TRopical design First presentation.compl

complete tropical design book

1. ARCH102
Tropical Design
PRESENTER NAME
DATE

2. Ar. John Virgo E. Corpuz
presenter

3. Tropical
Tropics
the earth is divided into:

4. Philippines
•Longitudinal lines
( 114°-127º east )
•Latitudinal lines
( 4°-18.5°north )

5. Climate
Encompasses the stats of temperature, humidity, atmospheric particle count.
Weather
Present condition of these elements and their variations over shorter periods.
Annual mean temperature
given approximately by the average temperature of the maxima and minima for the warmest and coolest months

6. Climatic factors
•Latitude
•Temperature range increases with distance from the
equator
•The sun rays are dispersed over a large area of land as you
move away from the equators
•Polar regions are colder because the sun rays have further
to travel compared to place on the equator.

7. Climatic factors
•Altitude
•Temperature decreases with height
•Air is less dense and cannot hold heat
1500 meters above sea level high altitude
3000 meters very high altitude
5000 meters extreme altitude
8000 meters death zone

8. Climatic factors
•Winds
•Hot winds high temperature
•Cold winds low temperature
❖Prevailing winds
•Southwest monsoon (habagat) (warm, humid)
•Northeast monsoon (amihan) (cold, dry)
Habagat Amihan
-May -November
-June -December
-July -January
-August -February
-September -March
-October -April

9. Climatic factors
•Continentality:
❖As the distance from the sea increases, people experience extreme
weather conditions, i.e., very hot during summers and very cold
during winters. This condition is known as continentality.
❖Land heat and cools faster than the sea.
❖On the coast winter are mild and summers are cool.
❖Because of its high heat capacity, water can minimize
changes in temperature. For instance, the specific heat
capacity of water is about five times greater than that of
sand.

10. Climatic factors
•Aspects:
❖Slopes facing the sun is warmer
❖Air temperature are cooler when morning sun shines
❖Air temperature are warmer when afternoon sun shines

11. Climatic factors
•Solar Radiation:
❖Warms the air over the Equator, causing it to rise

12. Climate
❖MicroClimate–localized climate that
surrounds the building
❖Mesoclimate–(intermediate geographic
scale)
-influenced by physical characteristics
of a local area (terrain, hills, vegetation, )
example Baguio.
❖Macro Climate –regional climate , 10-
100km+

13. Climate Types

14. Season in the Philippines
Dry season –Dec. to May
▪Cool dry season –Dec. to February
▪Hot dry season –March to May
Rainy season –June to Nov.
❖Tropical Cyclone -Storm system
characterized by a large low pressure center
and numerous thunder storms that
produce strong winds and heavy rain.
❖Typhoon and Hurricane –Defending on
its location and strength.
PAGASA
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration.
The major services provided by PAGASA include the provision of
weather forecasts and tropical cyclone warnings, flood bulletins
and advisories, hydrological, climatological and farm weather
forecasts.

15. Passive Cooling
Design of building interiors without the use of sophisticated mechanical equipment, but rather with a use of principle and techniques of
tropical design.
Passive Cooling Techniques:
Stack effect
Building OrientationUse of windows

16. Passive Cooling
Passive Systems For Various Climates
Hot-Humid Climate Hot-Dry Climate Temperate Climate Cool Climate
maximum wind exposure minimum radiant heat gain moderate thermal retention maximum thermal retention
maximum internal airflow moderate wind resistance moderate radiant heat gain maximum radiant heat gain
minimum radiant heat gain moderate internal airflow slight wind expose (humidity control) minimum wind resistance
moderate internal airflow

17. Principle of Airflow
1. Air flows from a high pressure to a low-pressure area
2. Air possesses inertia. Once set in motion it tends to continue to flow in its initial direction until some intervening force is
met.
3. Air flows through the path of least resistance

18. Global Air Movements
1.Air flows to the cooler arctic from the warm equator
2.Surface movement is from the cooler region to the warm coast

