Travel Guide_ Albania by in terms of European trip

Albania travel

1. International Security: EUROPE Aleksandra Szydlo Marharyta Ivankova Mikita Murashko Yiming Liu

2. Region’s characteristics 1 Geographical conditions, demography

3. Territory There are 50 countries in Europe, but only 44 of them have their capital city on the European continent. The largest country in Europe is Russia, followed by Ukraine and France. The smallest country in Europe is Vatican City, which is only about 0.44 square kilometres in area

4. Geophysical conditions Major Mountain Ranges:  Alps (France to Austria) Carpathians (Central & Eastern Europe) Urals (Europe-Asia boundary) Caucasus Mountains (Europe-Asia barrier) Pyrenees (Spain-France border) Extensive Plains:  North European Plain Hungarian Plain Diverse Coastlines:   Atlantic Ocean Arctic Ocean Baltic Sea Black Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea

5. Demography 1.2 People, ethnicity

6. The population is 830,364,178

7.                                                         Top countries  1.Russia 146,447,424                                        1. Andorra 80,120  2.Turkey 85,372,377                                       2. Liechtenstein 39,315  3.Germany 84,607,016                                   3. Monaco 39,150  4.United Kingdom 67,026,292                  4.San Marino 33,785  5.France 68,221,000                                        5.Vatican City 764 

8. Germanic Peoples Slavic Peoples Romance Peoples Celtic Peoples Baltic Peoples Greek People Turkic Peoples Jewish People Roma (Gypsy) People Other Minorities

9. States composition 2 Of region and subregional structure

10. Colonisation 2.1 And decolonisation process

11. Reasons of colonization Search for precious metals needed for trade Development of navigation and ship construction Accumulation of geographical knowledge Creation of centralized States

12. 1 The Portuguese Empire The beginning of the XVI century - XVII century Controlled colonies Brazil, some parts of Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, etc.), East Timor, Goa and other territories in Asia Dates of founding Reasons of founding The search for raw materials (especially precious metals), the expansion of trade relations, religious and cultural missions Features of colonies The Portuguese colonies maintained close ties with the empire , as well as the strong influence of the Catholic Church and the system of slavery, especially in Brazil 3 2 4 Colony-Empire Relations The Portuguese Empire faced a number of uprisings and conflicts in its colonies, such as the Wars of independence in Angola and Mozambique Dates of decolonisation The Portuguese Empire began to collapse in the middle of the 20th century. For example, Brazil became independent in 1822, and the former African colonies gained independence in the 1970s and 1980s 5 6

13. 1 The Spanish Empire: The end of the XV century - the XVII century Controlled colonies Latin America (Mexico, Peru, Colombia, Chile, etc.), part of the USA (California, Florida), the Philippines, some islands in the Caribbean Dates of founding Reasons of founding The search for gold and silver, the expansion of Christianity, the establishment of trade routes, the strategic position Features of colonies The Spanish colonies were characterized by close ties with the metropolis, strong influence of the Catholic Church and a system of exploitation of the indigenous population 3 2 4 Colony-Empire Relations The Spanish Empire faced a number of rebellions and wars of independence in its colonies, such as the Mexican War of Independence and the Wars of Independence in South America Dates of decolonisation Most Latin American colonies became independent in the first half of the 19th century, as a result of the wars of independence that took place in different periods since the beginning of the 19th century 5 6

14. 1 The French Empire XVII-XIX centuries Controlled colonies Africa (French West Africa, French Equatorial Africa), Southeast Asia (Indochina), some islands in the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean Dates of founding Reasons of founding Economic expansion, the search for raw materials, the establishment of trade relations, strategic position Features of colonies French colonies usually had their own administrative system and cultural characteristics reflecting the influence of French culture and law 3 2 4 Colony-Empire Relations As with other European empires, there were numerous rebellions and conflicts in the colonies, such as the war in Algeria and the uprising in Vietnam. Dates of decolonisation The decolonization of the French Empire mainly occurred in the second half of the 20th century. For example, Vietnam's independence was declared in 1945, and most of the African colonies became independent in the 1960s 5 6

