Transgenic organism/Genetically modified organism

Gene manipulation
Gene technology

1. 2.7 Transgenic and Genetically Modified Organisms

2. 2.7 Transgenic and genitically modified organism Learning Intentions The use of genetically modified and transgenic organisms in agriculture to increase crop productivity and to provide resistance to disease. Success Criteria compare genetically modified and transgenic organisms. describe the applications of GM and transgenic organisms in agriculture. explain how GM and transgenic organisms can be used to increase crop productivity and provide resistance to disease.

3. What is A Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Organisms whose genomes have been altered using genetic engineering technology. Contain novel combinations of genes that do not occur in natural populations. Gene can be added or silenced.

4. What is A Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) For an organism to be considered a GMO it must be heritable. i.e. The trait can be passed on.

5. What is A Transgenically Organism A transgenic organism is a subset of GMOs where the inserted gene comes from a different species

6. What is A Transgenically Organism

7. GM crops worldwide

8. Regulation of GMO in Australia The Australian Government’s Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR) is responsible for regulating all GMOs in Australia

9. Pro: resistance to herbicides These crops were first altered so that they were not affected by the herbicide glyphosate, allowing farmers to eliminate weeds without harming their crops. Roundup Ready® canola gox gene, from the bacterial species Ochrobactrum anthropi , was engineered into canola plants using Agrobacterium as a vector. The gox gene encodes an enzyme that breaks down glyphosate, the active ingredient of Roundup® herbicide, into a harmless product

10. Pro: natural pesticides and insecticides These crops are altered to produce their own natural pesticides. The use of natural pesticides is environmentally friendly as it eliminates the use of sprays that could be harmful and toxic to other organisms. Ingard® cotton genetically engineered to include the cry1Ac gene from the bacterial species Bacillus thuringiensis . The cry1Ac gene encodes a protein, known as Bt, that acts as an insecticide.

11. Pro: increased productivity Many crops have been modified to increase productivity. Improved photosynthetic efficiency, greater crop yields and faster growth rates.

12. E.g. Golden rice Golden Rice 2 is a strain of rice ( Oryza sativa ) that has been genetically modified to produce beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, in the endosperm of the rice grain The two genes added are: the PSY gene from daffodils ( Narcissus pseudonarcissus ), which encodes the enzyme phytoene synthase the CRTI gene from the soil bacterium Pantoea ananatis , which encodes the enzyme phytoene desaturase; this enzyme catalyses multiple steps in the synthesis of carotenoids up to lycopene.

13. E.g. genetically modified animals