Thermodynamics class 11

This is project about thermodynamics class 11

1. SANSKAR PUBLIC SCHOOL PHULPUR,PRAYAGRAJ Group Name=E Physics Project work(2018-19) Topic=Thermodynamics Group Leader Name=Sawarni Tiwari

2. Group Members Name Manjeet Kumar Shreya Tiwari Mahwish Abhishek Singh

3. Acknowledgement In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have bestowed upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with project. Primarily I would thank God being able to complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank my Principal Mr. A.P. Maurya and Physics Teacher.

4. Mr. Gaurav Shukla sir whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped us patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of the project. Then we would like to thank our parents who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project. At last I would like to thank my group members for giving their time and guidance.

5. Certificate Certified that this is the bonafide work of ‘Group E’ of 11 th ‘A’ of Sanskar Public School. They have done their project during the academic year of 2018-2019. The Group initiative, cooperation and participation during project time was Excellent/Good/Average/Below Average. The Group content creativity, originality, analysis of different perception is Excellent/Good/Average/Below Average.

6. Principal’s Signature…………………………………………………… Teacher’s Signature……………………………………………………… Note= For giving grade to the ‘Group E’ please change the colour of above given grades in Project certificate.

7. Index Introduction To Thermodynamics. System, Surroundings and Universe. Types Of Thermodynamics System. Explanation of Thermodynamic System. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic. Heat And Internal Energy. Work. State variables. Extensive and Intensive Property.

8. Heat Capacity. Specific Heat Capacity. Process. Isothermal Process. Work done in isothermal expansion. Adiabatic Process. Work Done in Adiabatic Process. Isobaric process and Work done. Isochoric Process and Work done.

9. First Law of Thermodynamic. Limitations of First Law. Second Law of Thermodynamic. Advantages of Thermodynamic Study.

10. Introduction To Thermodynamics It is the branch of Physics which deals with the study of transformation of heat energy into other forms of energy. In Thermodynamics, we study the macroscopic quantities of the system such as volume, pressure, temperature, internal energy ,entropy ,enthalpy. One of the most important concepts of thermodynamics is the ‘Temperature’.

11. System, Surroundings And Universe System=The part of universe which is under investigation is known as system. Surrounding=The part of universe which is not under investigation is known as surrounding . Universe = System + surrounding. Thermodynamic Equilibrium= When macroscopic variables(like pressure, volume, temperature, composition ,mass etc .) that characterise the system do not change with time.

12. Thermodynamics System There are three types of Thermodynamics System. Open System Closed System Isolated System

13. Explanation Of System Open system=It is the Thermodynamics system in which matter and energy of system can be evolved from system or share with surroundings.

14. Closed System=It is the thermodynamics system in which only energy can be evolve from system not matter of system.

15. Isolated System=It is the Thermodynamics system in which either matter nor energy of system evolve from the system.

16. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic According to Zeroth law, when the thermodynamic system A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third thermodynamic system c, then the system A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other also.

17. Heat And Internal Energy Heat=It is energy that flows from higher temperature to lower temperature. This flow because of difference in temperature. Internal Energy=Internal Energy of system is the total energy possessed by the system due to molecular motion and molecular configuration. It means, due to random motion of atoms and molecules of system. It is represented by U.

18. Work The energy transferred by the system to another that is accounted for changes in the external generalized mechanical constraints on the system is known as Work. When work done by the system it means negative work.(-work). When work on the system it means positive work.(+work). W=

19. Diagram

20. State Variables State Variables of a system are the parameters which describe equilibrium state of the system. For example=Pressure ,Volume , Temperature , mass and composition. The various state variables of a system are not necessarily independent.

21. Extensive And Intensive Property Extensive Property= This is the property of a system which is totally depend upon the amount of a matter of a system. For example=Mass ,Volume, Internal energy etc. Intensive Property= This is the property of a system which is not depend upon size of a system. For example=Pressure(P), Density(p), Force(F) etc. Note: Extensive /Extensive=Intensive .

