Toxic Chemicals and thair uses in indiaa

Use of toxic chemicals in our day to day life

1. TOXIC CHEMICALS AND THEIR EFFECTS DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY NAME : SATYAPRAKASH ROUL CLASS : MSc CHEMISTRY 1 st YEAR ROLL NO : CHEM23-029

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Classification of toxic agents Route of exposure Some toxic chemicals and their effect Potential health effects Action of Green chemistry for avoiding toxicity of chemicals conclusion

3. Introduction What makes a chemical toxic? Toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause harmful health effects. These effects can strike a single cell, a group of cells, an organ system, or the entire body. A toxic effect may be visible damage, or a decrease in performance or function of organs, All chemicals can cause harm at a certain level.

4. Toxicity Describes the degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury. The toxicity depends on a variety of factors: Dose Concentration Duration Rou te of exposure Shape and structure of the chemical Bioavailability

5. Classification Of Toxic Agents Toxic substances are classified into the following Heavy Metals Solvents and Vapours Dioxin/Furans Pesticides Plant Toxins Animal Toxins

6. HEAVY METAL SOURCE USES DISEASE ARSENIC Seafoods ,Rice , Mushroom, Poultry, Fruit juice personal care products & cosmetics,Pesticides , wood preservatives, semiconductor Cancer, skin discoloration, nerve damage BARIUM carrots, onions, lettuce, beans, and cereal grains manufactured materials, including tiles, automobile clutch and brake linings, rubber, brick, paint, and glass Nausea, Vomating , Abdominal pain, Cardiovascular disease Cadmium burning fossil fuels such as coal or oil and incineration of municipal waste such as plastics and nickel-cadmium batteries batteries, pigments, metal coatings, and plastics Leafy vegetables - Root vegetables - Cereals and grains - Meat (especially sweetmeats like liver and kidney) - Shellfish and mushrooms Lead fossil fuels burning, mining, and manufacturing paint, ceramics, pipes and plumbing materials, solders, gasoline, batteries damages to brain and central nervous system Mercury found in rock in the earth's crust, including in deposits of coal dental fillings, paints, soaps, batteries, and fluorescent lighting. cause  irritation to the eyes, skin, and stomach; cough, chest pain, or difficulty breathing Salenium Metal sulphide ores, soil, ocean water to make pigments for ceramics, paint, plastics photocells, solar cells and photocopiers stomach discomfort, headache, and rash

7. A solvent is substance with the ability to dissolve other substances to form a solution Benzene; B enzene is highly carcinogenic, irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Longer-term exposure to benzene may cause  anemia , alterations to the immune system, and leukemia . Carbon tetrachloride; Breathing carbon tetrachloride may seriously  damage the liver and kidneys and also leads vomiting and stomach pain. Trichloroethylene; Exposure to it can  a ffects to the immune and reproductive systems, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, and may affect fetal development during pregnancy .  Solvents

8. Dioxin/furans The dioxins and furans are not manufactured or produced intentionally but are created when other chemicals or products are made. • result in skin lesions, such as chloracne and patchy darkening of the skin, and altered liver function • impairment of the immune system, the developing nervous system, the endocrine system and reproductive functions.

9. Pesticides Pesticides are chemical substances that are meant to kill pests. • Organochlorines → cause a loss of sensation around the mouth, hypersensitivity to light, sound, and touch, dizziness, tremors, nausea, vomiting, nervousness, and confusion • Organophosphates and Carbamates → causes signs and symptoms of excess acetylcholine, such as increased salivation and perspiration, narrowing of the pupils, nausea, diarrhea , decrease in blood pressure, muscle weakness, and fatigue • Pyrethroids → Pyrethroids can cause an allergic skin response, and some pyrethroids may cause cancer, reproductive or developmental effects, or endocrine system effects

10. Plant toxins Plants produce a range of chemicals some of them can be toxic, • Philodendron, ivy, cashew → allergic dermatitis • Grasses • Lily family, glory lily, crocus, horse chestnut affects the GIT tract Red alga (red tide), green alga, mushrooms, Coffee bean, tea, cola nut mint family can affects the nervous system

11. Animal toxins These toxins can result from venomous or poisonous animal. For examples • scorpions, spiders, ticks → produces neurotoxin • Rattlesnakes, cobras, coral snakes produces very complex enzyme-based venoms and neurotoxin

12. Food Chemicals Potassium bromate , paraben Butylated hydroxyanisole , Butylated hydroxytoluene , Tert-butylhydroquinone Titanium dioxide , Artificial sweeteners , Artificial colours and Sodium benzoat

13. Some toxic chemicals and their effect Phthalates Fragrance BPAs SLS p arabene hair spray shampoos fragrances deodorants perfumes moisturizsshampoo dyes, deodorants, shampoos, and cosmetics soaps as presser- vatives in cosmetic affect human reproduction and cause cancer neural disturbances , skin hypersensitivity, breast cancer eye, nose, and throat irritation, kidney and liver damage Liver problems and mental illness and cancer. disrupt hormones, reproductive organs

14. Formaldehyde Used to prevent foods from sticking to packing Paint thinners, nailpolish removersglues , skincare products like lotions, sunscreen and shampoos added to some antibacterial soaps and body washes, toothpastes , to preserve food products with an acidic pH, such as fruit Affect the immune system and infant birth or putting you at risk of cancer nerve damage, inflammation of the skin, and liver and kidney damage. irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs absorb into bloodstream, putting at risk of issues with your hormones and gut increase your risk of inflammation, oxidative stress, obesity, PFAS Toluene 1,4-Dioxane sodium benzoate

15. Potential health effects Accidents or incorrect use of house hold chemical products ,   may cause immediate health effects, such as skin or eye irritation or burns, or poisoning. Long term exposure to toxicants, Can cause cancer organ damage weakening of the immune system development of allergies or asthma reproductive problems and birth defects effects on the mental, intellectual or physical development of children

16. How can we avoid toxic chemicals by green chemistry? Green chemistry aims to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic chemicals by promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. Here are some ways to avoid toxic chemicals through green chemistry: Design safer molecules: Create chemicals with minimal toxicity and environmental impact. Use renewable feedstocks: Replace non-renewable resources with biomass or waste biomass. Catalysis: Use catalysts to reduce chemical waste and energy consumption. Solvent-free reactions: Avoid using harmful solvents or use alternative solvents like water or ethanol. Biodegradable materials: Design products that can easily decompose.

17. 6.Energy efficiency: Optimize processes to reduce energy consumption. 7. Life cycle assessment: Evaluate the environmental impact of chemicals throughout their entire life cycle. 8. Green solvents: Replace toxic solvents with safer alternatives like ionic liquids or supercritical fluids. 9. Waste reduction and management: Minimize waste generation and develop sustainable waste management strategies. 10. Education and innovation: Encourage research and development of new green chemistry technologies and educate professionals about sustainable practices. By adopting these principles, we can reduce the use of toxic chemicals and promote a more sustainable future .

18. Conclusion The important rule to remember is: minimize your exposure chemicals. Before you use a product, read the label carefully and follow the instructions. Check the ingredients in the product. Try to avoid using a toxic substance. If you must use a toxic substance, buy only the amount needed .