tnpsc competetive exam delhi sultanate.pptx

history notes for competetive exam on delhi sultanate - medieval india notes for tnpsc group 1,2,4,7

1. Early Turkish  [ 1206-1290 ] Qutbuddin Aybak [1206 -1210] Shamsuddin Iltutmish [1210 -1236] Raziyya [1236 -1240] Ghiyasuddin Balban [1266 -1287]

2. Slave ( Ghulam ) or Mamluk Dynasty Ruler Period Events 1. Qutb - ud -din Aibak ( 1206 –1210)Founder of Mamluk Dynast and Slave of Muhammad Ghori 2. Aram Shah(1210–1211)Eldest son of Qutb - ud -din AibakShams - ud -din Iltutmish (1211–1236)Son-in-law of Qutb - ud -din Aibak Rukn ud din Firoz (1236)Son of Iltutmish Razia Sultana(1236–1240)Daughter of Iltutmish and Grand Daughter of Qutb - ud -din Aibak .

3. 6. Muizuddin Bahram (1240–1242)Son of Iltutmish 7. Alauddin Masud (1242–1246)Son of Rukn - ud -din Firoz 8. Nasiruddin Mahmud(1246–1266) Razia’s Brother who had died in 1229Ghiyas-ud-din 9. Balban (1266–1286)Father-in-law of Nashiruddin Mahmud and the most powerful ruler of the Slave Dynasty - mafrusi 10. Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (1287–1290)Grandson of Ghiyasuddin Balban 11. Kayumars1290Son of Muiz - ud -din Qaiqabad

4. Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320 1. Jalal - ud - din Firoz Khilji1290–1296Founder of the Khilji Dynasty and son of Qaim Khan 2. Ala- ud -din Khilji 1296–1316 Jalal ud din Firoz Khilji’s Nephew and the most powerful ruler of the Khilji period- devagiri - 1296,1307,1314 Ranthampore - 1301, chitoor - 1303, malwa-1305 3. Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah1316–1320Son of Alauddin Khilji

5. Tughluq Dynasty1320-1414 Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 1320–1325 Muhammad binTughluq - jina khan 1325–1351 Also called as Muhammad Shah II Mahmud Ibn Muhammad 1351 (March ) Firuz Shah Tughlaq - rajap sutlej to hansi 1351–1388 Cousin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq Ghiyas - ud -Din Tughluq II 1388–1389 Abu Bakr Shah 1389–1390

6. 7. Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III 1390–1393 8. Ala ud -din Sikandar Shah I 1393 9. Mahmud Nasir ud din 1393–1394 Also called as Sultan Mahmud II 10. Nasir - ud -din Nusrat Shah Tughluq 1394–1399 Grandson of Firuz Shah 11. TughlaqNasir ud din Mahmud 1399–1412 Son of Mahmud Nasir-ud - din – taimur invasion

7. Syed / Sayyid Dynasty 1414-1451 Khizr Khan 1414–1421 Mubarak Shah 1421–1434 Muhammad Shah 1434–1445 Alam Shah 1445–1451 – Abraham Eraly , The age of wrath

8. Lodi Dynasty Bahlul Lodi 1451–1489 Founder of the Lodi Dynasty Sikander Lodi 1489–1517 The most prominent ruler of the Lodi Dynasty founded Agra city Ibrahim Lodi 1517– 1526 Defeated by Babur in the First battle of Panipat (in 1526) and thus ended the Delhi Sultanate

9. ADMINISTRATION The Delhi Sultanate period extended from 1206 A.D. to 1526 A.D. for almost 320 years. The administration was based on Islamic laws ( Shariat ). A Theocratic and a Military State.  

10. Ministers to Sultan- ghasisa Wazir – Prime Minister and Finance Minister The NAIB -  also enjoyed equivalent position as that of the Sultan Diwani -I- Risalt – Foreign Affairs Minister Sadr -us- Suddar – Minister of Islamic Law Diwan -I- lnsha – Correspondence Minister Diwan -I- Ariz – Defence or War Minister Qazi-ul-quzar – Minister of Justice Amir –I- Mazls - Shahi -  he was the minister who looked after the festivals  

11. Central Administration The Sultan was the head of the empire. He possessed vast powers. Also, other officials were appointed to take care of the administration.   Provincial Administration- country- iqta - pargana - shiqq -village The empire was divided into a number of Iqtas . Iqtadars administered the Iqtas . Iqtas further were divided into smaller units called Parganas , Shiqqs , and the villages. Amil or Munsif – an important official of the Pargana .

