TRESHINGbhhgggnhgfcvjbchfxrdtfyvhbh.pptx

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1. In many regions, machine threshers are owned by individuals who offer custom operations to farmers. This requires that farmers schedule harvesting dates depending on the availability of the thresher. Many threshers are mounted on tractors to quickly move from field to field. Some are still drawn by a carabao especially on muddy areas.

2. Guidelines for Threshing 1. After harvesting, thresh the rice immediately. Threshing is the process of detaching and separating rice grains from the panicle. 2. Threshing can be performed manually or mechanically. The manual methods of threshing are treading by feet, flail treading and beating stalks against tubs, threshing board, or racks. 3. In treading by feet, rice grains spread on the threshing floor is trampled upon by human feet. The continuous treading action of one person separate about 14 kg of grain from the straw in one hour.

3. 4. In animal treading the harvested rice is laid around a stake or pole with the panicles toward the stake. A team of animals (carabao, cow) is driven slowly around the stake to trample the grain off the straw. The palay is raked occasionally until the grain is completely threshed, and all the straw have been removed. Many of the grains may be damaged due to the hard hooves and heavy weight of the carabao.

4. 7. One low-cost mechanical thresher you can use is the pedal-powered model. It has a low initial cost and one worker can thresh about 1-2 cavans per hour with this model. 8. Another low-cost model is the throw-in axial flow thresher. This is portable, weighs about 100 kg and requires a 5-7 horsepower engine. It has a higher output of up to 600 kg/hour.

5. 5 . In flail treading, grain separation is done by beating the paddy with a stick or hinged device called flail. 6. Another method is through the impact of rice heads beaten against a solid object ( hampasan method). A simple way to do this is to beat the rice panicles with a stick. The method can thresh 20-60 kg of palay per person per hour.

6. 9. The most commonly used mechanical thresher are lightweight which could be drawn by a carabao or a tractor in a muddy field powered by a diesel engine and could finish threshing harvest of 2 ½ hectare in one day, if it is dry, and 1 ½ hectare if wet. Be sure to lay plastic sheet in the area to minimize grain losses.

7. 10.Using the combine harvester, it could finish harvesting and at the same time threshing with a minimum of 3 hectares per day.

8. Grain Cleaning is the removal of unwanted materials from the grain such as straws, chaffs, unfilled grains, weed seeds, soil, rubbish, and other impurities.

9. 1. Clean the grains immediately after threshing. Cleaning is an essential post-harvest operation since it affects storability and milling quality of grains. Uncleaned grains are prone to deterioration during storage .

10. Factors to consider in choosing the appropriate system of threshing

11. 2. In some mechanical threshers cleaning is carried out simultaneously with threshing. However, in manual or animal treading, further cleaning is necessary because the grain is mixed with straw, chaff, dirt, stones, and other impurities.

12. 3. The most common method of cleaning rice grains in the Philippines is the use of winnowing basket (or Bilao ). Winnowing sieves called bithay , made either of wire mesh or bamboo slats are also used for cleaning.

13. 4. Another method is the use of hand operated winnower or hunkoy . This gadget consists of a paddle type fan mounted on a wooden frame to direct air blasts against the grain or foreign matter that falls from the hopper.

14. Importance of Cleaning Rice grain

15. Methods of Cleaning 1. Winnowing. Lighter materials such as unfilled grains, chaffs, weed seeds, and straw can be removed from the grain by using a blower, air fan, or by wind. Recover only the heavier grains.

16. 2. Screening/sifting. Using sifter or a net smaller material such as weed seeds, soils particles and stones can be removed by sieving the grain through a smaller sized screen (1.4 mm or less sieve opening).

17. 3. Blowing. Using the thresher or mechanical blower to clean the rice grains and using its blower to remove all unfilled grains, weed seeds, and chaff .

18. Drying - the reduction of moisture content from newly harvested Rice grain to a desired moisture content.

19. Importance of Drying Rice Grains

20. Methods of drying Solar or sun-drying Mechanical Dryer

21. Solar or sun-drying Traditionally, this method has been used by the farmer using nylon net and plastic sheets to sundry the grains. It is the basis of majority of farmers then to schedule their harvest due to scarcity of drying materials.

22. Mechanical dryer. If harvest occurs during the rainy season, when sun drying is not feasible, use a heated air dryer. Use batch dryers, since these are relatively cheaper and easier to operate.

23. When using mechanical dryers, observe the recommended drying air temperature by the manufacturer. If using mechanical dryer farmers should group themselves and make a schedule to be able to meet the maximum capacity of the dryer for more efficient and economical operation.

24. Storing- - the process of keeping the grains for future use.

25. Storing Guidelines 1. After drying the rice grains, store them properly if you are not going to sell immediately. 2. Clean sacks before use to remove insect pests.

