Tumor markers Lecture 2_094740.pptx

Tumor markers

1. Tumor marker is a substance that presents in or produced by a tumor ( benign or malignant ) can be used to differentiate a tumor from normal tissue.

2. Ideal Tumor Marker highly specific highly sensitive correlate with the tumor

3. Sensitive correctly identify ( true positives ) Specific correctly identify ( true negative )

4. Applications of Tumor Markers 1- Diagnosis 2- Screening 3- Prognosis 5- Determination of Risk

5. Types of Tumor Markers Proteins : PSA ( prostate-specific antigen) CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen ) 2. Hormones : hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin )

6. 3. Enzymes (ALP ) Bone Osteocarcinoma 4 . Genetic markers: BRCA1 and BRCA2

7. AFP α - feto protein  In pregnant women : detect chromosome defect as in Down syndrome In adult : affected liver , testicles, and ovaries

8. Alkaline Phosphatase ( ALP ) Increased activit y is seen in liver cancer . Its level evaluating metastatic cancer with bone or liver .

9. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA ) PSA is much more specific for screening or for detection early cancer. It is found in mainly prostatic tissue . PSA exists in two forms . Major complexed with some proteins . minor component of PSA is free.

10. Found in  Multiple myeloma , chronic lymphocytic leukemia , Beta-2-microglobulin Cancer type :   germ cell tumors (Testis) β -human chorionic gonadotropin ( β - hCG )

11.   Breast cancer CA15-3   Pancreatic , gallbladder, bile duct, and gastric cancers CA19-9

12. CA15-3

13. CA-125   Colorectal cancer and others Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)