12. State Functionaries Amil - Revenue officer Arz-i-Mamalik - Minister in-charge of the army of the whole country. BaridNess reporter/Intelligence agents Chihalgani - A select body of Turkish nobility originally slaves of Iltumish which came into existence during the period of Iltumish to be destroyed by balban later Iqtadar - Governor, a person in whose charge an Iqta has been placed. Khwaja - Keeping accounts and sending information to sultan, the office was created by by Balban Kotwal - Head of city administration. He maintained law and order, enforced economic regulations, correct use of weight and measures and kept vigil on the visitors. Muftis - Expounder of law Muhatasib - An officer appointed to maintain law and order in a municipality Muqti / Wali - Provincial governor/ holder of Iqta Shiqdar - Head Shiqs (equivalent to districts)

13. Local Administration The village was the smallest unit of administration. The village administration was carried out by local hereditary officers and the Panchayats The Panchayat looked after education, sanitation, justice, revenue etc. The Central Government did not interfere in the village administration.  

14. 1. Amil - officers who collected land revenue and other taxes 2. Mushrif 3. Hazamdars - treasurers who kept the finances in control. 4. Qazi -Civil officials, who maintained developmental records. 5. Shiqdar -Criminal official and law makers. 6. Kotwal -Police head under shiqdar . 7. Faujdar -Military official in charge of fort along with their adjoining territories. 8. Amin - Officers in charge of measuring land and allocating their usage ’. 9. Qanungo -Maintained previous records of produce and assessment. 10. Patwari - Village record keeper

15. Revenue Administration under Delhi Sultanate Land revenue was the main source of income .   Judicial Administration The Sultan was the highest judicial authority. Qazi-ul-quzar – the Chief Judicial officer. A Quazi was appointed in every town. Criminals were punished severely.  

16. Military Administration The Sultan was the Commander of the army The four divisions of the army were The Royal army Provincial or Governor’s army Feudal army and War Time army   The social life of the Sultanate period The people in the society were divided based on their nationality and they are: Foreign Muslims Indian Muslims Hindus

17. Economic conditions of the people  The people were mainly involved in agriculture and industry The textile industry was the primary industry. Paper Industry, metalwork, pearl diving, ivory and sandal works, stone cutting, Sugar industry were the other industries of this period.   Textiles Indian textiles were in great demand in foreign countries. Bengal and Gujarat were famous for their quality fabrics. Cotton, woollen and silk of different varieties were produced in large quantities. The clothes had gold, diamonds, pearls, silver and stone works.  

18. Art and Architecture Delhi Sultans had a great taste for architecture. Architectures were a blend of Indian and Islamic styles.   The three well-developed styles were Delhi or Imperial Style Provincial Style Hindu architectural style

19. Architecture during Mamluk Period Qutub Minar Quwat-ul-lslam mosque the tombs of Nasir - ud -din Muhammad Balban Siri the new town in Delhi Architecture during the Khilji Period Dargah of Hazrat Nizam – ud – din Aulia The Alai Darwaza

20. Architecture during the Lodi Period The Lodi Garden Moti Masjid in New Delhi, and The tomb of Sikandar Lodi   Literature The Sultanate of Delhi period witnessed some great scholars and some are: Alberuni Amir Khusrau Zia- ul - Barani Many Sanskrit works were translated into Arabic and the Urdu language originated during the Sultanate period.  

21. Scholars of the sultanate period Alberuni An Arabic and Persian Scholar patronized by Mahmud of Ghazni . He learnt Sanskrit and translated two Sanskrit works into Arabic. He was impressed by the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita . In his work Tarikh - ul -Hind , he had mentioned the socio-economic conditions of India . Amir Khusrau He was a great Persian poet. He is said to have written four lakh couplets. He was a great singer and was given the title ‘ Parrot of India ’.  

22. Administration During Delhi Sultanate The Delhi Sultanate was further divided into smaller provinces for it was convenient for the ministers to help them in the administration. They were called IQTAS. Iqta System • The Iqtadari was a unique type of land distribution and administrative system evolved during the sultanate of Iltutmish . • Under this system, the entire empire was very evenly divided into several large and small tracts of land, called the Iqtas . • These plots of land were assigned to the various nobles, officers and soldiers for the purpose of easy and flawless administration and revenue collection.

