Translation methods

translation methods based on how close they are to source and to the target language. it has examples from Spanish to English and from English to Spanish.

1. TRANSLATION METHODS By : Meibis Gonzalez

2. TRANSLATION METHODS SOURCE LANGUAGE EMPHASIS WORD FOR WORD TRANSLATION LITERAL TRANSLATION FAITHFUL TRANSLATION SEMANTIC TRANSLATION TARGET LANGUAGE EMPHASIS   FREE TRANSLATION IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION ADAPTATION

3. Newmark ´s Flattened V diagram of Translation methods Source Language Target Language

4. WORD FOR WORD TRANSLATION Word for word translation translates each word or phrase that it understands, but does not take grammar into account and it can be out of content at times, especially in idioms and proverbs. The main use is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre translation process. It is often associated with scientific, technical, technological or legal texts

5. Word for Word translation The mom of my mom is my grandmother : La madre de mi madre es mi abuela The team is working to finish the report : El equipo está trabajando para terminar el informe ,Ana memorized the text: Ana memorizo el texto , I want this contract translated word by word: Yo quiero este contrato traducido palabra por palabra That child is intelligent : ese niño es inteligente She is swimming in the pool: ella está nadando en la piscina . She is reading: ella está leyendo I have left my book on the table: yo he dejado mi libro sobre la mesa The cat is catching birds outside: el gato está atrapando pájaros afuera After all : después de todo

6. Word for Word Translations The problem with that is very simple: language is not always translated word-for-word. Example: Me puse triste Word for word translation: me put sad Accurate English: I became sad

7. LITERAL TRANSLATION Literal translation or direct translation Literal translation or direct translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. It is the rendering of text from one language to another language with or without conveying the sense of the original. In translation studies “ literal translation” denotes technical translation of scientific, technical, technological or legal texts. L iteral translations usually mistranslate idioms.

8. More examples of literal translations Medical and dental insurance benefits  :   Beneficios de seguros médicos y dentales To verify that this is proven, I attach copies of the birth certificates of both: Para verificar que esto sea comprobado adjunto copias de las certificaciones de nacimiento de ambos I have been living here for five years : llevo viviendo aqui cinco años The water is a natural resource for life : el agua es un recurso natural para la vida . The girl is sick: la chica esta enferma I am in doubt : Yo estoy en duda He is blue: el es azul (mistakenly for “el está triste ” The team is hoping to win: el equipo está esperando ganar .

9. FAITHFUL TRANSLATION This method tries to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraint of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words faithfully following the SL grammatical form. Faithful translation simply means the translator aims to convey the author's intention of the text (what the author was intending to communicate) as faithfully as possible into another language. He is as fast as a kangaroo: es tan rápido como el canguro . Mary didn’t slap the green witch: maria no le dio una cachetada a la bruja verde . It’s raining cats and dogs: esta cayendo un palo de agua . He answered the telephone: contesto el telefono . Stop, I have a gun: detente, dispararé .

10. More Examples of faithful translation I am not quoting word for word: No estoy citando literalmente . Let’s do it (by Nike): Hagámoslo Keep Walking (By Johnnie Walker): Sigue Caminando He is as fast as a kangaroo: es tan rápido como el canguro . Mary didn’t slap the green witch: maria no le dio una cachetada a la bruja verde . It’s raining cats and dogs: esta cayendo un palo de agua . He answered the telephone: contesto el telefono . Stop , I have a gun: detente, dispararé .

11. SEMANTIC TRANSLATION It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text that is the beautiful and natural sound of the SL text. In addition, the method compromises on appropriate meaning. It is flexible and it admits the creative exceptions to 100 percent fidelity and allows for the translators ‘ intuitive empathy with the original examples Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one representation or data model to another representation or data model.

12. Semantic Translations Semantic translation: the semantic loan as a translation technique which consists in using a word or an expression of the original text exactly the same in the target text. Normally the loans are italicized in the translations. The idea is to reproduce, since it is an expression of the original text in the target text. In short, it is about leaving without translating any expression or name that belongs to the cultural heritage of the language of origin. On multiple occasions, the terms that designates national institutions that do not have an exact equivalent in the other culture are italicized in the original language . The gramatical structure of the source langauge is adjusted toward the gramatical structrure of the target langauge .

13. Examples of Semantic Translations She is a good mother , and she always takes care of the children . Ella es una buen madre y siempre atiende a los niños. Living abroad opens your eyes to a better world : Vivir en el extranjero ayuda a ver el mundo de una mejor forma Benchmarking : Análisis comparativo Copyright: Derecho de autor Influencer : Prescriptor Social Media: Redes Sociales Troops were airlifted to the battlefield: las tropas fueron llevadas a la guerra Stop splitting hairs: para de buscarle la quinta pata al gato .