19. General Circulation of Winds
1.The rotation of the earth deflects the air from its direct paths, (Coriolis Force)

20. Land and Sea Breezes
1.Land and sea breezes

21. Typhoon
Characteristics of Typhoon
•A typhoon is a relatively persistent and mature cyclone observed to originate in the tropical regions from
about 5°to 15°north latitude.
•Average typhoon has a life of more than a week

22. Inducing Air Movement in Building Interiors
1.An important characteristics of wind force is that the windward side has a positive pressure, while the leeward
has a negative pressure
2.Air enters building through openings located in the positive pressure zone and exits through openings located
at the negative pressure zone.
3. Window heights are significant for
effective indoor air movement when these
measure up to 1.10 meters. No additional
benefit is derived for direct occupancy
comfort if openings are high. How ever
these can reduce the heat loads on ceilings.

23. Partition Effect:
When partition is placed parallel to the main flow of air, this has minimal influence in the pattern of air flow; but
when located perpendicular to the incident wind, this creates a wind shadow.

24. Air Stream Patterns:

25. Air Stream Patterns:

26. Air Stream Patterns:

27. Effects of Landscape Elements
Hedges and Shrubs deflect air away from inlets and cause a reduction in air motion indoors. These elements should not be plantedat a distance of
more than 2 or 3 meters from the building because the induced air motion is reduced.
Air movement in the leeward part of the building can be enhanced by planting a low hedge at a distance of 2 meters from the building.
Trees with a large foliage mass, having the trunk base of branches up to the top level of the window, deflect the outdoor wind downward and
promote air motion in the habitable zones of building interiors.

28. Effects of Landscape Elements

29. Earth Mounds
Building on a natural earth mound can have improved air motion indoors if the sides of mound have a slope of less than 20°and the buildings
located at distances greater than 2 meter from the windward edge of mound
Earth mounds having a slope of about 10°on the windward side accelerate air motion in a building located on the flat portion of the mound

30. Obstacles

31. Effect of plan form

32. Influenced of adjacent building

33. Solar Radiation
Solar Radiation
Often called the solar resource or just sunlight, is a general term
for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Solar
radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy,
such as heat and electricity, using a variety of technologies.
However, the technical feasibility and economical operation of
these technologies at a specific location depends on the available
solar resource.
Basic Principles
Every location on Earth receives sunlight at least part of the year.
The amount of solar radiation that reaches any one spot on the
Earth's surface varies according to:
Geographic location
Time of day
Season
Local landscape
Local weather.

34. Solar Radiation
Longest Day
Equal Day and Night
Longest Night

35. Shadows

36. Shadows

37. Solar Control in Buildings
•Sunlight inside the buildings within tropic region is a nuisance to occupants.
•The heat of the sun can cause irritation.
•Sunlight is Desirable as a source of illumination.
•Sun ray’s induce glare
•Give highlights and Character to building interiors
•Large heat louds on the building fabric must be avoided
•Window is one of the building elements where solar radiation can directly penetrate the interiors
of buildings.
•Window can be a disadvantage as when the window is not designed to prevent heat gains, glare,
intrusions, and the lost of privacy. The following checklist describes the energy related
properties of a window.
1.Site Variables: orientation, wind breaks, wind, ground surface, vegetation cover.
2.Exterior appendages: roll blinds, sun screens, projections, awnings.
3.Frame construction: characteristics of operations, size, aspects ratio, weather-stripping's,
thermal breaks
4.Glazing Materials: multiple glazing, heat absorption glass, reflective glass, reducing material glare
5.Internal accessories: roll shades, venetian blinds, draperies, film shades, insulating shutters.
6.Interior treatment: interior colors, fixture circuitry, task lighting, automatic switching, thermal
mass

38. Fixed Sun Breaks
Fixed Horizontal Sunbreaks
•Overhang –are the simplest form of sunbreaks and most useful when the sun is high in the sky
•Tiered Sunbreaks –enable higher percentages to be achieved where the projection of a single
overhang would be excessive. Due to its physical structure, tiered sunbreaks collect dust though
inter-reflection of light between their surfaces contribute to day lighting.
•Louvered Sunbreaks –reflect daylight into interiors and reduce strong contrast often found
between the shaded underside of solid overhang and the visible sky.
Fixed Vertical Sunbreaks
•Projecting piers
•Vertical Fins or Blades
•Inclined Vertical Louvers

