Turning torso

Architectural Study

1. TURNING TORSO

2. CONTENT INTRODUCTION CONCEPT FOUNDATION STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION CORE SLAB SPINE LATERAL LOADS WIND LOADS BUILDING SERVICES FACADE PLAN COST ANALYSIS AND TIME CONSTRAIN OF RESOURCES GREEN ASPECTS SUSTAINABILITY SAFETY MEASURES SITE SURVEY

3. Architect: Santiago Calatrava Location : Malmo, Sweden Design : 1999-2001 Construction: 2001-2005 Type: Residential Tower Structure: Core and Slabs (concrete) Exoskeleton : Steel Levels: 56 Facade Area: 215,278 sqft. Net Floor Area: 227,710 sq. ft. Height: 190.0 m Average Floor Area: 400.0 m² Total Residential Space: 14,600 m² (Cubes 3-9) Total Office Space: 4,200 m² (First 2 cubes ) INTRODUCTION

4. CONCEPT Based on the sculpture, “Twisting Torso” exploring the human body in motion, twisting as far as it can naturally being pushed while staying directly upright.   Form is made up of 9 cubes, each individual cube containing five stories. Twists 90 degrees from the ground level to the top floor.

5. FOUNDATION The foundation of the Turning Torso is a cylindrical box with a diameter of 30m and a depth of 15m. The foundation slab rests on the limestone bedrock and has a depth of 7m. The main load-bearing structure is a circular reinforced concrete core, whose center corresponds exactly to the rotation center of the floors. The core’s inner diameter is 10.6m and is constant. The thickness of the concrete is 2.5m at the bottom and gradually tapers to 0.4m at the top. Inside the core is the elevator and the staircase core, which is a secondary structural element. The tower rests on piles driven into a foundation of solid limestone bedrock at 49ft. below ground level. Avoids unacceptable bending or swaying.

6. STRUCTURE Each floor consists of a square section around the core and a triangular part supported by an external steel structure .  The central core is supported by a foundation slab. The corner of each floor is a concrete column supported by a pile foundation.

7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENT Red Core Green Concrete Spine Blue Steel Spine Orange Glass Yellow Aluminum Panel

8. 17 mts C oncrete perimeter column V ertically continuous perimeter walls C oncrete floor slab cantilevered from core C ircular hallway C oncrete core

9. CONSTRUCTION Illustration of the general structure of the Turning Torso. ( 1) shows a typical floor plan, where the grey circle denotes the core and blue shapes denote the steel framework. (2 ) shows the way the nine segments fit around the core . ( 3) is a di-metric projection of the tower .

10. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS After finishing the foundations started the construction of the concrete core. The core was cast in a sliding form, which means that the form is suspended between vertical beams and can slide upwards, one floor at a time, by way of jacks. The walls around staircase and lifts were poured in forms suspended underneath the sliding form. The walls were poured in connection with the casting of the core. Once the concrete had hardened to a pre‐ determined degree, the core form as well as the forms for the staircase and lift shafts could then climb upwards to the next floor. The next step in the pouring cycle was to form and pour the structural slab around the core before the cycle could be repeated with the core and lift shafts. Most of the reinforcement was prefabricated at shop in order to form large “steel cages” and then erected to its final position where can be overlapped .

11. Automatic Climbing Structure Pouring of the Concrete ACS climbs up Tableforms are added Tableforms complete Reinforcement added and floor poured ERECTION PROCESS

12. During the pouring of each slab the temporary supports were kept at least 7 levels below. The core, lift shafts and structural slabs were poured with vibrated concrete while the transversal bracing walls under each cube were made with so‐called self‐compacting concrete. Because of its flow capacity, this type of concrete does not need vibrating. This method was used because the transversal walls were made after the structural slab above and below them were finished, making it impossible to insert vibration rods down into the concrete. The forms for the floors were rotated approx. 1.6 degrees for each floor in order to create the characteristic twist of the building. The time table dictated that a new floor tier was poured every 10th day on the average for more than a year. The erection of the exterior exoskeleton started when the construction of the concrete structure had reached the 5th cube and was completed few weeks later than the concrete. Finally the façade and interior finishes were completed.

