Transverse Section Bark and Seed ( Cinchona, Cinnamon,Isapgol,Nux Vomica.pptx

Useful for D.Pharm / B.Pharm / Pharm.D

1. Cinnamon and Cinchona (Bark) Isabgol and Nux Vomica (Seed) Miss Gayatri Patra Asst.Professor EPCP, Bangalore

2. CINNAMON ( BARK ) Synonyms :- Dalchini , Cinnamon bark. Biological source :-
Cinnamon consist of dried bark, freed from the outer cork and from the underlying parenchyma, from the shoots growing on the cut stumps of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees . Family :– Lauraceae .
It should not contain less than 1.0% of volatile oil. Geographical source : – Srilanka , Malabar Coast of India and Brazil.

3. Macroscopic Characters Colour : Externally dull yellowish brown, internally dark yellowish brown Odour : Aromatic Taste : Warm and very refined (Sweetish and aromatic followed by warm sensation) Fracture : Splintery Size : Length is about 1 meter, diameter is nearly 1 cm and thickness is approximately 0.5 mm. Shape : Compound quill form.

4. Powder characteristics of cinnamon bark

5. Chemical Constituents Cinnamon bark contains about 0.5 – 1.0 per cent of volatile oil, 1.2 per cent of tannins, mucilage, calcium oxalate, starch and sweet substance know as mannitol. Cinnamon oil contains 60 – 70 % of cinnamaldehyde , 5 – 10% eugenol , benzaldehyde Use :- As carminative, mild astringent and flavouring agent.

6. CINCHONA ( BARK ) Synonyms Cortex Cinchonae , Peruvian bark, Cinchona Biological Source Cinchona is the dried bark of the stem or of the root of Cinchona calisaya Wedd ., Cinchona ledgeriana Moens ., Cinchona officinalis Linn., and Cinchona succirubra Pavon and other species of Cinchona. , belonging to family Rubiaceae .

7. Macroscopic Characters The outer surface of it is yellowish to green color and they have short fractures .
• Inner surface is different in different species .it is striated and varies in color from yellow to brown to deep reddish to brown.
• Fractures are short at outer part but fibrous in the inner part.
• The root bark is channelled or often twisted about 2-7 cm long .
• Odour is distinctive and the taste is highly bitter and astringent.
• Shape is curved, quill or double quill.
• Size is 30 cm long and 2-7 mm thick.
• At the outer surface longitudinal and transverse cracks, fissures or ridges are present.

8. • Leaves have opposite arrangement.
• The shape of leaves are rounded to lanceolate.
• Leaves are 10-40cm long.
• The color of flowers are white, pink or red and produced in terminal panicles.
• Fruit contain small capsule and have numerous seeds.
• The stem bark contain moss or lichen at the outer surface.
• It may or may not be longitudinally wrinkled .

9. Powder characteristics

10. Chemical Constituents It contains quinoline Alkaloids (6-10%) eg . Quinine, quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine . Use:- Quinine is used in the treatment of malaria and quinidine as an antiarrhythmic agent.

11. Isapgol (Seed) Synonyms:- Isabgul , Indian Psyllium, Ispaghula Biological Source:- It consists of dried ripe seeds of Plantago ovata Linn, belonging to family Plantaginaceae . Geographical Source:- It is cultivated in Gujarat, Punjab and South Rajasthan

12. Macroscopic Characters:- Colour - pinkish-grey to brown Odour – None Size – 10 – 35 mm in length and 1 – 1.75 mm in width Shape – It is ovate outline with boat-shaped Taste – Mucilaginous taste Surface is hard, translucent, smooth and pinkish grey-brown in colour

13. T.S of Isabgol Epidermis: Single layered, thick walled transparent, cells containing mucilage, which exudes if brought in contact with water. Pigment Layer: Usually collapsed which is yellow in colour. Endosperm: Outer layer consists of palisade like cells which are thick walled but inner cells are irregular and are also thick walled consisting of aleurone grains and oil globules.
Embryo: Have two cotyledons, with three to five vascular bundles in each, a portion of raphe remains attached to the seed.

14. Chemical Constituents : It contains mucilage, fixed oil, sugars ect . The mucilage yields on hydrolysis D-xylose, L-arabinose, D- galactose and D- galacturonic acid. Use :- As demulcent and laxative in treatment of chronic constipation.

15. Nux Vomica Synonyms:- Nux Vomica seed ,Crow-fig Biological Source:- It consists of dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux vomica Linn, family Loganiaceae.It should contain not less than 1.2% of total alkaloids calculated as strychnine. Geographical Source:- It is cultivated in Sri Lanka,Northern Australia and India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala,Bihar,Odissa,Mysore and Gorakhpur.

16. Macroscopic Characters Colour : Seeds are greenish brown Odour : None Taste : Intensely bitter Size : Seeds are 10 to 30 mm in diameter and 4 to 6 mm in thickness. Shape: The seeds are disc shaped, somewhat flat or irregularly bent and Margin of the seeds is rounded. Surface of the seeds is silky due to the radially arranged and densely covered.

17. Chemical Constituents Nux Vomica seed contains alkaloids (2.5-5%), fixed oil and Glycosides loganin . Major alkaloids are strychnine (1.2%) and brucine (1.55%) Use:- Strychnine Is used as antidote in CNS depressants poisoning such as barbiturate poisoning. It is used as stimulates respiratory and cardiovascular system.