Thorns, Tendrils & Phylloclade by Dr. Praveen Mohil

Thorns, Tendrils & Phylloclade || Specialized structures of plants || Dr. Praveen Mohil

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1. Thorne classification Classification of Robert Folger Thorne

2. Classification of Robert Folger Thorne Dr . Praveen Mohil Assistant Professor Department of Botany University of Rajasthan Jaipur-302004

3. About author Ph.D. M. Sc. Botany-1999 Specialization in Advance Taxonomy and Herbarium Botany Botany- SLET-1999, Life Science-NET-June-2000, Life Science-JRF (SPM) Dec.2000, College Lecturer (Assistant Professor) RPSC 2001 INTERVIEW QUALIFIED- College lecturer (RPSC-2001) Now in RU from 2013

4. Useful for For B. Sc.(Pass/ Hons ), B.Sc-B.Ed , M.Sc. (Botany), Research Students & RPSC Assistant Professor Botany by RPSC/ Competitive Exams(RAS/IAS)

5. Contents About authors Awards Table Outline of table Merits & Demerits

6. About authors- Robert Folger Thorne Robert F. Thorne (July 13, 1920 – March 24, 2015, Age 94) was an American botanist . He was taxonomist and curator emeritus at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and professor emeritus at Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, California . He graduated summa cum laude in 1941 with a major in botany from Dartmouth College and earned his M.S. degree in economic botany in 1942 at Cornell University. After serving in the armed forces, he earned his Ph.D. in economic botany at Cornell University in 1949. Thorne died on Tuesday, March 24, 2015, at the age of 94. His research has contributed to the understanding of the evolution of flowering plants .

7. Work Thorne was the assistant professor of botany at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, from 1949 to 1953, associate professor from 1954 to 1960, and professor from 1961 to 1962. He was a visiting professor at the University of Minnesota, Lake Itasca Biological Station in the summer of 1962 before moving to California, where he became taxonomist and curator for Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and professor for Claremont Graduate School (now Claremont Graduate University) in Claremont, California. He became taxonomist and curator emeritus as well as professor emeritus at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden and Claremont Graduate School in 1987. Thorne gained an international reputation through "his contributions to our understanding of the evolution of flowering plants... and that has culminated recently in two... publications, one outlining his classifications of monocots (Thorne 2000) and the other on the dicotyledons (Thorne 2001 ).

8. Fellowships and awards Cramer Fellow (Dartmouth College to attend Cornell University, 1941; declined a second Cramer Fellowship in order to enter Army Air Forces). Research Associate Professor, University of Iowa, 1957. Fulbright Research Scholar, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 1959–1960 (renewed once). National Science Foundation Senior Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and British Museum (Natural History), London, England, 1960. Elected Foreign Member, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, 1986–present. Merit Award, American Botanical Society, 1996. Madroño , Volume 45, 1999. Dedicated to Robert F. Thorne.[5]

9. Thorne system Among Thorne's many accomplishments was a system of plant taxonomy known as the Thorne system, first issued in 1968 , and periodically revised from 1976 onwards ( 1977, 1983, 1992, 1999, 2007 A system of plant taxonomy, the Thorne system of plant classification was devised by the American botanist Robert F. Thorne (1920–2015) in 1968 , and he continued to issue revisions over many years (1968–2007).

10. Thorne system @1968 System 1968 System Monocotyledons divided into following – 5 superorder 1.Superorder Alimatiflorae 2.Superorder Triuridiflorae 3.Superorder Liliiflorae -Order Liliales 4.Superorder Ariflorae 5.Superorder Commeliniflorae

11. 1992 System- Super order 19+9; 69 orders and 440 families Class Magnoliopsida = angiosperms Subclass Magnoliidae /Dicots Liliidae / monocot Super order-19 1.Magnolianae , 2. Nymphaeanae,3. Rafflesianae , 4 . Caryophyllanae,5. Theanae,6.Celastranae , 7 . Malvanae,8. Violanae 9. Santalanae,10 Geranianae,11. Rutanae,12. Proteanae,13. Rosanae , 14. Cornanae,15. Asteranae,16. Solananae,17. Loasanae , 18. Myrtanae,19. Gentiananae 1. Lilianae,2 . Hydatellanae 3. Triuridanae,4 . Alismatanae , 5 . Aranae 6. Cyclanthanae,7 . Pandananae , 8 . Arecanae 9. Commelinanae Super order-9

12. Magnoliidae / Dicots— Super-order+order + Families 1.Superorder Magnolianae i. Order Magnoliales - First – Winteraceae & Last Piperaceae ii. Order Ceratophyllales - Family Ceratophyllaceae iii. Order Nelumbonales -Family Nelumbonaceae iv. Order Paeoniales - First – Paeoniaceae & Second - Glaucidiaceae v. Order Berberidales - First Menispermaceae & Last Papaveraceae