13. Concrete floor slab 1 ft thk cantilevered from the core Concrete tube core d = 10.6 mts Concrete perimeter column Steel spine

14. CORE The core is the main load- bearing structure. Large concrete pipe, with an inner diameter of 35ft. The walls are 8ft. Thick at the bottom, gradually shifting to 1ft. thick at the top. The elevator shafts and staircases are located inside the core.

15. SLAB The structural slab is fitted around the core. The forms for the structural slab are triangular shapes, together forming a floor. The forms were rotated 1.6 degrees for each floor in order to create the characteristic twist of the building. Standard Slabs Each cube is composed of 6 rc slabs. The upper 5 are standard slabs 27 cm thick, fully fixed to the concrete core and supported by means of steel columns at the perimeter that transfer the load to the lower conical slab. Deck levels : Diagonals anchorage The upper slab of each cube or “deck level” is where the diagonals and horizontals are connected. These slabs are thicker at the anchorage area.

16. Conical slab: 90-40 cm thickness Deck level : Diagonals and Horizontals anchorages Standard Floors: 27 cm thickness Conical slab: 90-40 cm thickness

17. CLIMBING FORMS AND BEAMS Each cube were made with so-called self-compacting concrete . Because of its flow capacity, this type of concrete does not need vibrating.

18. SPINE The steel support is located on the exterior of the building, which is linked together by the spine, acting as the loading backbone from the winds. The steel support transfers shear forces to the supporting concrete core. Each steel section of the spine has to fit precisely in the one below it. The system consists of a spine column at the corner of each floor. There are 20 horizontal and 18 diagonal elements known as CIGAR that reach to each side of the glazed spine. Stabilizers also connect the floor slabs with the framework.

19. LATERAL LOADS Spine Cantilever Floor Slab Concrete Core Foundation

20. Spine Cantilever Floor Slab Concrete Core Foundation

21. Spine Cantilever Floor Slab Concrete Core Foundation

22. Spine Cantilever Floor Slab Concrete Core Foundation

23. WIND LOADS The twisted form can be very effective, alleviating the effects of vortex-shedding induced by lateral wind loads and minimizing the wind loads from prevailing direction. When analyzing the structure under wind loads, Calatrava found that the Turning Torso could move up to 3ft. at the top during the most severe storm . Giant pins attached to the ground were then implemented, decreasing the movement to less than a foot during the most severe storm, which is nearly unnoticeable.

24. BUILDING SERVICES The Turning Torso’s elevators, fire stairs and utilities are located in the concrete core that runs vertically throughout the length of the building. “There are three high-speed lifts in the core of the building servicing the apartments. The commercial area has two separate lifts, also located in the core.” The Turning Torso’s residential services are distributed threw out 4 dwellings on each of the 35 identical residential floor plates, which duplicate and rotate around the core.

25. LIFTS 3 lifts service the residential part of the building and HSB Turning Torso Meetings. Two separate lifts service the offices. E nsures high capacity and minimum waiting even during “rush hour” and in the instances when a lift is closed for maintenance.

26. FACADE The facade panels, made of glass(orange) and aluminum panel(yellow ) of the turning torso were double curved due to the building’s twist. In total, the facade was composed of 2,800 panels and 2,250 windows .

27. Facade is a glass and aluminum construction 2,800 panels and 2,250 windows Follow the twist of the building, the windows are leaning either inwards or outwards by 0 to 7 degrees.

