Transport In Animals[1].pptx Cambridge IGCSE

Transport In Animals

1. Transportation In Animals Group 2

2. Circulatory system A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one way flow of blood. Circulation can either be single (in fish) or double (in mammals). Single c irculation in a fish A fish undergoes single circulation. In a fish’s heart, there is one blood collecting chamber (atrium) and one blood ejection chamber (ventricle). The ventricle sends blood to the gills to be oxygenated from there, flows to all Parts of the fish’s body before returning to the heart. This is called single circulation because the blood flows through the

3. Double circulation in a mammal heart once for every complete circulation around the body. Pressure is lost once the blood goes through the capillary of the gills, this makes single circulation inefficient.

4. Transport In Animals In all living beings, nutrient and gases are transported to all parts of the body. This transportation is necessary for many vital life activities such as digestipn, respiration, immunity, and ultimately growth. Let’s delve into the fascinating world of animal transport systems: Transport refers to the movement of substances like oxygen, nutrients, and waste products within an animal’s body. Transport systems ensure that essential substances reach all cells and tissues and deliver oxygen, nutrients and other substances to all our body cells, while waste products are removed efficiently. (https://www.iomcworld.com)

5. Circulatory Systems Open Circulatory System : In an open circulatory system, blood is pumped into a body cavity where it comes into direct contact with cells and tissues. In animals like insects and some mollusks, a simple heart pumps blood into the body cavity, where it bathes the organs directly. Examples of Animals with Open Circulatory Systems: Grasshoppers, crabs, and snails are examples of animals with open circulatory systems. Closed Circulatory System : In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. This system allows for more efficient nutrient delivery and waste removal. In animals like humans, blood is contained within vessels and is circulated throughout the body by a pump, usually the heart. Examples of Animals with Closed Circulatory Systems: Humans, mammals, and birds possess closed circulatory systems.

6. Circulatory Systems Components of Closed Circulatory System - Heart : Structure and Function: The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body and oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation. - Blood Vessels : Arteries, Veins, Capillaries: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, veins return oxygen-poor blood to the heart, and capillaries facilitate nutrient and gas exchange in tissues - Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Functions of Blood Cells: Red blood cells transport oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help in blood clotting.

7. Circulation Process Circulation in the body is the flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels, and the flow of lymph through the lymph vessels. (https://www.cancer.gov) In a close circulatory system, blood is contained inside the blood vessels, circulating unidirectionally (in one direction) from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again. (https://bio.libretexts.org) Blood is pumped by the heart through arteries to capillaries, where exchange occurs, and then returns to the heart through veins. Importance of Oxygen and Nutrient Transport : Oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood are essential for cellular respiration and energy production.

8. Gas Exchange & Single-celled organisms In animals, gas exchange follows the same general pattern that occurs in plants. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move through diffusion into the moist membrane. (https://byjus.com). Some simple animals rely on diffusion to transport substances directly between cells and their environment. Animals exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with their environment through respiratory surfaces such as lungs, gills, or skin. Relationship between Circulatory System and Respiratory System: The circulatory system transports gases between respiratory surfaces and body tissues. TRANSPORT IN SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS Single-celled organisms use simple diffusion to move substances across their body surface, but when there are many cells, the volume increases meaning that the organism has a higher demand for supplies. (https://edplace.com) Single-celled organisms rely on diffusion and simple transport mechanisms to move substances in and out of their cells whereas multicellular animals have specialized circulatory systems to transport substances over longer distances.

9. Blood Pressure & Disorders related to the circulatory system Blood pressure is regulated in the body by changes to the diameters of blood vessels in response to changes in the cardiac output and stroke volume. (https://bio.libretexts.org). Blood pressure is regulated by mechanisms such as vasodilation - the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure - and vasoconstriction - the narrowing (construction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls, which adjust the diameter of blood vessels, and hormonal control systems like the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. DISORDERS RELATED TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Aneurysms - Weak spots in the walls of your arteries that can expand like a balloon Arrhythmias Blood pressure conditions Cardiomyopathy Congenital heart disease Heart failure High chloesterol (https://my.clevelandclinic.org) NB: Circulatory disorders can lead to serious health complications, but lifestyle changes and medications can help manage them.

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