15. 1 The Dutch Empire The end of the XVI century - XVII century Controlled colonies Indonesia (including the former Netherlands East Indies), Suriname, some islands in the Caribbean and Africa (for example, Curacao, Aruba) Dates of founding Reasons of founding Economic benefits (trade in spices, sugar, coffee, etc.), strategic position (control of sea routes), religious and political confidence Features of colonies Dutch colonies were often characterized by a variety of cultures and nationalities, as well as a high level of civil freedom 3 2 4 Colony-Empire Relations The Dutch Empire faced a number of conflicts and uprisings, such as the Great Uprising in Indonesia in the middle of the 20th century Dates of decolonisation The process of decolonization of the Netherlands took place mainly in the second half of the 20th century. For example, Indonesia became independent in 1949, and Suriname in 1975 5 6

16. 1 The British Empire D epending on the region, for example, the first settlements in North America appeared at the beginning of the XVII century, while in India, British colonization began from the XVII-XVIII centuries Controlled colonies India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, part of the USA (before their independence) Dates of founding Reasons of founding Economic benefits (trade, resource extraction), strategic position (control of sea routes), religious and political confidence Features of colonies Each colony had its own unique characteristics, but in general, British colonies were often characterized by a developed administrative system, infrastructure and economic structures 3 2 4 Colony-Empire Relations The British Empire faced a number of uprisings and conflicts, such as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Boer Wars in South Africa. In addition, there were periods of growing national resistance and decolonization in the colonies Dates of decolonisation The decolonization of the British Empire took place mainly after the Second World War. For example, India became independent in 1947, and most of the African colonies became independent in the 1960s 5 6

17. 1 The Belgian Empire At the end of the XIX century Controlled colonies Congo (Belgian Congo), Rwanda, Burundi Dates of founding Reasons of founding Economic expansion (extraction of natural resources, including rubber and diamonds), strategic position, religious mission Features of colonies In the Congo, the system of colonial exploitation was particularly pronounced, which led to serious violations of human rights 3 2 4 Colony-Empire Relations The Belgian Empire faced resistance in its colonies, including an uprising in the Congo led by Patrice Lumumba Dates of decolonisation The Belgian Congo became independent in 1960 5 6

18. 1 The Italian Empire In the late XIX - early XX century Controlled colonies Libya, Somalia, Ethiopia (between 1936 and 1941) Dates of founding Reasons of founding Economic expansion, strategic position, desire to increase influence and resources Features of colonies Colonial policies were implemented in Ethiopia, including the Italian program of "racist" policies 3 2 4 Colony-Empire Relations The Italian Empire faced resistance in its colonies, including armed conflicts with local peoples in Ethiopia Dates of decolonisation The decolonization of the Italian colonies occurred after World War II. For example, Ethiopia became independent in 1941, and Libya and Somalia in the 1950s and 1960s, respectively 5 6

19. 1 The Russian Empire At different times, starting from the XVII century Controlled colonies Although most of Russia's colonial activity was concentrated in Asia (Siberia, Central Asia), Russia also had small colonies in the Baltic and America, such as Alaska Dates of founding Reasons of founding The expansion of territory and control over strategic resources, the development of new territories for trade and resource extraction Features of colonies Each colony had its own unique characteristics, but in general the Russian Empire pursued a policy of resource development and exploitation 3 2 4 Colony-Empire Relations There were cases of conflicts and uprisings in America and the Baltic, but in general, Russian rule in these colonies was not as intense as in Asia Dates of decolonisation The decolonization occurred as a result of a number of historical events, including the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and the First World War. Alaska was sold to the United States in 1867, and in 1917, as a result of the Russian Revolution, the empire collapsed 5 6

20. This is a map In many colonies, national identity and the desire for self-determination and independence began to form. This led to mass movements for independence and decolonization The rise of nationalism Changing economic priorities and increasing needs within the colonial empires themselves contributed to the emergence of new political views on the management and maintenance of their colonies Economic changes After World War II, many colonial empires weakened as a result of the war, and also changed their strategic priorities geopolitical changes

21. Record of the battles in history

22. International Security organizations

23. NATO NATO is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American. Established in the aftermath of World War II, it's one of the most influential organization in the region and in the world. The latest new joiner is Swedin(2024 March) North Atlantic Treaty Organization

24. CSTO Founded in 2002 by former Soviet republics( CIS) , currently six member states left in the organization Collective Security Treaty Organization

25. osce The OSCE emerged from the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), a series of meetings held during the Cold War (1973-1975). The OSCE has 57 member states, including Russia, the United States, and Canada The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

26. Europol EUROPOL was established in 1995, Focuses on serious international crime and terrorism within the EU. Key Activities :  Information gathering and analysis Joint investigations and operations Supporting member states' law enforcement capabilities Training and expertise exchange The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation

27. Role of global powers 2.3 In shaping security process

28. Political challenges 1.Rise of Populism and Nationalism: Anti-establishment sentiment and a return to national interests challenge European unity and cooperation. 2.Democratic Backsliding: Erosion of democratic institutions and norms in some member states. 3.Euroscepticism: Discontent with the European Union, sometimes leading to calls for reduced integration or even withdrawal .