23. The Iqtas were transferable, i.e., the holders of Iqtas - Iqtadars -were transferred from one region to other every three to four years. • The holders of small Iqtas were individual troopers. They had no administrative responsibilities. • Muhammad of Ghur in 1206 A.D. the able king was the first to introduce the Iqta system in India, but it was lltutrnish who gave it an institutional form. The Iqtadari system witnessed numerous changes during the Sultanate period. Initially, Iqta was a revenue-yielding piece of land which was assigned in lieu of salary. However, during Firuz Shah Tughlaq's reign,in the year  1351 A,D, it became hereditary.

24. Impact of Turkish Conquest The Turkish conquest of India had its impact on various fields. It paved the way to a centralized political organization. It re-established relations with the rest of Asia and parts of Africa. A permanent army was established. Trade was established due to the uniform legal system, tariff regulations and currency. Persian became the court language and brought uniformity in the administration.

25. Disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate The disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate had begun during the Tughluq period. The invasion of Timur and the incompetent and intolerant nature of some of the Sayyid and Lodi rulers led to the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate. The rulers of the Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdom in the South were the first to break free from Delhi. Other regions like Assam, Bengal, Khandesh , Gujarat, Jaipur , Kashmir, Multan, Malwa , Sind, and Orissa also became independent. Babur ended the Lodi Dynasty by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 A.D., which brought the downfall of the Delhi Sultanate in India.

26. Architecture of the sultanate period The first architectural construction erected by Qutd - ud -din Aibak was the well-known Quwantul - Islammosque at Delhi, It was built on the plinth of a Hindu temple. The next Turkish building erected at Ajmer is also a mosque. It is known as Dhai Din ka Jhopra . This too was built by Qutub - ud -din Aibek . The building was originally a Sanksrit college and temple built by the great Chauhan emperor Vigrahraja Visaldeva . The third important example Turkish architecture is the Qutub Minar . Iltumish , besides completing the Qutub Minar , added some buildings of his own , most prominent was a tomb, know as Sultan Garhi . Balban built his palace, known as the Red Palace. His tomb in Delhi is Purely Persian in execution. The Khalji monarch Ala- ud -din was a great builder and erected many buildings. Two of his buildings are notable. They are a mosque called Jamaite Khana Masjid at the shrine of Nizamud - din auliya and the famous Darwaza at the QutubMinar . Both these show a preponderance of Muslim architectural ideas. He also built Siri Fort Hazar Sutun . The buildings of the Taghlaq period do not possess that splendour . Their buildings are characterized by stopping walls use of greystone and heavy and dark appearance. The best of the Pathan buildings is the Moth kiMasjid bult by the prime minister of Sikandar Lid.

27. 1. Qutubuddin Aibak Kuwwatul -Islam Delhi Dhai Din Ka Jhopara Kutbminar -Ajmer Delhi 2. Alaudddin Khalji Siri Fort Mahal - Hazari -I Sitoon Alai - Darwaza Alai Minar 3. Gayasuddin Tuglaqabad (Fort city) 4. Mohammed.Tuglaq Jahan- Panah (Fort city) Sat Pullia 5. Firoz Shah Firoz Shah Kotla Jamima Masjid Kusak-i - Sikar Reconstructed Hauz -I – Khas and Katbminar 6. Sikander Lodi founded AGRA

28. Fawazil Excess amount of surplus of revenue appropriated fromIqta after detraying salary (of the Iqta holder) and meeting expenditure of troops. This amount was to be deposited with the state exchequer. However this trend ceased to exits from the time of Firz Shah Tughlaq . Abwabs Various imposts like ghari , charai etc. Ushr A land tax, charged on the land held by a Muslim and wantered by natural means. Usually, It was one-tenth of the produce. These lands were know Ushri . Khams Booty captured in war. According to Islamic tradition one-fifth of the amount went to the state and four-fifths were distributed among the army. Zakat A religious tax, paid by Muslims as a charity for the welfare of their co-religionists. It was charged at the rate 2.5 percent of the actual income or property. Terms associated with economy

29. Khalisha The area whose revenue was reserved for the Sultan’s treasury. It was not given in Iqtas . Sultan’s officials, amils collected taxes directly for the royal treasury. Jizya A tax levied on non- muslims in their capacity as protected subjected. Brahmins, women, children, hermit’s beggars, lunatics, and slaves were exempted. Ghari House tax Charaj Cattle tax levied on grazing. Kharaj Land revenue, realized form non- muslims , such lands were known as Kharaji . Also known as Kharaj -I- Jiziya or mal. Masahat Measurement of land Biswa Sondhar A common measure of area in northern India, equivalent to 1/20 of a bigha . Loan given to the peasants

30. Delhi and its different names Allaudin Khalji constructed Siri Fort in 1303 AD. Ghaisuddin Tughlaq built Tughlaqabad in 1321. Md. Bin Tughlaq constructed Adilabad . Md . Bin Tughlaq founded other city knows as jahanpanah . Firoz Shah Tughlaq built Firozabad in 1354 Humayun constructed Dinpanah in 1533 Shershah built Purana Quilla at the site of Jahanpanah Shahjanah founded Shajhanabad in 1684.

