, Each 210MW + 500MW), Installed Capacity=1,760MW

10. STAGE
NO.
UNIT
NO.
INSTALLED
CAPACITY
DATE OF COMMISSIONING
I 1
2
210 MW
210 MW
01-11-1979
10-10-1980
II 3
4
210 MW
210 MW
05-10-1989
23-08-1990
III 5
6
210 MW
210 MW
31-03-1994
24-02-1995
IV 7 500 MW 29-01-2010
V 8 800 MW
Under construction
Works starts from July-2016
,expected by 2020(4-years)
The project was completed in Four stages, I,II, III & IV
Stages. Consisting of two units of 210 MW each and iv
stage by one unit thus the total capacity being 1760 MW.

11. This session divide in to
Coal handling Plant
Boilerand its Auxiliaries
Turbine and its Auxiliaries
Common Auxiliaries
Generator Auxiliaries
Switch yard

12. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THERMAL
POWER PLANT
WATER
BOILER TURBINE GENERATOR
COAL
AIR
STEAM

14. COAL HANDLING PLANT (CHP)
Wagon Tippler
Crusher House
Bunker

15. Wagon Tippler
Function : The wagon tippler is to tipple or
unload the entire coal in to Conveyor belt
through coal mesh grid.
size of the mesh grid = 300mm X 300mm

16. COAL RECEIVED BY WAGONS

17. Wagon Tipplertipples / un load the coal

18. COAL UNLOADING USING WAGON TIPPLER
Wagon tippler tilt by 150
0 angle

19. COAL FROM MINES
Belt Conveyor
Rollers

20. CONVEYOR -ROLLERS

21. COAL DUMPING YARD

22. COAL CONVEYOR

23. COAL DUMPING YARD

24. •Receipt of Coal from Mines •Unloading of Coal
•Coal Stacking & Reclamation

25. Crusher House:
In this the size of coal
reduced from 300mm to 20mm size coal
pieces with the help of ring rollers.
Bunker:
Itisaconicalshapecontainerwhich
receivesthe20mmsizecoalpiecesfrom
crusherhouse.Itscapacity500MT.
6 Nos. bunkers for each 210 MW unit.
Total coal required for 210MW = 3,000MT per day.

26. Boiler Auxiliaries
Boilers
(Single pass & Twopass)
Fans
(PA Fan, FD Fan & ID Fan)
Mills
( Bowl & Ball Mills)
Air-Preheaters
Electrostatic Precipitators ( ESP)

27. Types of Boilers
Based on Media
1. Fire Tube Boilers.
2. Water Tube Boilers
Based on Construction
1) Single pass boiler.
2) Two-pass Boiler.

28. SINGLE -PASS BOILER.
(TOWER TYPE BOILER)From BFP
TO IPT
TOWER TYPE BOILER
DRUM
BOTTOM RING HDR
Economiser
LTRH
LTSH
HTSH
HTRH
ITSH
HANGER PLATEN
TO HPT
AFTER HPT

29. TWO-PASS BOILERWATER WALL BOTTOM RING HEADER
DRUM
CRH IN
REAR ROOF
WATER INLET
SH STEAM OUTLET
EXTENDED
WW
FRONT ROOF
HRH OUT
S R Kannan,
Sr Manager (R&D)
LTSH
Economiser

30. HOW TO RECONGNISE GOOD COMBUSTION?
COLOUR OF FLAME AT BURNER ELEVATION
OBSERVED THROUGH PEEP HOLES
COLOUR-PALE ORANGE WHILE ON COOL FIRING
FLAME 300 TO 400 mm AWAY FROM BURNER TIP.
FLAME TEMP. 1050 Deg.C TO 1150 Deg.C
(AS MEASURED BY OPTICAL PYROMETER )

31. Water Tube Boiler (Box Type )
Boiler Drum
Water wall tube
Peep Hole
Coal feeding
Furnace Area
Super Heater Coils
Bottom Ring
Header
Top Ring Header

33. Types of Fans
1. PA Fan.
2. FD Fan.
3.ID Fan .

34. Location of APH, ID Fan & FD Fan

35. PA Fan Function:
Theair supplied by the fan is called
primary Air. The primary air is used to lift the
pulverized coal in the mill to Furnace for combustion.
FD Fan function:
Theair supplied by the FD fan is called
Secondary Air. The Secondary air is used to combustion
the pulverized coal effectively in the furnace zone .
ID Fan function:
Itremoves / suck the flue gasses from the
furnace and exit the flue gasses to the atmosphere through
the chimney .

36. Types of Mills
1. Bowl Mills
2.Ball Mills

37. Bowl Mill-Pulverized coal pipe lines(4 Nos.)

38. BOWL MILL ROLLER ASSY

39. Ball Mills
Mill speed = 15 rpm

40. BALL TUBE MILLS
•These mills are manufactured as per
STEIN, France design.
•Type : BBD 4760
•BBD stands for Boyer’s Balls Direct.
•4760 stands for 4.7 meters inside diameter
and 6.0 meter length of the Pulverizing
zone.
•These are also called horizontal mills as
their axis of rotation is horizontal .

41. Ball Mill
1.30mm & 40mm & 50mm dia. Forged
Steel round ball are loaded into Mill
drum.
2. It will rotate at 15 rpm
3. Size of coal entered into drum is 20mm .
4. Due to impact & friction method 20mm
size coal is crushed between the ball
and getting pulverized coal power (74microns)

42. SREW CONVEYOR
The purpose of SREW CONVEYOR is to convey raw coal and balls
into the mill and to convey Primary air through the center of the
conveyor

43. Mill air system

45. Pulverized Fuel Boiler
Tangential firing
Coal is pulverised to a fine powder, so that less than 2% is +300
microns, and 70-75% is below 75 microns.
Coal is blown with part of the combustion air into the boiler plant
through a series of burner nozzles.
•Combustiontakesplaceat
temperaturesfrom1300-1700°C
•Particleresidencetimeinthe
boileristypically2-5seconds
•Oneofthemostpopularsystem
forfiringpulverizedcoalisthe
tangentialfiringusingfour
burnerscornertocornertocreatea
fireballatthecenterofthe
furnace.SeeFigure

46. FURNACE
We can see the fire by opening the peep hole

47. 2coal_fired_animation.mov

48. SCHEMATIC OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT

49. Thermal power Station Boiler
•90% of coal-fired power boiler in the world is Pulverized type

50. Air Pre -Heater

51. Location of APH,IDF & FDF

52. AIR PREHEATER
Airpreheaterisanauxiliaryequipmentfor
steamgenerators.Itisaheatexchangerthat
absorbswasteheatfromexitfluegasinboiler
andtransferstheheattothecoldair.
Inutilityandprocessboilersitisusedto
heattheairrequiredforefficientcombustion
purpose,todryingthecoal.

54. Tri –Sector Air Heater

55. Tri-Sector Air Pre-heater

56. Tri-Sector Air Pre-heater

57. Air pre –Heaters rotates at 3rpm

58. Air pre –Heaters rotates at 3rpm

60. Introduction of Air Preheater

61. BOILER PRESSURE PARTS

62. Pressure part means
“In any closed vessel or container
that contains pressure of more than
1kg / cm
2
P > 1 Kg / cm
2

63. PRESSUREPARTS
1. Economizer
2. Super Heaters
3. Re-Heaters
4. Water Walls
5. Safety Walls
6. De-Super heaters
and
7. Boiler Drum

64. ECONOMISER
FUNCTION:
Increases the feed water temperature
by extracting the temperature from
flue gases.

65. SUPERHEATER
FUNCTION:
It increases the temperature of Main
steam with the help of temperature
of flue gases to get Saturated Steam
admitted to the HPT.

66. RE -HEATERS
FUNCTION:
It heats the temperature of steam
outlet from HPT with the help of Flue
gas temperature.

67. WATER WALLS
FUNCTION:
Water walls carry feed water from ring
headers to Boiler Drum through raiser
tubes by natural Circulation.

68. Box Type Design
Boiler Drum
Water wall tube
Peep Hole
Coal feeding
Furnace Area
Super Heater Coils
Bottom Ring
Header
Top Ring Header

69. SAFETY VALVES
FUNCTION
These are used to safe guard the
equipment in case of emergencies.

70. DE-SUPERHEATERS
FUNCTION:
It controls the main steam temperatures
to safe limit.

74. BOILER DRUM
FUNCTION:
•It separates the steam from steam-water mixture.
•It houses all equipments used for purification of
steam, after being separated from water.

75. 210MW -Boiler Drum Internals

76. Raiser
Tubes(500MW)

88. STEAM TURBINES

90. TYPE OF TURBINES
STAGE –I
Three cylinder, Tandem Compound, Impulse, Reheat and
Condensing type with double flow in LP Turbine & Nozzle
Governing
STAGE –II & III
Three cylinder, Tandem Compound, Reaction, Reheat and
Condensing type with double flow in IP Turbine & LP
Turbine and Throttle Governing
STAGE –I V
Three cylinder, Tandem Compound, Impulse, Reheat and
Condensing type with double flow in LP Turbine & Nozzle
Governing with TDBFP

91. •High Pressure Turbine
•Inner Casing
•I
n
l
e
t
•Outer Casing-Barrel type
•Exhaust

92. •Inner Casing
•Inlet
•Exhaust
•Outer Casing
•Extraction
•Intermediate Pressure Turbine
•Inlet
•Rotor

93. LP STEAM TURBINE

94. 210 MW LMW Turbine

95. Turbine video
8-STEAM AND WATER CYCLE
OF 210 MW
(LMW TURBINE ) UNIT.pps

96. TECHNICAL DETAILS
STAGE –I STAGE –II
& III
Stage-IV
BOILER DESIGN Combustion
Engg., USA
Steins,
Germany
Steins,
Germany
BOILER MAKE BHEL BHEL BHEL
CAPACITY 700 TPH 690 TPH 1625 TPH
STEAM Pr. 135 Kg / cm
2
154.1 Kg /
cm
2
175.5
Kg / cm
2
STEAM Temp. 540
0
C 540
0
C 540
0
C
TURBINE DESIGN LMW, RUSSIAN KWU,
GERMANY
KWU,
GERMANY
TURBINE MAKE BHEL BHEL BHEL

97. Specification of Turbines
Turbine main Data Unit LMW KWU
•Rated output MW 210 210
•Rated speed rpm 3000 3000
•M.S.pressure Kg/cm
2
130 150
•M.S.Temperature
0
C 535 535
•Reheat pressure/ temp Kg/cm
2
/
0
C 24.49/53534.8/535
•Total steam flow at 210 mw t/h 652 636
•Steam flow thro. LPT t/h 565 504
•Steam flow thro. LPT to condenser t/h 450 443.3
•Sp. heat rate of turbine Kcal/KWh 2040 1993
•Rated efficiency of turbine % 42.15 43.15
•No.of bearings no. 5 4
•C W flow t/h 27000 30600
•Condenser surface area m
2
14600 14000
•No tubes no. 15620 23934
•Tube ID, Thickness mm 29/1 17/1
•Extraction pressure/flow HPH-7 Kg/cm
2
, t/h 42, 34 ------
•Extraction pressure/flowHPH-6 Kg/cm
2
, t/h 26, 45 38.5, 57.2
•Extraction pressure/flow HPH-5 Kg/cm
2
, t/h 13, 17.516, 35.2
•Extraction pressure/flow -4 Kg/cm
2
, t/h 7, 22 6.6, 34.8
•Extraction pressure/flow LPH-3 Kg/cm
2
, t/h 3, 25 2.3, 27.6
•Extraction pressure/flow LPH-2 Kg/cm
2
, t/h 1.4, 260.8, 30.2
•Extraction pressure/flow LPH-1 Kg/cm
2
, t/h Vac, 130.2, 3.42

98. TURBINE & GENERATOR

99. ENERGY TRANSFORMATION
MECH
ENERGY OF
TURBINE TO
ELECTRICAL
ENERGY IN
GENERATOR
HIGH
PRESSURE
STEAM
KINETIC
ENERGY TO
MECH.
ENERGY IN
TURBINE

100. VIDEO3-▶How does a Thermal
Power Plant Work.mp4

101. Ash collection points
Generally ash will be collected by the following locations.
1) Ash collected at Bottom Ashing. ( Moderately)
2) Ash collected at ESP Hoppers.( Major portion)
3) Ash collected at Duct Hoppers.
4) Ash collected at APH Hoppers.
5) Ash collected at Economizer Hoppers.
6) Ash collected at Scraper conveyors.
7) Stack hoppers
8) Common ash slurry sluice way trench)Ash pump house
10) Ash disposal lines
11) Ash pond

102. Bottom Ashing
Ash collected at the bottom of boiler Ash collected at Scrapper conveyor

103. Ash Disposal Pump House

104. Bottom Ashing
Wet Ash removing Clinkers fall down on clinker grinderclinker grinder

105. ESP & Duct Hoppers

106. Real location of ESP

107. Ash loading points Ash loading points

108. Ash Pond
Ash Disposal Lines Ash Pond Area Decanting well

109. Ash Pond
Wet Ash loading process
Seepage pits
Decanting process

110. Ash Pond
Seepage pitsDecanting process

111. Fly Ash Utilization
1.Earth Works:Embankments, Backfills,
Highways-Base and Sub base, Soil
stabilization, Structural Fills.
2.Buildings:Pozzalona Cement, Bricks
Blocks, Slabs and Walls Panels,
Concrete, Grouts.
3.Agriculture:Soil Conditioning,
Manufacture of Fertilizers.

112. Total Heat input 100%
Heat Loss in Flue gas ~5%
Losses in boiler and piping ~8%
Losses in Turbine, Generator and
Transformer ~4%
Condenser cooling water rejection ~45%
Unit self consumption ~3% Net available Energy ~35%
EnergyDistribution

114. TYPE OF GENERATORS
STAGE –I
Alternator with Cylindrical rotor, Static excitation,
3-Phase Double Star Winding, Water & Hydrogen
cooled
STAGE –II , III & IV
Alternator with Cylindrical rotor, Brush less excitation,
3-Phase Double Star Winding, Hydrogen cooled

115. Generator details

116. TURBO GENERATOR
•The main parts of a Turbo Generator are
STATOR and ROTOR.
•Detailed constructional features
•STATOR BODY:
Stator body is a robust totally enclosed
gas tight fabricated structure.
Designed mechanically to withstand high
internal pressure of explosion of Hydrogen
–Air mixture
Hydrogen gas coolers are housed
longitudinally inside the stator body
The end shields are made in 2 halves for
ease in assembly

117. TURBO GENERATOR
•STATOR CORE:
Made up of segmental, varnished insulated
punchings of CRGO silicon steel laminations
Built in several packets separated by steel
spacers for radial cooling of the core by
Hydrogen
Pressing of the core stampings is done to
ensure monolithic core
Core is held firmly by means of Heavy Non –
Magnetic Steel press rings bolted thoroughly
with the ends of core bars

118. TURBO GENERATOR

119. TURBO GENERATOR
STATOR WINDING:
Three phase, double layer short chorded bar type
windings with two parallel paths
Each coil consists of glass insulated solid and hollow
conductors
The elementary conductors are transposed in the slot
portion to minimize eddy losses.
Coils are held in the slots firmly in the slots by fibrous
wedges.
Overhang portion is securely tied with glass cord to
binding rings and special Non-Magnetic brackets

120. TURBO GENERATOR

121. TURBO GENERATOR
•Distillate Headers:
Two Copper ring type water headers are
provided for both inlet and outlet of the Stator
winding on the Turbine end
The winding ends are solidly soldered into the
coil lugs which pass ultrasonic test
Each individual bar is connected with PTFE
hose which in-turn are connected to ring header
The water circuit is subjected to Hydraulic test at
various stages to ensure water tight

122. TURBO GENERATOR
•TERMINAL BUSHINGS
Porcelain insulators are provided to insulate the
terminal bars from the stator body
Terminal bushings are situated in the lower part
of the stator casing (Slip ring side)
Sealing is provided between bushings and stator
body to avoid any possibility of leakage of
Hydrogen gas
Three phase and six Neutral bushings are
available.

123. TURBO GENERATOR
•ROTOR
The rotor shaft is a forged from one single piece
from Chromium, Nickel, Molybdenum and
Vanadium steel.
It undergoes all types of series of mechanical
tests to ensure any internal flaws.
Rotor is dynamically balanced to a high degree
of accuracy.

124. TURBO GENERATOR

125. TURBO GENERATOR
Field winding:
Field winding is made up of hard drawn silver bearing
copper.
It is held in position against centrifugal forces by means
of duralumin wedges in the slot portion
Overhang portion is held by the non-magnetic steel
retaining ring.
Several ventilating ducts are milled on the slots for
Hydrogen gas cooling of the rotor.
Copper segmental type damper winding is provided to
prevent overheating of retaining rings

126. TURBO GENERATOR
Shaft Mounted Fans
For circulating the Hydrogen gas inside the
Turbo Generator two propeller type fans are
mounted on either sides of the rotor shaft
Alloy steel cast fan blades are machined in the
tail portion with special profile
Fan shields are fixed to the end shields to guide
the flow of Hydrogen gas

127. TURBO GENERATOR
RETAINING RINGS
End windings are held intact against centrifugal forces by
retaining rings machined from stress free, heat treated
non-magnetic alloy steel.
Retaining rings are shrunk fitted on the rotor body.
Centering rings mounted at the end of retaining rings
support and prevent the movement of rotor winding in
axial direction.

128. CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF TURBO GENERATOR
Stator Winding
ROTOR
RET RING
Seal Rings
Bushings
Gas cooler

129. TURBO GENERATOR
SLIP RINGS
Helically grooved alloy steel rings are shrunk on the
rotor.
Both the rings are mounted on a common single steel
bush which has an insulating jacket.
Radial holes are made on the slip rings for fixing Current
Carrying Bolts.
Slip rings are connected to the field winding thru semi
flexible copper leads.

130. TURBO GENERATOR
BRUSH GEAR
Brush gear is provided on the extended part of
the bearing pedestal on the excitation side.
Brush holders are fixed on the brass rings in
such a way to provide staggering of the brushes
along the circumference of the ring.
Brushes are loaded with contact pressure which
can be adjusted individually.
Brushes can be replaced easily during normal
running condition.

131. TURBO GENERATOR
GAS COOLERS
Four numbers gas coolers are mounted longitudinally
inside the TG stator body.
Gas coolers consist of cooling tubes made out of brass
and coiled copper wire is wound to increase the surface
area of cooling.
Cooling water flows thru the tubes (inside) and hot
Hydrogen across the cooler surface thereby taking away
the heat from the gas.

132. TURBO GENERATOR
SHAFT SEALS
Shaft seals are provided in order to prevent Hydrogen
escape from the TG casing along the rotor shaft.
Seal oil (pressurized) is a used to seal Hydrogen gas
escape.
The shaft seals are radial thrust type and are mounted
between end shield and the bearing at either ends of the
Rotor.

134. HISTORY OF GENERATORS
Electro-Magnetic Induction principle enunciated by Sir MichealFarady1831.
First AC Turbo –Generator was developed by Sir Charles A Parsons 1888.
First 3 phase generator, salient pole 1900.
First turbo type 3 phase 25 MW generator 1912.
CEA, UK made 50 HZ as standard frequency for Europe1925.
First Hydrogen cooled 3 phase 30 MW generator1937.
First Hydrogen cooled TG with direct cooling of rotor 1949.
First generator with water cooled stator winding 1956.
First generator with water cooling for stator and rotor winding 1959.

135. GENERATOR COOLING

140. 210 MW Turbo Generator losses

141. Different cooling Methods

142. Different cooling Methods

143. Closed cycle Air cooled Generators

144. Advantages of closed circuit Air cooled Generators

145. Hydrogen Gas Coolers

146. HYDROGEN GAS SYSTEM
GAS COOLER

147. Stator water cooling system
TURBINE SIDE TEFLON HOSE OUTLET HEADER
INLET HEADER

149. ROTOR BODY WITH CROSS -POLE SLOTS

150. Quality of Cooling Water

151. 210 MW GENERATOR
BRUSHLESS EXCITOR

158. TRIP LOGIC OF GENERATOR PROTECTION
•TWO INDEPENDENT CHANNELS WITH INDEPENDENT CT/VT
INPUTS/DC SUPPLY/TRIP RELAY
CLASS -A TRIPS
•ALLELECTRICALTRIP
•TRIPTURBINE,GENERATOR,GT,UT
CLASS-BTRIPS
•MECHANICALTRIPS
•AVOIDOVERSPEEDINGOFTURBINEDUETOSTEAMENTRAPPED
INTURBINE.TURBINETRIPSIGNALISGIVENFIRSTANDTHEACTIVE
POWER,SENSEDBYTHELOWFORWARD RELAY(32G)GIVESTHE
TRIPSIGNALTOTHEUNITBREAKER&FIELDBREAKERAFTERA
TIMEDELAY
CLASS-CTRIPS
•TRIPSONLYHVCBINCASEOFGCBSCHEME

159. 220 KV SWITCH YARD

160. Electro
Mechanical Relays
Electro Mechanical Relays

163. SUMMARY
Stages Of Power Generation

164. PROCESS OF THE PLANT
Receiving Coal, Generating Steam, Rotation of Steam Turbine,
Generation of Electricity.
RAW MATERIAL –Fuel –Coal
Coal linkage from Mahanadi Coal Fields,
Talcher, Orissa.
Consumption: Average 28000 T / day
10 million tonnes / annum
MEDIUM –DM Water, Cooling Water, Lubricants
PRODUCT –Electricity at 15.75 KV, stepped up to 220 KV
Daily Generation –42.24MU at Full Load
15000 MU in a year.
BY PRODUCT –Fly Ash, Pond Ash
% Utilization –40 %

165. 166