22. Heat Capacity If a quantity of heat ‘Q’ produces a change in temperature ‘dT’ in a body, it’s heat capacity is defined as ratio of heat and change in temperature. C=Q/∆T The S.I. unit of heat capacity is J/k.

23. Specific Heat The quantity of heat ‘Q’ required to produce a change in temperature ‘dT’ is also proportional mass ‘m’ of the sample. Q=m.C∆T, where C is called specific heat of the substance. C=Heat capacity/mass.

24. Process Defined by change in a system, a thermodynamic process is a passage of a thermodynamic system from an initial to a final state of a thermodynamic equilibrium. A thermodynamical process is said to be take place when some changes occur in the state of thermodynamic system, i.e., the thermodynamic parameters of the change with time.

25. Isothermal Process Isothermal Process in which occurs at a constant temperature. A change in pressure and volume of a gas without any change in its temperature is called an isothermal change. PV=constant

26. Work done Isothermal Expansion Consider one gram mole of an ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder with perfectly conducting walls and fitted with perfectly frictionless and conducting piston. dW=F*dx=P*A*dx dW=P.dV From ideal gas equation for one mole. PV=nRT n=1 PV=RT P1,V1,T dx

27. P=RT/V W= W=2.3026RT This is the equation of Work done in isothermal Expansion.

28. Adiabatic Process Adiabatic Process is that in which change in heat of a system is Zero. In this change pressure and volume of a system changes. ∆Q=0

29. Work Done In Adiabatic Process Consider one gram of mole of an ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder with perfectly non conducting walls and fitted with a perfectly frictionless non conducting piston. F=P*A

30. dW=F*dx dW=(P*A).dx dW=P.dV ………….(1) Total work done by gas in adiabatic expansion from V1 to V2. W= The equation of adiabatic changes is = constant K …………….(2)

31. γ = From equation 2 P= Put in equation 1. W=

32. W= W=R(T2-T1)/1- γ . This is the equation of work done in adiabatic process.

33. Isobaric process and work Done Isobaric process= This process occurs at constant pressure but volume and temperature changes with time of system. Work done In isobaric process= In an isobaric process, P is fixed . W=P(V2-V1) W=nR(T2-T1).

34. Isochoric Process And work done Isochoric Process= This is the process in which occurs at constant volume but temperature and pressure of system changes with time. Work Done in Isochoric process=V is constant, no work is done on or by the gas. W=0

35. First Law of Thermodynamic This law is simply the general law of conservation of energy as applied to heat energy. According to first law of Thermodynamics ,whenever heat is added to a system, it transforms to an equal amount of energy in some other forms. When we supply some heat energy to a system ,it may be do one or both: (i) Increases internal energy. (ii) Do the external work.

36. Heat added=Increase in Internal energy + External work done. dQ=Small amount of heat supplied to the system. dU=small change in Internal energy. dW=small amount of work done. According to first law of thermodynamics, dQ=dU+dW

37. Diagram Explanation

38. Limitations of First Law It does not tells us about in which direction heat flows. It does not tell about the Entropy of a system. It not gives the idea about the extent of change. It not gives the idea about the source of heat. It gives the idea about final temperature of two bodies when they are in direct contact.

39. Second Law of Thermodynamic Second Law of Thermodynamics states that it is impossible to self acting machine, unaided by an external agency to convey heat from the body at lower temperature to another at higher temperature. This law was made by Clausius. According to Kelvin, it is impossible to derive continuous supply off work by cooling a body to a temperature lower than that of the coldest of it’s surroundings.

40. Diagram Explanation

41. History

42. Advantages Of Thermodynamic Study It help in the study of internals motion of the many body system. It gives easy path to understand the relation between Heat, Work and Energy. It gives path to understand the macroscopic property of a matter for instance Pressure, Volume, Temperature etc. It gives the idea, how to transform the Heat energy into another form of energy in a easy way and in low investment.

43. Bibliography We have collected all these information of Thermodynamic from our course N.C.E.RT book and reference book of Pradeep publication of class 11 th Physics . And we have collected all pasted images of this P.pt from different websites of Google and coaching websites. And Text is written by the help of Physics Teacher lecture and by their given notes of Thermodynamic.

44. Thank You