TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS in BSFH copy.pptx

Scientific foundation of health

1. TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

2. CONTENTS What is transmitted infections ? Processes of infections Reasons for transmitted infections How to protect from transmitted infections

3. PROCESSES OF INFECTIONS The infectious disease process includes the following components Agent Reservoir Portals of entry and exit Mode of transmission Immunity

4. WHAT IS TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS ? Transmission refers to the way germs are moved to the suspectible person. Germs do not move themselves. They depend the people,the environment, and/or medical equipment to move in healthcare settings.

5. Infectious agents come in many shapes and sizes. Categories include • Bacteria : Bacteria are one-celled organisms that can be seen only with a microscope.Strep throat, Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections • Viruses: Viruses are much smaller than cells. AIDS Common cold, Ebola, Genital herpes, Influenza, Measles Chickenpox and shingles, Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) • Fungi: There are many varieties of fungi, and people eat several of them.

6. RESERVOIR The reservoir is the normal habitat in which the agent lives and multiplies. It is where the agent propagates itself in nature. (A dead end host is not a reservoir.) The four types of reservoirs are: Symptomatic cases Carriers Animals Inanimate objects

7. Portals of infection include The Respiratory tract (upper and lower) Conjunctiva (lining of the eyes and eyelids) Urogenital tract Gastrointestinal tract (upper and lower) Placenta (mother to child transmission) Skin (broken and unbroken skin)

8. Modes of transmission include: Contact (requiring proximity to an infected host or discharge from an infected host) Vehicle (an inanimate intermediate carrier) Vector (an animate intermediate carrier, often an insect) Mechanical Developmental Propagative Cyclopropagative

9. Immunity: Immunity includes all factors that alter the likelihood of infection and disease once the agent is encountered. There are two types of immunity: innate immunity & acquired immunity. Innate immunity: It is immunity the host is born with. It includes physical barriers to infection (e.g., skin) chemical barriers to infection (e.g., acidity of the stomach), cellular barriers to infection (e.g., macrophages) and other physiologic responses (e.g., inflammation). Acquired immunity is immunity developed after exposed to an agent. It includes a humoral component (e.g., antibodies) and cellular component (e.g., lymphocytes).

10. REASONS FOR TRANSMITTED DISEASES: • Contact moves germs by touch. Touching the eye, nose, mouth or wounds after contact. • Sprays and splashes occur when an infected person coughs or sneezes, creating droplets which carry germs short distances (within approximately 6 feet). • Inhalation occurs when germs are aerosolized in tiny particles that survive on air currents over great distances and time and reach a susceptible person. (example: Nontuberculous mycobacteria or aspergillus ). • Sharps injuries can lead to infections (example: HIV, HBV, HCV) when blood borne pathogens enter a person through a skin puncture by a used needle or sharp instrument .

11. How to protect from different types of transmitted infections • Avoid close contact with people who are sick. • Cover coughs and sneezes. • Avoid touching your face. • Stay home if you’re sick. • Clean and disinfect surfaces that are touched often. • Avoid contaminated food and water. • Prevent contaminated medical equipments. • Avoiding the contact with the body fluids of infected. • Hand-washing, Medicines and Vaccines. • Prevent infections by sexual transmission

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