TVT702 WK3 Lecture TVET EDUCATION CURRICULUM

TVET EDUCATION

1. Research Designs Research types with their respective design and method

2. Research design What is research design? It is the specific procedures involved in the research process: Collection of data Analysis of data Writing the report

3. Types of research design according to Creswell The eight (8) research design according to Creswell 4 th edition: E xperimental; Correlational; Survey; G rounded theory; Ethnographic; Narrative; Mixed methods; and Action research designs.

4. Skills Needed to Design and Conduct Research Research often reflects the things we do in our everyday life, like: solving puzzles; focusing attention on topics; and practicing good writing and editing. It also involves learning how to use the academic library and the internet to locate useful literature for a study.

5. Quantitative Research Design (p 26) 1. Survey Research: Surveys are used to gather data by asking relevant questions to the respondents who are thought to have the relevant information we are seeking to acquire . Big and small organizations conduct surveys when they want to understand the opinions/feedback of their customers about their products and services . The biggest advantage of survey research is that researchers can choose a specific target audience group or can conduct the survey across multiple groups for comparative analysis .

6. Quantitative Research Design Method for Survey: Generally, a formal list of questionnaires is prepared which is circulated to the respondents and they can self-report their thoughts . Researchers use a non-disguised approach so that the survey participants know exactly what they are answering . The respondents are asked basic questions such as their demographic details , and the topic of interest .  Surveys can be conducted through online polls , paper-pencil questionnaires, web-intercept surveys, etc . Researchers need to, however, make sure to sample the respondents for the survey randomly. This is one way of ensuring that the research conducted is fair and unbiased, and every respondent irrespective of their beliefs and opinions has a fair chance of being a part of the survey.  

7. Quantitative Research Design 2. Correlational research: A correlation refers to an association or a relationship between two entities.  Correlational research studies how one entity impacts the other and what are the changes that are observed when either one of them changes . This research method is carried out to understand naturally occurring relationships between variables. Hence , at least two groups are required to conduct correlational quantitative research successfully.

8. Quantitative Research Design Method for Correlational research: The variables under this study are not in the control of the researcher, the researcher is simply trying to establish whether or not a relationship between two variables exists. Since correlational studies only give us an understanding of whether there is a relationship between two groups, it does not establish causation.  Thus, it is not recommended to make conclusions just on the basis of a correlational study; just because two variables are in sync, does not mean they are interrelated, or that one variable is causing the changes in the other variable ! Some examples of correlational research questions: What is the relationship between gender and the purchase of a particular product understudy? The relationship between stress and burnout in employees of an organization. The relationship between choosing to work from home and the level of corona-phobia in employees.

9. Quantitative Research Design 3. Experimental research: Experimental research is a scientific methodology of understanding relationships between two or more variables . These sets consist of independent and dependent variables which are experimentally tested to deduce a correlation between such variables in terms of the nature and strength of such relation . Such assessment helps in deriving a cause and effect relationship and is even used for the purpose of hypothesis testing.

10. Quantitative Research Design Method for Experimental Research: In such a mechanism , independent variables involved are adjusted to discover their impact on the dependent variables. The degree to which a change in the independent variables influences dependent variables is the basis of gauging the degree of strength. Such variations are recorded over a specific period of time to ensure that the conclusions drawn about the relationship are substantive and reliable enough to assist intelligent decision making. Experimental research deals with quantitative data and its statistical analysis which makes the study extremely useful and accurate . It finds its usability in fields of psychology , social sciences , physical evaluation and academics and are time bound studies usually used for verification purposes

11. Qualitative Research Design 1. Grounded Theory: G rounded theory tries to provide an explanation or theory behind events . Method for Grounded theory: U se primarily interviews and existing documents to build a theory based on the data. You go through a series of coding techniques to identify themes and build the theory. Sample sizes are often larger—between 20 to 60—with these studies to better establish a theory. Grounded theory can help inform design decisions by better understanding how a community of users currently use a product or perform tasks

12. Qualitative Research Design 2. Ethnography : In ethnography, you immerse yourself in the target participants’ environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge. Ethnography has its roots in cultural anthropology where researchers immerse themselves within a culture, often for years! Method for Ethnography: Observation Interview Talanoa session

13. Qualitative Research Design 3. Narrative : The narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events, usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story. Method for Narrative: C onduct in-depth interviews, read documents, and look for themes; in other words, how does an individual story illustrate the larger life influences that created it. Often interviews are conducted over weeks, months, or even years, but the final narrative doesn’t need to be in chronological order. Rather it can be presented as a story (or narrative) with themes, and can reconcile conflicting stories and highlight tensions and challenges which can be opportunities for innovation.

14. Relationship between the Qualitative & Quantitative design and method Categories Qualitative Quantitative   Keywords Complexity, contextual, inductive logic, discovery, exploration   Experiment, random assignment, independent/dependent variable, causal/correlational, validity, deductive logic   Purpose   Understand a phenomenon   Discover causal relationships or describe a phenomenon   Sample   Purposive sample, small     Random sample, large   Data   Focus groups, interviews, field observation   Tests , surveys, questionnaires     Methods/Design Phenomenological, grounded theory, ethnographic, case study, historical/narrative research, participatory research, clinical research. Experimental , descriptive, methodological, exploratory, comparative, correlational, developmental (cross-sectional, longitudinal/prospective/cohort, retrospective/ex post facto/case control)

15. Reference Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research : Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson.