Time line and Sources of History-6th-Class-Social-Science.pdf

Samyans-Academy-6th-Class-Social-Science.pdf
Time line and Sources of History-6th-Class-Social-Science.pdf
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1. Samyans Academy
6th Class Social
Science
Timeliness and Sources of History
Table of contents
Introduction
by sandeep swamy

2. How Is Time
Measured in
History?

3. What Are the
Sources of
History?
The Beginnings of Human History
The First Crops

4. Conclusion
Key Words

5. Introduction to History
Think about the earliest memory you can recall. How old were you then? These
memories form a part of your past. Just as our personal histories shape who
we are today, the history of the Earth helps us understand the present world.
Scientists have discovered that the Earth has a very long history, and humans
occupy only a tiny, recent part of it.

6. Who Studies the History of the Earth?
Geologists
They study the physical
features of the Earth, such
as soil, stones, hills,
mountains, rivers, seas,
and oceans.
Palaeontologists
They examine the remains
of plants, animals, and
humans from millions of
years ago through fossils.
Anthropologists
They study human
societies and cultures from
ancient times to the
present.
Archaeologists
They dig up remains left by
people, plants, and
animals, such as tools,
pots, toys, bones, teeth,
and parts of houses.
How Is Time Measured in History?
Can you identify which calendar is most widely used around the world today? Yes, the Gregorian calendar is the most widely
used around the world today. It is commonly used for civil purposes, while other calendars, such as the Hindu, Muslim, Jewish,
and Chinese calendars, are often used for religious festivals and special occasions.

7. Different Ways of
Measuring Time
Diverse Timekeeping Methods
• Different societies and cultures have their own ways of measuring time.
Important events, like the birth of a famous person or the beginning of a
ruler's rule, often mark the start of a new era. • Today, most people around
the world use the Gregorian calendar, but other calendars, like the Hindu,
Muslim, Jewish, and Chinese calendars, are also used, especially for
setting dates for festivals and special occasions.
Western Calendar System
• In the Western world, the calendar often starts from the year when
Jesus Christ was believed to be born. Years after this point were marked
with 'AD,' which is short for a Latin phrase meaning "in the year of our
Lord." • Nowadays, people use 'CE,' which stands for "Common Era,"
instead of 'AD.' For example, the year India became independent, 1947,
can be written as 1947 AD or 1947 CE. • Years before Jesus' birth were
counted backward and used to be marked with 'BC,' meaning "Before
Christ." Now, this is called "Before Common Era," or BCE. For example, 560
BCE is roughly the year when Gautama Buddha was born.
Quiz Question
Try yourself: Which calendar is commonly used for civil purposes around
the world today? • A.Hindu calendar • B.Gregorian calendar • C.Muslim
calendar • D.Chinese
Understanding History with a Timeline
• A timeline is a useful tool that shows important events in the order they
happened. It helps us see how different events are connected over time. •
The timeline usually starts from the earliest humans and goes all the way
to the present day, highlighting key moments in history. Sometimes, a
timeline skips large chunks of time (shown by a dotted line) to keep it
from becoming too long.

8. Understanding Centuries and
Millenniums
1
Century
100 years
2
Millennium
1,000 years
3
Counting
Forward (CE) or backward (BCE)
• Timelines also make it easier to understand when events happened compared to each other. For example, even without
knowing the exact years, you can easily see that Buddha was born before Jesus just by looking at their positions on the
timeline.
Understanding Centuries and Millenniums
In addition to talking about years and decades (which are periods of ten years), we also use other terms to describe longer
stretches of time. Here are two important ones:
• Century: A century is a period of 100 years. We count centuries in history every 100 years starting from 1 CE. For example, we
are in the 21st century CE, which goes from 2001 to 2100. Centuries before the Common Era (BCE) are also counted in 100-
year periods, but backward. For instance, the 3rd century BCE includes the years from 300 BCE to 201 BCE.
• Millennium: A millennium is a period of 1,000 years. We count millenniums starting from 1 CE. For example, we are in the 3rd
millennium CE, which started in 2001 CE and will end in 3000 CE. Millenniums BCE are also counted backward. For instance,
the 1st millennium BCE includes the years from 1000 BCE to 1 BCE.
To sum it up:
• A century = 100 years
• A millennium = 1,000 years
Both centuries and millenniums can be counted forward (CE) or backward (BCE).
How Traditional Indian Calendars Work
• In India, calendars have been traditionally made based on the positions of the sun and the moon.
• A panchanga is a special book that lists the days of each month along with important information about the sun, moon, and
stars.
• It can predict things like when solar and lunar eclipses will happen, and what time the sun will rise and set.
• Panchangas are still used in India today and often include weather predictions, dates and times for festivals, and more.
Try yourself: What is a panchanga in traditional Indian calendars?
• A.A type of festival celebrated in India
• B.A special book listing days of each month and celestial information
• C.A type of dance performed during religious ceremonies
• D.A form of traditional Indian music.
What Are the Sources of History?