29. Military challenges 2.5 And threats

30. Overview  of  Current   Military   Conflicts  in Europe - **War  in  Ukraine:** Participants :  Ukraine, Russia.  - ** Kosovo :** Participants :  Kosovo   and   Serbia . -**The  Cyprus   issue ** Participants :  Turkey ,  Greece ,  Cyprus - ** Nagorno-Karabakh :** Participants : Armenia and Azerbaijan .  -** Transnistria ** Participants : Moldova, Transnistria , Russia also Ukraine ( indirectly involved due to territorial proximity )

31. War in Ukraine

32. Key points of the conflict : 1.International reactions 2.  Impact on Europe  3. Security and defense 4. Humanitarian crises 5. Political impact  The war in Ukraine, which began in 2014 with Russia's annexation of Crimea and the subsequent conflict in eastern Ukraine, significantly escalated in 2022 with Russia's full-scale invasion, has a profound and multifaceted impact on all of Europe. 

33. Tension between NATO and Russia

34. Tension between NATO and Russia in recent years has reached levels not seen since the Cold War, especially since 2014 when Russia annexed Crimea, deepening concerns and distrust between the parties.  Here are several key aspects of this tension: **Military actions and strategic decisions:** - NATO expansion - Russian military activity - NATO military presence in   **Diplomatic and political tension:** - Sanctions against Russia  **Perspectives and challenges:** - War in Ukraine - Threat of a new "Cold War":  

35. Terrorism in Europe

36. Terrorism remains one of the biggest threats to security in Europe, impacting national policies, international relations, and public opinion. Events in recent decades, including attacks in Madrid, London, Paris, Brussels, Nice, and other cities, have highlighted that terrorism can arise both from outside and within Europe. **Main types of terrorism:** - Islamic extremism:  - Right-wing extremism - Left-wing extremism and anarchism - Separatist terrorism   **Impact of terrorism on Europe:** - Increased security measures - Political consequences - Social impact - Economic consequences:

37.   Threats of Hybrid Warfare

38. Threats of hybrid warfare play a key role in the modern geopolitical landscape, especially in the context of Europe, where such actions can have significant implications for national and regional security. Hybrid warfare is a strategy that combines military, political, economic, civilian, and informational means to achieve strategic goals, often masking the aggressor and its intentions. **Key aspects of hybrid warfare:** - Cyberattacks - Propaganda and disinformation - Economic pressure - Support for internal separatist and radical groups - Use of conventional military mean **Impact of hybrid warfare on Europe:** - Political instability - Information security - Foreign policy influence - EU and NATO unity

39. Migration Crisis , Impact on Regional Security

40. The migration crisis in Europe, which became particularly acute during the significant influx of refugees in 2015 from war-torn countries such as Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq, has been one of the biggest tests for European politics, society, and security. This crisis has had significant consequences for regional stability, the political landscape, and social cohesion. **Impact of the migration crisis on regional security:** - Political consequences:   - Strengthening of right-wing and populist parties   - Division among EU countries - Social consequences:    - Social integration      - Increase in xenophobia and racism - Security challenges:    - Border control    - Terrorism - Economic consequences:    - Impact on the labor market    - Social welfare

41.   Cybersecurity Threats Cybersecurity threats are becoming increasingly important in a global context as digital technologies penetrate all spheres of life. In Europe, where digital infrastructure is highly developed, cyber threats cause significant concern for both states and private organizations.  **Main types of cybersecurity threats:** - Cyberattacks - DDoS attacks - Phishing - APT (Advanced Persistent Threats) **Impact on Europe:** - Economic losses - National security - Trust in digital systems - International relations

