Transgenic plants

both vector mediated and vector less or direct gene transfer technique is explained.
Vector mediated involves pTi plasmid of "Agrobacterium tumefacians", which is used to transfer desired gene in to the host plant cell or protoplast.
Vector less or direct transfer of gene to the host plant cell or protoplast are by few mwthods they are as follows:
1. Chemical mediated gene transfer
2. Microinjection
3. Electroporation
4. Particle gun/Particle bombardment
5. Lipofection
all the above methods are explained in the presentation.
Improved performances and productivity are also explained followed by advantage and disadvantages then to conclusion and references.

1. DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY SHIVAGANGOTRI CAMPUS, SH 76, DAVANAGERE -577007. DEPARTMENT OF P.G. STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN FOOD TECHNOLOGY SEMINAR ON: TRANSGENIC PLANTS Presenting By : Presenting Through : Dhanush Rayapati G . Dr. Santhosh Kumar S. R. II M.Sc. IV Semester . Assistant Professor Dept. of Food Technology Dept . of Food Technology Davangere University Davangere University

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES VECTOR MIDEATED GENE TRANSFER VECTORLESS OR DIRECT GENE TRANSFER IMPROVED PEROFRMANCE IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES CONCLUSION REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION Genetic variations are necessary in plant cells and tissues for the production of improved crop varieties. This would be achieved by manipulating the gene and it is called Genetic Engineering. This is carried out by Biotechnologists or Genetic Engineers. Definition: The plants obtained through genetic engineering contain a gene or genes usually from unrelated organisms; such genes are called “Trans Genes” and the plants containing the transgenes are known as “Transgenic Plants”. Till date number of transgenic plant varieties have been developed.

4. HISTORY Humans are domesticated plants and animals since around12,000 BCE. 1982 – 1 st transgenic plant trail started by Herbert Boyer & Stanley Cohen. 1983 – 1 st transgenic plant was produced, a tobacco line expressing kanamycin resistance was produced. 1987 – “ Plant Genetic System ” 1 st genetically engineered plant product company started by Marc Van Montagu & Jeff Schell. (Herbert Boyer & Stanley Cohen)

5. GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES VECTOR MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER pTi (Tumour inducing plasmid) of Agrobacterium tumeficians is used as a vector in gene transfer . VECTORLESS OR DIRECT GENE TRANSFER The foreign gene of interest is delivered in to host plant cell without the help of a vector. This method involves: Chemical mediated gene transfer Microinjection Electroporation Particle gun/Particle bombardment Lipofection

6. VECTOR MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER Among the various vectors, the Ti plasmid of A. tumefaciens has been widely used. This is known as near “natural genetic engineer”. It is a pathogenic soil bacteria, infect plant cell near wounds and cause Crowngall disease. Bacterium naturally transfer its T-DNA into plant cell and caused unauthorised growth of cell mass.

7. Ti plasmid Tumour inducing plasmid of the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used to transfer the foreign gene in the place of unwanted sequence. The Ti plasmid has 3 important regions: T-DNA region Virulence region Opine catabolism

8. Plant transformation technique using Agrobacterium: Major requirements of plant selected for the gene transformation: It must produce Phenolic compounds ( eg , autosyringone ) for activation of virulence gene. Transformed cell or tissues should be capable to regenerate into the whole plant.

9. VECTORLESS OR DIRECT GENE TRANSFER Chemical mediated gene transfer Microinjection Electroporation Particle gun/Particle bombardment Lipofection

10. Chemical mediated gene transfer Polyethylene glycol (PEG) & Dextran sulphate induce DNA uptake into plant protoplast. Coprecipitate of calcium phosphate and DNA is prepared and the cell take up this by a process called Phagocytosis.

11. Microinjection DNA is directly injected into plant protoplasts or cells using fine tipped (0.5-1.0 micrometer diameter) glass needle or micropipette. This method used to introduce DNA into large cells such as oocytes, eggs &cells of early embryo.

12. Electroporation The pulse of high voltage is given to make temporary pores in plasma membrane to insert DNA. The cells kept in a solution containing DNA. The foreign DNA fragments enter through the holes into the cytoplasm then to nucleus.

13. Particle gun/Particle bombardment The foreign gene is coated on minute particle of gold or tungsten (1-3 micrometer ). Using particle gun it is bombarded onto target cell or tissue. This gun contains cylinder filled with Helium gas, accelerates shots. Also called as gene gun, shot gun, microprojectile gun.

14. L ipofection Liposomes are circular lipid molecules with an aqueous interior that can carry nucleic acid (DNA). Liposomes carrying gene of interest is adhered to cell membrane and fused with it and transfer the gene into it. It is one of the most efficient technique used among all above.

15. IMPROVED PERFORMANCE Stress tolerance Herbicide tolerance Insect resistance Bacterial, fungal & viral resistance Delayed fruit ripening Male sterility

16. IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY Improved nutrient quality Improved seed protein quality Diagnostic and therapeutic proteins Edible vaccines Bio degradable plastics

17. ADVANTAGES Desired genetic modification Transgenic plants work as Bioreactor to produce number of valuable products related to: Pharmaceuticals Therapeutic proteins Vaccines Industrial enzymes Antibodies Other secondary metabolites Short time duration with high yield production .

18. DISADVANTAGES Different in codon usage between plants and prokaryotes can leads to inefficient expression of prokaryotic proteins in plants. Some plants may produce allergic compounds.

19. CONCLUSION Transgenic plants have the potential to solve many of the worlds hunger and malnutrition problems. By this technology productivity and performances of plants have been increased. It potentially reduces the use of pesticides and herbicides. Its products are also used at commercial level.

20. REFERENCES Transgenic plants; Encyclopaedia Britannica.Inc , Chicago; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1993; pp. 173-178. ISBN: 0852295715. Narayanswamy S (1994); Plant cell and Tissue culture; Tata McGraw-Hill Education; pp. vi; ISBN: 9780074602775. Articles: Nandkishor Jha ; Methods of gene transfer in plants. Rashmi V. Juyal ; Asst. professor, Division of Life Science, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Science; Transgenic plants. Samiksha S; Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.

21. THANK YOU HAVE A GOOD DAY