9. Sources of
History
History is the study of the past. We learn about history from many different
sources. These sources help us understand what happened long ago.

10. Main Sources of History
Historians'
Methods
When historians study
history, they use many
different sources of
information. These sources
help them learn about things
like ancient kings and
queens, old monuments,
wars, and trade items from
long ago. Historians try to
gather information from as
many sources as possible to
get a complete picture.
Matching the
Pieces
Historians often compare
different sources of
information. Sometimes, the
sources agree with each
other, like pieces of a puzzle
that fit together perfectly.
Other times, the sources
might tell different stories,
like puzzle pieces that don't
match. When this happens,
historians have to decide
which sources to trust more.
Who Helps Create
History?
Historians aren't the only
ones who contribute to our
understanding of the past.
They get help from:
Archaeologists: Who
study ancient artifacts
and remains.
Epigraphists: Who study
ancient inscriptions.
Anthropologists: Who
study human societies
and cultures.
Literature and Language
Experts: Who help
understand old writings.
Scientific
Studies
In recent times, science has
also become important in
studying history. For
example, scientists study
ancient climates, analyze
materials found during
excavations, and even study
the genetics of ancient
people. These scientific
methods give historians new
information that adds to
what they learn from other
sources.
Recent History
When studying more recent
history (from the last two or
three centuries), historians
use newspapers as sources.
For the past few decades,
electronic media like
television and the internet
have also become valuable
tools for understanding
history.
The Beginnings of Human History
Can you name one way early humans made their lives easier? Yes, early humans made their lives easier by using tools like
stone axes and arrowheads, which helped them hunt, build, and protect themselves.

11. Beginnings of Human History
Early Human Activities
Human history began with the appearance of the first
humans. Early humans were hunters and food gatherers.
They hunted animals and collected fruits, seeds, and nuts for
food.
Prehistoric Art
They made tools and weapons from stone, bones, and wood.
They also made clothes from animal skin. Early humans lived
in caves or in huts made of tree branches and leaves.

12. Early Human Life
Early humans lived in caves and forests. They hunted
animals and gathered fruits and roots for food. They made
and used stone tools. They wore animal skins to protect
themselves from cold. They lived in small groups. They did
not know how to grow crops or make houses.

13. Modern Humans and Early
Tools
Modern humans, called Homo sapiens, have been on Earth for about
300,000 years. While this seems like a long time, it is only a small part of
Earth's history. Let's take a quick look at how early humans lived.
Early humans had to deal with many challenges from nature, so they lived in
groups to help each other. They were always looking for shelter and food,
mainly by hunting animals and gathering plants and fruits. They also had
some beliefs about nature and possibly thought about what happens after
death.
These groups lived in temporary places like camps, rock shelters, or caves.
They communicated using languages that we no longer know. They used
fire and started making tools like stone axes, blades, and arrowheads to
make life easier. We can see parts of their life in rock paintings found in
caves around the world.
Some paintings show simple figures or symbols, while others show detailed
scenes with animals or people. Over time, early humans also learned to
make simple jewelry like beads and pendants from stones, shells, or animal
teeth, and they sometimes traded these with other groups.

14. First Crops
The first crops were planted about 10,000 years ago. People began to grow
wheat and barley in the Middle East. They also started to grow rice in China and
maize (corn) in Mexico.
Growing crops meant that people did not have to move around to find food.
They could stay in one place. This was the beginning of farming.

15. Development of
Communities
As agriculture developed, people began to settle in one place
Permanent settlements led to the growth of villages and towns
People started living together in larger groups
This marked the beginning of community life

16. Key Words
Historical Terms
History: The study of the human past.
Fossils: Impressions of footprints, or parts of plants or animals that are
found preserved within layers of soil or rocks.
Era: A distinct period of time.
Gregorian calendar: The calendar now used the world over; it has 12
months adding up to 365 days, and a leap year every four years.
However, century years — for example, 1800, 1900, 2000 — are years
only if they are multiples of 400; so in the three centenary years above,
only 2000 is a leap year.
Auspicious: Favourable or bringing luck; for instance, 'an auspicious
beginning'.
Historical Research
Source of history: A place, person, text or an object from which we
gather information about some past event or period.
Historian: A person who studies and writes about the past.
Genetics: The branch of biology that studies how, in plants, animals or
humans, certain features and characteristics get passed down from
one generation to the next.
Societal Concepts
Afterlife: A life that begins after death.
Welfare: Health, prosperity and well-being.
Hamlet: A small settlement or small village.