28. PLAN

29. LOUNGES AT FLOOR 43 & 49 GYM , SAUNA , JACUZZI AT FLOOR 43 CONFERENCE AND PARTY FACILITIES AT FLOOR 7

30. COST ANALYSIS Cost in real life The total cost of Turning Torso was 1600 million SEK. 1 SEK (Sweden Kronor) = 5.58760 AUD (Australian ) 1600000000 x 5.58760 = $286348275.33; 286.5 million. Cost in theory (Residential + Offices) 53million + 27.5million = 80.5 million. Difference between ‘cost in theory’ + ‘cost in real life’. The cost for in real life was 286.5 million and in theory should have been 80.5 million . Clearly there were blowouts in the cost of construction .

31. Commercial Cost- Elemental

32. Residential Cost- Elemental

33. CONSTRAIN OF RESOURCES Architect Santiago Calatrava calculated the wrong amount of reinforcing iron to use. Instead of 1850 tons of reinforcing iron, they now calculate with using 4400 tons of reinforcing iron. This means a huge cost increase and an increased construction time (one year extra). The outside steel frame has also had its cost increase. It has became 30 million SEK more expensive, due to the need to build a stronger and more complicated frame than anticipated. The ongoing strike among the electricians makes the construction of Turning Torso 10 million SEK more expensive every week.

34. TIME - KEY DATES Ground breaking 14th Feb 2001 Construction started June 2001 Casting of foundation March 2002 Foundations complete August 2002 Completion date November 2005 May 2003 Jan 2004

35. GREEN ASPECTS There will be waste mills in every apartment. Other kind of waste can be sorted close to T urning Torso. Waste from the construction site had already sorted. Consumed electricity and heat will be measured individually for each apartment. During the construction, they try to use environmental-friendly materials. For instance, they avoid use of copper for tap water pipes. All inhabitants will be offered an environmental education especially designed for Turning Torso.

36. SUSTAINABILITY Energy Efficiency Electricity is supplied with 100% locally produced renewable energy through the energy concept developed by sydkraft. Heat is supplied by solar cells and underground water reservoirs, aquifers. All installations are energy efficient. Rain water harvesting. Waste management Kitchen waste disposal unit in every apartment for grinding organic waste. Waste transported through separate pipes for decomposition and biogas production at Malmo's waste incinerator and heat plant. Recycling is done in building itself. None recyclable waste collected in a garbage chute at the basement level.

37. The tower is made from concrete, steel, glass and recyclable aluminum. In order to follow the building’s twisting structure, which was inspired by a human body in movement, the glass facade features complex double-curved shape. Each apartment monitors heat and water consumption, allowing inhabitants to plan their energy and living costs. The flat’s kitchens have organic waste grinding and disposal facilities that convert food waste into biogas energy. Thus building also features a high degree of energy and water efficiency.

38. SAFETY MEASURES (execution) Steel mesh barrier is durable, strong, adjustable and lightweight and combines the guardrails, toe board, and steel mesh barrier into one product. It protects workers at the edge of horizontal or low-sloping surfaces. It is designed with closed-return for greater debris containment and uses precast sockets, clamps or anchored components for base attachments and posts for upright supports. Also the steel mesh barrier system was maintained and inspected once in every week.

39. SAFETY MEASURES Sprinklers in all room Pressure increasing pumps Rising pipes Emergency elevator Fire gas ventilation Door shutters Fire alarm Smoke detectors Emergency electricity Emergency light Every floor and apartment is its own fire cell

40. SITE SURVEY SITE CONTEXT Designed for a prominent urban site on the occasion of the European housing expo 2001, Calatrava’s residential tower for Malmo, at the city’s West Harbor, is based in form on his sculpture Turning Torso. Conceived to enhance and enlarge a public area ,defined by the intersection of two main roads, the turning torso building is meant to be seen as a free standing sculpture element posed within the cityscape. This structure had changed the skyline of the city.

41. Plate load test Vane shear test California bearing ratio test Dry density/ moisture relationship SPT Lightweight dynamic penetrometers Cone penetration tests Methane/ oxygen/ barometric pressure test ON-SITE TEST LAB TEST Tri-axial compression tests Liquid and plastic limit tests Sieve analysis- particle size and distribution Moisture content pH value tests