31. Development of Urdu The word Urdu is a Turkish origin and literal meaning of the word is army or camp The noted poet Amir Khusro called it Hindavi . He composed verses in Hindavi using Persian script. Urdu was known by various names Hindavi , Dakhini , Rekhata , Hindustani.

32. Qutubuddin Aibek Founder of the Sultanate of Delhi, & the first Independent Muslim ruler. A turk of ‘ Aibak ’ tribe which means ‘Lord of the moon’. Founder of the Slave Dynasty. Died whole playing Chaugan (Polo) Laid the foundation of Qutab Minar after the name of a Sufi Saint Khawaja Qutubuddin   Bakhtiyar Kaki. Built tow mosques “ Quwan - ul -Islam mosque” at Delhi and “ Dhai Din ka Jhonapara ” at Amer.

33. Shamsuddin Iltutmish Real founder of Delhi Sultanate. Introduced silver “ Tanka ’( 175 grains) & ‘ Jital ’ two principal coins. Completed the construction of Qutab Minar . Created ‘ Turkan-i-Chanhalagani ’ a selected body of Trukish nobles. Coming of Mongols under the leadership of Changiz Khan to the frontiers of India 1220 AD) Indroduced Iqta System in administration. Declared Rajiya as his heir apparent.

34. Ghiasuddin Balban Consolidator of the Sultanate of Delhi. First Sultan to put forward his views about Kingship according to which the king was the shadow of God title Nvabat-i-khudui and inscribed – zillah on coins . Created a separate military department ( Diwan-i-Ariz ) and appointed Kotwal . Regulated court ceremonial after Persian mode, introduced Sijda ) prostration) Paibok 9 Kissing the monarach’s feet) and celebration of Persian ‘ Nauroz ’. (New year day) Destroyed the ‘group of forty’ or chahalgani . Belonged to the Ilbari tribe. Adopted the policy of ‘Blood and Iron’ in governance Claimed himself the descendant of Persian ruler. Afrasiyab

35. Alauddin Khalji Like Balban . He believed that Sultan is Good’s representative on earth and declared himself second Alexander The only man who could presume to advise the king was Ala- ul - mulk , the kotwal of Delhi. During his time the army was directly recruited by the army minister ( ariz — mamalik ). It was paid in cash form the royal treasury. The pay of trooper was 234 tankas a year, while one with and additional horse was paid 78 tankas more, Ala- ud -din instituted the practice of recording the descriptive roll N Chehra ( huliya ) of individual soldiers and the branding of horses ( dagh system). For regulation and control over markets he instituted now official machinery, Diwan-i-riyasat the head of entire market control system Sahana-i-mandi the superintendent of market, and Rais Parwana , the permit officer of markets. He founded a new clothe market in Delhi know as Sarai-Adal . Brought the farmers in direct relation with the state and curibed and checked middlemen ( Khots , Choudharis , Muqaddams , Patwaris ) all were village headmen. Enhanced the state share of the revenue to one-half of the produce in Gangetic valley.

36. Created a new department of revenue ( Diwani - Mustakharaj ) to realize arrears. Appropriated 4/5 share of Khams (war booty0 leaving only 1/5 to the army. Resumption of several types of land grants viz. Inam , Waqf , Milk Introduced house tax and pasture tax, ghari / charai respectively. Initiated the policy of conquest and expanision of the sultanate ( Khalji Imperialism) malik Kafur vonlerbase Southern expeditions Built ‘Alai Darwaja ’, ‘ Siri fort’ Mahal-i-Hazar Situn ’, “ Zamait -e- khana mosque.”

37. Ghiyas - Ud -Din Tuglaq Shah He laid the foundation of a big palace fort know as Tughalaqabad He was on bad terms with the famous sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya . The statement Hunz Dilli dur ast (Delhi is yet far off) was made by the saint for the Sultan when he was returning from Bengal to punish the saint. Took Keen inherent in the construction of irrigation.

