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1. Thinking is ideational and intellectual. By thinking humans try to comprehend the nature of the world and themselves. Feeling is the evaluation function;it is the value of things,whether positive or negative, with reference to the subject.The feeling function gives humans their subjective experiences of pleasure and pain,of anger,fear, sorrow,joy ,and love.

2. Sensing is the perceptual or reality function.It yields concrete facts or representations of the world. Intuition is perception by way of unconscious processes and subliminal contents.The intuitive person goes beyond facts,feelings, and ideas intheir search for the essence of reality.

3. Thinking and feeling are called rational functions because they make use of reason, judgement,abstraction,and generalization. Sensation and intuition are considered to be irrational functions because they are based on the perception of the concrete,particular ,and accidental.

4. Interactions Among the Systems of Personality The various systems and the attitudes and functions that go to make up the total personality interact with each other in three different ways. One system may compensate for the weakness of another system,one system may oppose another system,or two or more systems may unite to form a synthesis.

5. The Dynamics of Personality Jung concieves of the personality or psyche as being partially closed energy system. The energy by which the work of the personality is performed is called psychic energy. Psychic energy is a manifestation of life energy that is the energy of the organism as a biological system. Psychic energy originates in the same manner as does vital energy,namely ,from the metabolic processes of the body.

6. Jung’s term for life energy is libido but he also uses libido interchangeably with psychic energy. Psychic Values:The amount of psychic energy invested in an element of personality is called the value of that element.Value is the measure of the intensity.When we speak of placing a high value upon a particular idea or feeling,we mean that the idea or feeling exerts a considerable force in instigating and directing behaviour.

7. The Principle of Equivalance Jung bases his view of psychodynamics upon two fundamental principle of equivalance and that of entropy. The principle of equivalance states that if energy is expended in bringing about a certain condition,the amount expended will appear elsewhere in the system. E.g as a child’s valuation of its family decreases,its interest in other people and things will increase.

8. The Principle of Entropy Really these two principles are the first two principle of Thermodynamics and Jung adapted them to his theory. Jung describe personality dynamics states that the distribution of energy in the psyche seeks an equilibrium or balance.E.g if two values are of unequal strenght,energy will tend to pass from the stronger value into the weaker value, until a balance is reached. It is impossible for a living organism to reach complete entropy.

9. The use of Energy The total psychic energy available to the personality is used for two general purposes. Some of it is expended in performing work that is necessary for maintanence of life and for the propagation of the species. As a person becomes more efficient in satisfying their biological needs,more energy becomes available for pursuit cultural interests.

10. The Development of Personality Jung believes that humans are constantly progressing or attempting to progress from less complete stage of development to a more complete one. The ultimate goal is summed up by the term self realization. Self realization means the fullest,most complete differentiation and harmonious blending of all aspects of a human’s total personality.

11. In his early writings he explains human development with Causality versus Teleology. This means “The present is not only determined by the past (Causality)but it is also determined by the future (Teleology) But in his late life he proposed a principle that was neither causality nor teleology.He called it Principle of Synchronity.

12. This principle applies to events that occur together in time but that are not the cause of one another.E.g some one thinking of his friend and the person appears. He points out that paranornormal activities like telepathy or clairvoyance as evidence of principle of synchronicity.And he attributed this to the nature of archetype.An archetype is said to be Psychoid

13. Heredity is assigned an importatnt role in Jungian psychology.He firstly pointed out the biology and then said archetype is the racial memory therefore it must have a relation with heredity. Jung does not spesify Stages of developments in detail as Freud does. He points that the first five year was investing activities for survival,before the age five sexual activitiesbegin to appear and reach the height during adolescent.

14. Young and early adult years vital processes are in ascendance ,in thirties and forties youthful interests lose their value and new interests that are more cultural takes place.In the later years wisdom and sagacity take place instead of physical and mental vigor. Progression and regression development may follow either progression or regression.

15. The Induviduation Process: The personality has a tendency to develop in the direction of a stable unity is a central feature of Jung’s psychology. To have a healty ,integrated personality,every system must be permitted to reach the fullest degree of differentiation, development and expresion.The process by which this is achieved is called the individuation process.

16. Symbolization:Asymbol in Jungian Psychology has two major functions. 1)It represents an attempt to satisfy an instinctual impulse that has been frustrated. E.g dancing instead of making sex 2)It is an embodiment of archetypal material Jung believes that discovery of better symbols that discharge more energy and reduce more tension enables civilization to higher cultural levels.

17. Characteristic Research and Research Methods He was a scholar and scientist.He found his fact everywhere in ancient myths,modern family tales,in primitive and modern life,in the religions of Eastern and Western world. He had experimental studies.He had studies with word association test.He tried to find complexes of patient with these tests. He has case studies.He published 6 long case. He didn’t gave the names of his cases.

18. He has Comparative studies of Mythology, Religion and the Occult Sciences. His most important book about these studies is Psychology and Alchemy. He has a great attention to dreams.But instead of single dream he utilizes a series of dream.

19. The Method of Active Imagination:In this method,the subject is required to concentrate his or her attention on an impressive but unintelligible dream image,or on a spontaneous visual image,and observe what happens to the image. Jung points out that drawing,painting,and modelling can be used for representing the flow of images.

20. To be continued... Next week..Midterm.. Study hard... Prof.Dr.Hüsnü ERKMEN [email protected] 05424148797