14. More examples of Semantic Translations “Fashion week” : Semana de la moda 2. “Cyber Monday ”: ciberlunes 3. “Backstage”: entre/ tras bastidores 4. “Marketing”: mercadotecnia 5. “Bullying”: acoso / intimación

15. COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION This method attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the audience. It’s often used for informative texts. Example : frustrated scientist jumps to death: Sientifico frustrado salta a la muerte

16. Examples of communicative translation Be aware of the dog : Cuidado con el perro. No entry : Prohibido el paso. How are you ?: ¿Qué tal? No Smoking: Prohibido Fumar No Parking: Prohibido Estacionarse

17. IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION Idiomatic translation reproduces the message of the source but tends to distort the nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms . IDIOMATIC TRANSLATION: Idiomatic translation refers to achieving a target text that sounds natural in the target language, while idiomatic expressions are idioms or fixed expressions in a given language . Examples: esta lloviendo mucho: It’s raining cats and dogs. You re pulling my leg : Me estas tomando el pelo. Let’s cut the chase : vayamos al punto

18. Examples of Idiomatic Translations You are bananas: Estas loco I ́ ve already buried my eye: I am ready to go You are the apple of my eye: Eres la niña de mis ojos . I don't have my eye on you:  No te recuerdo To pull someone’s leg . Tomar el pelo.

19. Examples of Idiomatic Translations To spare no expense. Tirar la casa por la ventana. They finally saw eye to eye: Ellos finalmente han llegado a un acuerdo . I feel sick as a dog: Me siento fatal. The English test was a piece of cake: El examen de inglés estuvo muy fácil . Fuel these days costs an arm and a leg: El precio de la gasolina últimamente cuesta un ojo de la cara . I am going to kill two birds with one stone: Voy a matar dos pájaros de un tiro

20. More examples of idomatic translations Paint from the same brush: Distinto perro , mismo collar. Start from scratch : Empezar de cero. That’s the straw that broke the camel’s back: Esta es la gota que colma / derramó el vaso . This is my bread and butter: Con esto me gano la vida . New brush sweeps clean but old broom knows all the corners: escoba vieja barre bien

21. FREE TRANSLATION This method of translation produces the translated text without the style, form or content of the original text. These phrases keep the original sense even though they are all different. It can be said that it is what happens when we paraphrase. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. Example : America Runs on Dunkin ” by Drunkin ´ Donuts: Dunking : el combustible de los Estados Unidos

22. Free Translation In free translation, the translator analyzes the meaning of the whole sentence and tries to reflect it in his language the way a native speaker would. This may involve modifying the structure of the text if the translator considers it necessary to make it sound better. Examples :   I am twenty years old: tengo 20 años I am looking for my cat: estoy buscando a mi gato I do not know what you mean: no sé a que te refieres She loves swimming: a ella le encanta nadar My dad is feeling blue: mi Viejo (papa) está triste

23. More examples of Free Translation like father, like son: De tal palo , tal astilla The early bird catches the worm: Al que madruga Dios lo ayuda . What goes around comes around: De lo que siembras cosechas Translating from English to Spanish is not as easy as translating from Spanish to English: no es tan fácil traducir de ingles al español como del español al inglés . It’s not difficult: es faci l

24. ADAPTATIONS Adaptation refers to that type of translation which is used mainly for plays and poems. The test is rewritten considering the source language culture which is converted to the target language culture where the characters, themes, plot, are usually preserved. It is the translation method that moves with more freedom. Translate the adaptation of the text from one language to another, even if the meaning of the words is not the same. Adaptation translation is about communicating meaning through “adapting” the translation for a particular market or style Example : Dear Sr: “muy señor mio ” Yours faithfully: “Le saluda atentamente

25. Adaptations Examples : movie titles like the following “Jaws ”: Tiburón    “ The Sound of Music”: Sonrisas y lágrimas . Back translation: smiles and tears “ Rosemary’s Baby”:  La semilla del diablo  “ Die Hard”:  Jungla de Cristal “ The Parent Trap”: Tu a Londres y yo a California/ Juego de Gemelas But Cassidy and the Sundance kid:  Dos hombre y un destino (Back Translation: Two men and a destiny ) City of angels. Un angel enamorado (movie) Shawshank . Cadena Perpetua These phrases keep the original sense even though they are all different.

26. More Examples of Adaptations More examples are   Friday 13th (bad luck day) is translated into Spanish as Martes 13.   Dear Sir: Muy señor mío .   Castor Oil: Aceite de Ricino Star Wars: Guerra de las Galaxias

27. CONCLUSION Learning about the different methods of translation is quite important if you are thinking in considering to become a translator. As a translator, you’ll spend your days using your language skills to help people understand documents, and as an interpreter you will also be helpful carrying on conversations, Some of the methods can be used as preliminary translation methods such as Word for Word, literal and faithful. Later on, the translator might move to other methods which make the outcome text more natural.

28. Bibliography Newmark , Peter. (1988). A textbook of translation. New York: Sanghai Foreign Language Education Press