38. Mohammed Bin Tughlaq Formulated ‘ famine-code ’ to provide relief to famine-affected people. Well-versed in various braches of learning viz ,. astronomy, mathematics, medicine etc. Created the department of agriculture ( Diwani - Amirkohi ) Is known as “ Misture of opposites” or a “mad king”. Enhanced revenue or doab to one half of the produce. Shifted capital from Delhi to Devagiri (rename, Daulatabad ) in 1326-27. Introduced token currency of copper and brass(1329-30) Known as a ‘prince of moneyers ’.

39. First sultan to advance loans known as sondhar to peasants for digging wells to extend cultivation. Muhammad had cordial relations with some of the Asian countries, particularly China. The Chinese emperor, Toghan Timur sent as envoy to Delhi in 1341 seeking Muhammad’s permission to rebuild Buddhist temples in the Himalayan region. These Himalayan temples wee demolished by Muhammad’s soldiers during his Qarajal expedition. The Sultan sent Ibn Battuta as envoy to the court of the Mongol emperor of China. Ibn Batuta started in July 1342, and returned in 1347. Created a heterogenous nobility-incorporated land-owing class, artisan class into nobility. The Wizarat winessed its heyday during his reign. His wazir was khwaja-Jahan . Faced many rebellions ding his region. Almost entire South India became independent during his region.

40. Firoz Shah Tughlaq Was a cousin of Mohammed Bin Tughlaq and was offered the crown by the nobles. Made ‘ Iqta system’ hereditary. Founded several cities like Firozabad, Fatehabad , Hissar , Jaunpur , Firozpur etc. Wrote the autobiography “ Futuhat-i-Firogshahi ” Diwan-i-khairat was the special creation of Firoz for helping the poor Muslim parents in the marriage of their daughter. It was in charge of Sayyid Amir Miran . The department Diwan -I- Bandgan was also a new creation of Firuz which administered the affairs of the slaves. Raised a huge force of slaves numbering 180000. He made systematic assessment of land . Entrusted this task to Kwaja Hisommuddin who assessed the land revenue which amounted to6 corer and 85 lakh of tankas . Besides improving the quality of cultivation, a large number of gardens were laid out by the Sultan, 1200 gardens were laid out in the neighborhood of Delhi.

41. The most remarkable contribution of Firoz that gave a fillip to agriculture was the scheme of artificial irrigation in which the excavation of canals occupied an important place. The important canals which were excavated were the following ; a. The Rajiwah ., b. Ulughkhani , e. Firuzabad canal, d. Khakkhar (Ghaggar0 canal, e. The canal excavated from the river Budhi . Firuz Shah imposed Jizya upon the brahnanas made Jaziyah a separate tax. Imposed an additional tax at the rate 1/10 of the total production of such cultivators as were benefited by the new scheme irrigation known as Haqi-i-Shirb . The Sultan also opened a large number of hospitals Darul Shafa where medicines used to be distributed free to the people. Experienced physicians, surgeons, eye specialists used to be appointed who attended the patients with great care. The expenses of these hospitals were borne by the State. The upper storeys of the Qutub Minar which were struck by lightening in 700 A.H/1368 AD. wee repaired by Firoz these repaired were confined to the fourth and fifth storeys . He built Kushk Firoz and Kotla firoz Shah-It was a palce fortress Situated on the bank of the river Jamuna . Another interesting object in the Kotla of firuz Shah was the Ashokan pillar. 9brought from Merrut and Topana ) Created an Endowment Fund. Established an Employment Bureau to provide work to unemployed. Started practice of granting old-age pension. ( Diwan + ……) Started charitable Kitchen Abdicated the thrown in fabour of Muhammad Khan

42. Suri Dynasty [1540-1555] Sher Shah Suri [1540-1545] captured Delhi. For the first time during the Islamic conquest the relationship between the people and the ruler was systematized, with little oppression or corruption. He challenged and defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun (1539 : Battle of Chausa , 1540 : Battle of Kannauj ) Sher Shah introduced an administration that borrowed elements from Alauddin Khalji and made them more efficient. Sher Shah’s administration became the model followed by the great emperor Akbar (1556-1605) when he consolidated the Mughal Empire. His tomb is at Sasaram [Bihar ] 7. Shar ShahOld Fort Qila-i - Kuhng Sher Shah’s Torib -Sara ram

43. Founder of khilji dynasty – jalaluddin khilji Author of Taril - ul -hind - alberuni Founder of second illbari dynasty - Balban Who shifted capital from delhi to dauladabad - mohammed bin thuglaq First panipat war - 1526 Last ruler of lodi dynasty – ibrahim lodi Who introduced dagh system – alauudin khilji .who introduced postal system - alauudin khilji Slave dynasty rule 1206-1290 Syed dynasty rule 1414-1451