Types of disaster - consequences and remedial measures

Various types of disaster and their consequences have been explained in this presentation

1. 1 Classification

2. 2 Classification – Natural disaster

3. 3 Classification – Man made disaster

4. Lower rainfall has reduced water levels in reservoirs across the country. The amount of water available in the country’s 91 major reservoirs has gone down 32 percentage points over five months to March 22, 2019. In 31 reservoirs of southern states, water level has gone down by 36 percentage points over five months. 4 Drought hazards in India

5. India has experienced widespread drought every year since 2015, Mishra said, with the exception of 2017. As the El Nino--the unusual warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that makes Indian summers warmer and reduces rainfall--looms over the 2019 SW monsoon, pre-monsoon showers (March-May) this year have also been deficient. India has received 36% less rainfall than the long-term average between March 1 and March 28, 2019, as per IMD data. The southern peninsular region recorded the lowest, a deficit greater than 60%. 5 Drought hazards in India

6. 6 Effects due to disaster

7. DM involves a continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for: Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster. Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences. Capacity building including research and knowledge management. Preparedness to deal with any disaster. Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster. Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster. Evacuation, rescue and relief and Rehabilitation and reconstruction 7 Basic Mechanism Of Disaster Management :

8. 8 Phases of Drought

9. Drought Management cycle

10. Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid, the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery. Mitigation  - Minimizing the effects of disaster. Examples include: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education. Preparedness  - Planning how to respond. Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/ training; warning systems. Response  - Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief . Recovery  - Returning the community to normal. Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care. Drought Management cycle

11. Vulnerability and risk assessment Occasionally, depending on the location, less rain can be compensated for by access to underground water, manmade reservoirs or moisture stored in soils across forested watersheds. Elsewhere, without these buffers in place, drought rapidly escalates into shriveled crops, dead livestock and, in some cases, hunger and death. No amount of early warning will work without action to protect the most vulnerable; therefore, the second aspect of drought management deals with risk assessment of vulnerable sectors, population groups and regions. 11 Drought control measures

12. A proactive approach for enhancing drought resilience is composed of three important pillars: Drought monitoring and early warning systems Vulnerability and risk assessment Drought risk mitigation measures Drought monitoring and early warning systems 12 Drought control measures

13. A drought can be defined in several ways: A meteorological drought , for example, occurs when rains do not transpire, whereas a hydrological drought occurs when a lack of rainfall continues long enough to empty rivers and lower water tables.  Agricultural drought  begins when a lack of water kills crops and livestock, affecting locals’ survival. Forecast mechanisms require quality data and local knowledge to understand how dry conditions will impact water and food supplies. Unfortunately, these predictions are often unreliable and action is not taken until it is too late. 13 Drought control measures

14. Drought risk mitigation measures There are practical measures that can be taken starting immediately. Both measures and actions – also called drought risk management options – that either build greater resilience to drought or reduce the impacts of drought when it occurs can be deployed. These measures concern all sectors affected by drought, based on their vulnerabilities. However, working with nature and understanding the necessary combination of measures is particularly important for agriculture and for sectors reliant on the availability of water and ecosystems services. 14 Drought Control Measures

15. Drought management The management of drought needs a paradigm shift. The time is ripe for countries to develop and implement effective national drought policies that include all three pillars of drought action. In many countries, drought awareness is limited and institutional capacities need to be strengthened by promoting public awareness and strengthening capacities of both the citizens and institutions especially at the local level: farmers, pastoralists and all those actors and stakeholders involved in decision making. Local citizens and institutions, in particular, need help to identify and disseminate good practices that work in local conditions. 15 Drought Control Measures

16. The different approaches for disasters with human ecology are: Ecosystem approach, Landscape approach, Perception approach ECOSYSTEM APPROACH: The ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. It is focused on levels of biological organization which encompass the essential processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of ecosystems. 16 Different approaches & relation with human ecology

17. An ecosystem approach is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization, which encompass (cause to takes place) the essential structure, processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems. 17 Different approaches & relation with human ecology

18. Types of Disasters: Natural Disasters According to the International Federation of Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies Natural Disasters are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset events that have immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing further death and suffering. These disasters can be : Geophysical (e.g. Earthquakes, Landslides, Tsunamis and Volcanic Activity) Hydrological (e.g. Avalanches and Floods) Climatological (e.g. Extreme Temperatures, Drought and Wildfires) Meteorological (e.g. Cyclones and Storms/Wave Surges) Biological (e.g. Disease Epidemics and Insect/Animal Plagues) 18

19. Volcanic activity  ranges from emission of gases, non explosive  lava  emissions to extremely violent explosive bursts that may last many hours. The types of  eruptions  determine the relative volumes and types of volcaniclastic material and  lava  flows, consequently the shapes and sizes of  volcanoes .   wildfire ,  bushfire ,  wildland fire  or  rural fire  is an unplanned, unwanted, uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation starting in rural areas and urban areas.Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire can also be classified more specifically as a forest fire, brush fire, bushfire (in Australia), desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or veld fire.Many organizations consider  wildfire  to mean an unplanned and unwanted fire,while   wildland -fire  is a broader term that includes prescribed fire as well as wildland fire use. (WFU; these are also called monitored response fires). 19 Volcanic Activity & Wild Fire

20. 20 Avalanches

21. 21 Land slides

22. 22 Volcanic Eruption

23. 23 Wild Fires