26. 3. Do not stack the sacks of rice on a concrete floor, it will accumulate moisture. Use a stacking tray made of wood. 4. Separate old and new grain stocks.

27. 5. Separate and mark different varieties by storing them in different sacks. Handle sacks with care to avoid damage and spillage. 6. Cover the stacked bags of rice with plastic sheet or other covering materials.

28. 7. Clean bodega/warehouse prior to new grain storage and maintain cleanliness of the surroundings to discourage rodents’ infestation. 8. Visit the storage area regularly to observe any grain damage, changes in grain temperature, increase in moisture content, and any indication of grain deterioration.

29. 9. Avoid storing fertilizer and insecticides near the rice stock to ensure safety and maintain market quality. 10. Make use of a bait for rodents if necessary.

30. Milling - the removal of hulls and bran from rice grain to produce polished or white rice

31. Milling It is one of the thriving rice related business. Rice milling is the removal of hulls and bran from rice grains to produce polished or white rice ready for human consumption.

32. The rice bran is a very important ingredient in feed formulation for animal production. The farmers utilize it as a direct feed to their farm animals. The rice hull is being used as a good substitute for firewood in cooking.

33. Three Types of Milling The Kiskisan The cono The combination

34. To obtain high milling recovery, observe the following: 1. Clean and dry grains immediately after harvest. Allow to temper overnight or longer before milling to minimize grain breakage. 2. Do not mix different varieties. Mixed varieties adversely affect the performance of the mill.

35. Health and Safety Precautions During Harvesting and other Post Harvest Activities

36. Practicing safety precautions will save lives and suffering. Manual Harvesting- When cutting crop with a sickle, always hold the stems with thumb pointing upward, away from the sickle/scythe. Be extra careful in pulling the scythe to prevent injury. Always have a piece of long sleeved clean cloth, hat, and sunglass, as protections from excessive heat of the sun.

37. Machine Threshing 1. Become familiar with the machine before the first operation. Read the manual that came with the machine. 2. Do the pre-operational check-up of the machine before starting the engine. 3. Do not wear loose clothing that may be picked up by moving parts.

38. 4 . While operating, keep all shields and guards in place 5. Never leave the thresher unattended while the engine is running. Keep children away from the machine. Keep hands and feet away from the machine and its moving parts. 6. Do not fill the tank while the engine is moving.

39. 7. Keep all flammable materials (including dry straw) away from the engine. 8. Do not oil, grease, or adjust the machine during operation. Wait until all moving parts have stopped before servicing. 9. Do not operate machine with loose peg teeth, bolts and nuts. Loose peg teeth may be ejected at high speeds, causing injury to operators and damage to the thresher.

40. 10. Never remove accumulated straw inside the machine during operation. 11. Never extend hands or feet into the feed opening of the thresher. 12. Never operate your machine in a closed shed or garage. Exhaust fumes are dangerous to your health.

41. 13. Keep a first-aid kit at hand. 14. Tie up long hair to prevent entangling. 15. Do not wear necklace or other garments that may be wrapped into moving parts of the machine.

42. Combine Harvesting 1. Review the manuals that came with the harvester. Understand the controls before operating. 2. Do the operational check-up before operating. 3. When operating around machinery, wear work clothes that fit and have no loose ends.

43. 4. Do not allow anyone to climb onto the machine while it is in motion. 5. Keep children at a safe distance from the machine. 6. Do not operate when very tired. Change operators during the day.

44. 7. Always have a fire extinguisher at hand on engine-operated equipment. 8. Ensure that the fuel system has no leaks. 9. While refueling, stop the engine and do not smoke.

45. 7. Always have a fire extinguisher at hand on engine-operated equipment. 8. Ensure that the fuel system has no leaks. 9. While refueling, stop the engine and do not smoke.

46. IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER

47. Harvesting is the process of collecting mature rice crop from the field. Threshing is the process of separating rice grain from the panicle. The maturity indices of rice are: a) 80-85% of the grains are straw colored b) grains have 20-25% moisture content of the grain c) based on maturity date

48. Methods of harvesting are manual or mechanical. The choice of selecting the method in threshing depends upon the availability of labor, capital outlay of the farm, time of harvesting, field layout, demand for quality, and demand for straw.

49. Observe the safety measures in harvesting, threshing, and milling. Clean rice is easier to dry. Clean rice when properly dried to improve the storability.

50. Clean and properly dried rice grains have higher market value. Clean and properly dried rice grains obtain good milling quality. Store rice grain for future use

51. Observe safety precautions when using chemicals, especially in the control of pests in the storage barn. The moisture content of rice grains for storage is 14 percent. Sun drying can be done 1-2 days (fair weather) or 8-11 hours if mechanical dryer is used.