39. Fixed Sun Breaks

40. Fixed Sun Breaks
Fixed Vertical Sunbreaks may either be normal to the glazing or inclined. All
vertical sunbreaks with the same percentage rating and the same angle of
inclination to the glass give the same degree of screening.
•Normal to Window –Vertical sunbreaks normal to window encourage
daylight to enter the building. Spacing of the blades must be sufficient to
permit cleaning and painting.
•Inclined Sunbreaks –inclined sunbreaks reduce daylight and can assist
natural ventilation by acting as wind scoops or wind blocks, depending on
the orientation.

41. Adjustable Sun Breaks
Adjustable horizontal sunbreaks
I.When blades are normal to the window and the sun is @33.5 degrees,
light and views will be obstructed slightly but the interior is completely
screened from the sun
II.Blades that are 45degrees below normal to the window gives complete
screening at all times. Views are also entirely obstructed, thought reflected
light from the ground is received.
III.Blades above normal gives maximum daylight when windows are not
exposed to sunlight. Outside views are partially blocked.
Adjustable Vertical sunbreaks
I.When the blades are normal to the window and the sun is at more than
33.5degrees at either side, the interior is completely screened from the sun
and allow maximum outside view and daylight.
II.For blades that are 45degrees right or left of normal, complete screening
is achieved when the sun is less than 33.5degrees to the right or left of
normal. Outside view is also blocked when the angle is unfavorable.

42. Blinds
Curtains –reduce direct radiation through a space, however, transmit solar heat
and prevent air flow, curtains require continuous adjustments. Thin curtains
may cause glare while opaque curtains reduce daylighting.
Metal blinds –like curtains, metal blinds needs continuous adjustments and
offer little resistance to the penetration of solar heat but when enameled in
lighter colors, metal blinds reflect heat. Metal blinds can be noisy due to the
vibration of the slats

43. Special Window Glasses
I.Heat-Reflecting Glass –heat-reflecting glass is clear glass made “heat-
reflective” by applying either a special plastic film or dense metallic coating
that reduces the entry of solar heat due to its infrared reflectance, it admits
sufficient daylight and provides outdoor view.
II.Heat-Absorbing Glass –as compared in heat-reflecting glass, heat-
absorbing glass absorbs more of the infra-red spectrum with less
reduction in light transmission. The absorbed radiation tends to reradiate
into the room as heat. The absorb effect of the heat absorbing glass as
reduced when it is placed at the outer pane of a sealed double-glazed
system.
III.Glare-reducing Glass –to control infra-red radiation, the use of glare-
reducing glass is much more effective than heat reflecting and heat
absorbing glassing. It also reduce glare from the sky and bright
surroundings. Glare-reduction glass of neutral gray or bronze color is
most effective in glare control.

44. Heat
There are three process by which heat is transmitted, namely:
by
Conduction: is the process in which heat energy is
transferred from one vibrating molecule to one
immediately adjacent to it without any relative
displacement of the molecules
Convection: is the transfer of heat between a surface and a
moving fluid or the transfer of heat by movement of the
molecules from one point in a fluid to another
Radiation: is the transfer of heat through a space by
electro-magnetic waves and measured as temperature at
the surface of the material.

45. Heat
Heat transfer on various materials

46. Reflected, Absorbed, Transmitted and
Conducted Energy through Clear Glass

47. Percentageofsolar
radiationabsorbedby
selectedbuilding
materials

48. Percentage of solar
radiation absorbed by
selected building
materials

49. Radiant heat transfer

50. Thermal conductivity
Thermal resistivity

51. Insulation

52. Insulation

53. Insulation

54. Insulation

55. Insulating Values of
Building Materials

56. Insulating Values of
Building Materials

57. Insulating Values of
Building Materials

58. Insulating Values of
Building Materials

59. Gamsahamnida
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