42.   The geopolitical landscape of Europe has been undergoing significant changes in recent years due to several key events and trends, including Brexit, the strengthening of the European Union, and the formation of new alliances. These events have far-reaching implications for regional politics, economics, and security. Impact of Brexit Political changes Security issues   Strengthening of the EU: The European Union is responding to contemporary challenges by strengthening integration and coordination among its members: Economic integration Social policy New alliances and cooperation: Against the backdrop of changes in the global order, Europe is responding by forming new alliances and cooperation: Transatlantic relations Relations with new global power Regional alliances

43. Future challenges and security strategies in Europe : Future challenges for ensuring security in Europe are diverse and complex, covering a wide range of issues from traditional military threats to modern cyber threats and socio-political problems. Here are some key challenges and strategies to overcome them: Future challenges: Geopolitical tensions Terrorism Migration crises Cybersecurity Political instability in the EU   Security strategies: Cybersecurity Integration policy Diplomacy and international cooperation

44. Socio-cultural challenges 2.6 For the regional security

45. Socio-cultural challenges 2.6 For the regional security

46. Economic challenges 2.7 For the regional security

47. Ecological challenges 2.8 For the regional security

48. Conclusion 3

49. Main security problems 3.1 of the region

50. Regions role 3.1 In the international relations

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54. Do you need longer text? Speaking of craters, many of them were named after artists or authors who made significant contributions to their respective fields. Mercury takes a little more than 58 days to complete its rotation, so try to imagine how long days must be there! Since the temperatures are so extreme, albeit not as extreme as in Venus, and the solar radiation is so high, Mercury has been deemed to be non-habitable for humans Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the entire Solar System. This planet's name has nothing to do with the liquid metal, since Mercury was named after the Roman messenger god. Despite being closer to the Sun than Venus, its temperatures aren't as terribly hot as that planet's. Its surface is quite similar to that of Earth's Moon, which means there are a lot of craters and plains

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56. Mercury Two ideas Venus Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous atmosphere Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon

57. Mercury Venus Mars Here are three important ideas Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust

58. Four ideas Mars Mars is actually a very cold place Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun Jupiter Jupiter is the biggest planet in the System Saturn Saturn is a gas giant and has rings

59. Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun Neptune is the farthest planet Six ideas Mercury Mars is actually a very cold place Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Saturn Saturn is ringed and a gas giant planet Neptune Mars Jupiter Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

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64. 4,498,300,000 Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

65. The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s Jupiter's rotation period 9h 55m 23s 333,000 386,000 Km Distance between Earth and the Moon

66. LET’S USE SOME PERCENTAGES Mercury Venus Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Mars Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust 50% 75% 25%

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70. This is a map Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Albania

71. This is a timeline Mercury is the closest planet Mercury Neptune is far away from us Neptune Mars is full of iron oxide dust Mars Jupiter is the biggest planet Jupiter Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

72. This is a infographic Mercury is the closest planet Mercury Jupiter is the biggest planet Jupiter Venus is the second planet Venus Mars is full of iron oxide dust Mars Neptune is far away from us Neptune

73. Travel expenses Date Type Description Status 01/07/2023 Money Venus is the second planet from the Sun ✔ 02/07/2023 Credit Card Mars is actually a very cold place ✗ 03/07/2023 Money Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all ✔ 04/07/2023 Money Neptune is far away from Earth ✔

74. You can use this graph Mercury Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one Venus Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here 50% 50%

75. Our team You can speak a bit about this person here Jenna Doe You can speak a bit about this person here Tim Jimmy You can speak a bit about this person here Peter Smith Ana Scott You can speak a bit about this person here John Doe You can speak a bit about this person here

76. This is a infographic Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the System Jupiter Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Mars Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet Venus Saturn is the second-largest planet in the Solar System Saturn Earth 1 2 3 4

77. VENUS MERCURY Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System This is a graph Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here

78. You can use a timeline Mercury is the closest planet 2xxx Neptune is far away from us 2xxx Mars is a very cold place 2xxx Venus is the second planet 2xxx Jupiter is a big planet 2xxx 1 2 3 4 5

79. NEPTUNE Neptune is far away from Earth Venus is the second planet from the Sun Reviewing concepts is a good idea MERCURY Mars is actually a very cold place Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun SATURN Saturn is ringed and a gas giant planet VENUS MARS JUPITER Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

80. VENUS Two ideas MERCURY Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit larger than the Moon Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a poisonous atmosphere

81. Travel planner Destination: Albania Places to see: Day 1 Venus is the second planet from the Sun Day 2 Mars is actually a very cold place Day 3 Neptune is far away from Earth Expenses: $50,000 Notes: Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all

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