TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.

### How TDM Works

1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.

2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.

3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.

4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.

### Types of TDM

1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.

2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.

### Applications of TDM

- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.

### Advantages of TDM

- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all

1. Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) TDM is a digital process that allows several connections to share the high bandwidth of a link. Instead of sharing a portion of the bandwidth as in FDM, time is shared and each connection occupies a portion of time in the link.

2. Conceptual diagram of multiplexing-demultiplexing

3. Synchronous TDM In synchronous TDM, the data flow of each input connection is divided into units , and the link combines one unit of each connection to make a frame . The size of the unit can be 1 bit or several bits. For n input connections, a frame is organized into a minimum of n time slots , each slot carrying one unit from each connection. The data rate of the link that carries data from n connections must be n times the data rate of a connection to guarantee the flow of data. The duration of a unit on a connection is 3 times that of the time slot in the frame (duration of a unit on the link).

4. Time slots are grouped into frames. A frame consists of one complete cycle of time slots, with one slot dedicated to each sending device. In a system with n input lines, each frame has n slots, with each slot allocated to carrying data from a specific input line. Interleaving

5. Complete diagram of TDM PCM system

6. Solution : The duration of 1 bit before multiplexing is 1/1 Kbps, or 0.001 s (1 ms). b. The rate of the link is 4 times the rate of a connection, or 4 Kbps. c. The duration of each time slot is one-fourth of the duration of each bit before multiplexing, or 1/4 ms or 250 µs. We can also calculate this from the data rate of the link, 4 Kbps.The bit duration is the inverse of the data rate, or 1/4 Kbps or 250 µs. d. The duration of a frame is always the same as the duration of a unit before multiplexing, or 1 ms. We can also calculate this in another way. Each frame in this case has four time slots. So the duration of a frame is 4 times 250 µs, or 1 ms. Example 2: Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each channel sends 100 bytes and we multiplex 1 byte per channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the bit rate for the link. Example 1: Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. A unit is 1 bit. Find the duration of 1 bit before multiplexing, (b) the transmission rate of the link (c) the duration of a time slot, (d) the duration of a frame.

7. The implementation of TDM is not as simple as that of FDM.Synchronization between the multiplexer and demultiplexer is a major issue. If the multiplexer and the demultiplexer are not synchronized, a bit belonging to one channel may be received by the wrong channel. For this reason, one or more synchronization bits are usually added to the beginning of each frame. These bits, called framing bits , follow a pattern, frame to frame, that allows the demultiplexer to synchronize with the incoming stream so that it can separate the time slots accurately. In most cases, this synchronization information consists of 1 bit per frame, alternating between 0 and 1, Frame Synchronizing

8. Asynchronous TDM (Statistical TDM) In synchronous TDM, each input has a reserved slot in the output frame. This can be inefficient if some input lines have no data to send. - In statistical time-division multiplexing, slots are dynamically allocated to improve bandwidth efficiency. Only when an input line has data to send is given a slot in the output frame. - In statistical multiplexing, the number of slots in each frame is less than the number of input lines. The multiplexer checks each input line in roundrobin fashion; it allocates a slot for an input line if the line has data to send; otherwise, it skips the line and checks the next line.

9. A major weakness of asynchronous TDM is how dose the demultiplexer know which slot belongs to which output line. In synchronous TDM, the device to which the data in a time slot belongs is indicated by the position of the time slot in the frame. In asynchronous TDM, data from a given device might be in the first slot of one frame and in the third of the next. In the absence of fixed positional relationship, each time slot must carry an address telling the demultiplexer how to direct the data. This address for local use only, is attached by multiplexer and deleted by demultiplexer. Adding address bits to each time slot increase the overhead of an asynchronous system and limits its efficiency Addressing and overhead