13. Magnoliidae / Dicots— Super-order+order + Families 2.Superorder Nymphaeanae Order Nymphaeales First and Second – Cabombaceae & Nymphaeaceae 3.Superorder Rafflesianae Order Rafflesiales First and Second- Hydnoraceae & Rafflesiaceae 4.Superorder Caryophyllanae Order Caryophyllales –First - Family Caryophyllaceae & Second Amaranthaceae

14. Magnoliidae / Dicots— Super-order+order + Families 5.Superorder Theanae i. Order Theales - First- Dilleniaceae & Second - Lecythidaceae ii. Order Ericales - First- Ericaceae & Last Empetraceae iii. Order Fouquieriales - Fouquieriaceae iv. Order Styracales - First- Ebenaceae & Last- Styracaceae v. Order Primulales - First- Theophrastaceae & Last- Plumbaginaceae vi. Order Polygonales - Polygonaceae 6.Superorder Celastranae Order Celastrales - First – Celastraceae &Last Corynocarpaceae

15. Magnoliidae / Dicots— Super-order+order + Families 7.Superorder Malvanae i. Order Malvales – First Sterculiaceae & last Malvaceae ii. Order Urticales - First – Ulmaceae & Last Cannabaceae iii. Order Rhamnales First Rhamnaceae & second Elaeagnaceae iv. Order Euphorbiales First- Euphorbiaceae & Last- Thymelaeaceae 8.Superorder Violanae i. Order Violales First- Bixaceae & Last- Datiscaceae ii. Order Brassicales - First- Resedaceae & Last - Gyrostemonaceae iii. Order Batales - Family Bataceae

16. Magnoliidae / Dicots— Super-order+order + Families 9.Superorder Santalanae i. Order Santalales - First – Olacaceae & Last- Viscaceae ii. Order Balanophorales - First- Balanophoraceae & Second Cynomoriaceae 10.Superorder Geranianae i. Order Linales - First- Humiriaceae & Last - Balanitaceae ii. Order Rhizophorales - Family Rhizophoraceae iii. Order Geraniales - First- Oxalidaceae & Last - Limnanthaceae iv. Order Polygalales - First- Malpighiaceae & Last Krameriaceae 11.Superorder Rutanae Order Rutales –First- Rutaceae & Last - Fabaceae

17. Magnoliidae / Dicots— Super-order+order + Families 12.Superorder Proteanae ………. Order Proteales - Proteaceae 13.Superorder Rosanae i. Order Hamamelidales -First- Trochodendraceae & Last - Hamamelidaceae ii. Order Casuarinales - Family Casuarinaceae iii. Order Balanopales - First- Buxaceae & Last - Balanopaceae iv. Order Bruniales - First- Roridulaceae & Last- Hydrostachyaceae v. Order Juglandales First – Rhoipteleaceae & Last- Myricaceae vi. Order Betulales -First Ticodendraceae & Last Fagaceae vii. Order Rosales- First – Rosaceae & last - Anisophylleaceae viii. Order Saxifragales - First- Tetracarpaeaceae & Last - Diapensiaceae viii. Order Podostemales - Family Podostemaceae ix. Order Cunoniales - First- Cunoniaceae & Last Staphyleaceae

18. Magnoliidae / Dicots— Super-order+order + Families 14.Superorder Cornanae I Order Hydrangeales -First- Hydrangeaceae & last - Desfontainiaceae ii. Order Cornales - First – Vitaceae & Last- Peripterygiaceae iii. Order Pittosporales First – Pittosporaceae & Last - Tremandraceae iv. Order Araliales –First – Helwingiaceae & Last - Apiaceae v. Order Dipsacales – First – Caprifoliaceae & last- Morinaceae 15.Superorder Asteranae i. Order Asterales - First- Calyceraceae & Second Asteraceae ii. Order Campanulales - First- Menyanthaceae & Last- Goodeniaceae

19. Magnoliidae / Dicots— Super-order+order + Families 16.Superorder Solananae - Order Solanales - First- Solanaceae & Last - Polemoniaceae 17.Superorder Loasanae - Order Loasales - Family Loasaceae 18.Superorder Myrtanae - Order Myrtales - First – Lythraceae & & Last- Myrtaceae 19. Superorder Gentiananae i. Order Gentianales - First – Loganiaceae & Last- Saccifoliaceae ii. Order Scrophulariales - First- Oleaceae &Last- Lamiaceae

20. Liliidae / monocot— Super-order+order + Families 1.Superorder Lilianae i.Order Liliales - first – Melanthiaceae & Last - Iridaceae ii. Order Burmanniales - First – Burmanniaceae & Second- Corsiaceae iii. Order Asparagales - First – Asparagaceae & Last- Eriospermaceae iv. Order Dioscoreales - First- Philesiaceae & Last- Taccaceae v. Order Orchidales -Family Orchidaceae 2.Superorder Hydatellanae Order Hydatellales - Family Hydatellaceae

21. Liliidae / monocot— Super-order+order + Families 3.Superorder Triuridanae i. Order Triuridales -Family Triuridaceae 4. Superorder Alismatanae i. Order Alismatales - First- Butomaceae & Last - Hydrocharitaceae ii. Order Potamogetonales - First- Aponogetonaceae & last- Zosteraceae 5. Superorder Aranae i. Order Acorales - Family Acoraceae ii. Order Arales - First – Araceae & Last - Lemnaceae 6.Superorder Cyclanthanae - Order Cyclanthales - Family Cyclanthaceae

22. Liliidae / monocot— Super-order+order + Families 7. Superorder Pandananae - Order Pandanales - Family Pandanaceae 8. Superorder Arecanae - Order Arecales - Family Arecaceae 9. Superorder Commelinanae i.Order Bromeliales - Family Bromeliaceae ii. Order Philydrales - First- Philydraceae & Last- Haemodoraceae iii. Order Typhales - Family Typhaceae iv. Order Zingiberales - First- Musaceae & Last- Marantaceae v. Order Commelinales - First- Rapateaceae & Last- Eriocaulaceae vi. Order Juncales - First- Thurniaceae & Last- Cyperaceae

23. Outline All angiosperms included and ranked CLASS Class (angiosperms) divided into SUBCLASS- i.Magnoliidae means Dicots ii.Liliidae -means monocot SUBCLASSES further into SUPERORDER-19+9 SPERORDER into order a& order into families.

24. Outline of the system proposed by Thorne in 2007. Class Magnoliopsida 12 subclasses, 36 superorders , 85 orders, 485 families ; estimated genera- 13,372, species-2,53,300 Subclass 1. Chloranthidae 1 superorder, 2 orders , 9 families, 19 genera, 250 species Superorder 1. Chloranthanae 2 . Magnoliidae 1 superorder, 4 orders , 20 families, 276 genera, 8805 species Superorder 1. Magnolianae 3. Alismatidae 3 superorders , 6 orders , 18 families, 235 genera, 3660 species Superorder 1. Acoranae 2. Aranae 3. Alismatanae

25. Merits and Demerits

26. Merits 1. The system is well explained and elaborated. 2.The angiosperms are ranked as a class like Dahalgren and others. 3 . This system is highly phylogenetic; emphases given on recent tools like molecular systematics and chemotaxonomy with other characters. 4 . Abolition of traditional groups Dicotyledones and Monocotyledones means Dicot became magnoliidae and monocot became Liliidae . 5. Angiosperms were directly divided into various subclasses followed by super orders, orders and families. 6 . Larger families were divided into subfamilies as well as order in suborders. 7 . Group Amentiferae has been abolished. The families of Amentiferae (a group of unrelated families) have been distributed into different orders.

27. Merits 8. The separation of Brassicaceae and Capparaceae has been supported by recent studies as well as morphological data. 9. The recognition of superorders with ending – anae has resulted in more realistic arrangement of the orders within subclasses. 10 . Creation of superorder Malvanae and shifting several families of Rosidae here has resulted in more realistic arrangement. 11 . Family Winteraceae and Canellaceae are brought together under the same order. 12 . The separation of Brassicaceae and Capparaceae has found support from chloroplast sequence data, consistent with morphological data. 13 . The merger of Budlejaceae in Scrophulariaceae is supported by morphological studies of Bremer et al., (2001) and molecular (three gene analysis) by Olmstead et al. (2001).

28. Merits 14. Shifting Triuridaceae and Stemonaceae closer to Pandanaceae is in line with recent APG schemes. 15 . The placement of Cornales and Ericales together under Asteridae is in line with recent thinking of APG. 16 . Family Liliaceae of Hutchinson and earlier authors has been split into a number of monophyletic families such as Liliaceae , Alliaceae , Asphodelaceae , Asparagaceae , etc. in line with the arrangement in APG classifications. 17 . The merger of Asclepiadaceae with Apocynaceae has been supported by molecular analyses by Judd et al., (1994) and Sennblad and Bremer (1998). 18 . Placement of Ceratophyllaceae under Chloranthidae before monocots is in line with recent data.

29. Demerits l. This system is highly phylogenetic but it is not very useful for plant identification. 2 . For the use in herbaria; Identification keys, distribution and description of genera was not provided. 3.It is believed that angiosperms originated from some Pteridospermous members in early Cretaceous times is not accepted by several taxonomists.

30. Demerits 4. Affinities of five genera namely Emblingia , Guametela , Haptanthus , Heteranthia , and Pteleocarpa of angiosperms are not given. 5 . Grewiaceae (former Tiliaceae with Tilia excluded) is recognized as an independent family, whereas recent APG classifications (Judd. et al., APG II and APweb ) place all members of Tiliaceae , Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae under Malvaceae . 6. Thorne separates Cabomba and Brassenia under Cabombaceae on the basis of trimerous flowers, with distinct sepals and petals, 2-3 free carpels, and fruit a follicle, whereas the cladistic analyses support their placement under Nymphaeaceae as done by APG II, APweb and Judd et al. The separation of Cabombaceae renders Nymphaeaceae as paraphyletic.

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